2002年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)一試題及解析

1、2002年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題Secti on IListe ning Comprehe nsion全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題(二)Sectio n IIUse of En glishDirections: (10 points)Comparis ons were draw n betwee n the developme nt of televisi on in the 20th cen tury and the diffusi on of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 大21

2、家.As was discussed before, it was not 大22家 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 大23家, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 大24家 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the com muni cati ons revoluti on 大 25 家 up, beg inning with

3、tran sport, the railway, and lead ing 大 26 家 through the telegraph, the teleph one, radio, and moti on pictures 大 27家 the 20th-ce ntury world of the motor car and the air pla ne. Not every one sees that process in 大 28 家.It is importa nt to do so.It is gen erally recog ni zed, 大 29 家,that the in tro

4、ducti on of the computer in the early 20th cen tury, 大30家 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 大31 家 its impact on the media was not immediately 大32家.As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became“ personal ” too, a

5、s w大13a家,with display becomingsharper and storage 大 34 家 in creas ing. They were thought of, like people, 大 35 家 gen erati ons, with the distanee between generations much大36家 .It was within the computer age that the term “ informationsociety began to be widely used to describe the 大 37家 within which

6、 we now live. The com muni cati ons revoluti on has 大 38 家 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 大39家 views about its econo mic, political, social and cultural implicati ons. Ben efits” have bee n weighed 大40家 harmful” outcomes. And generaliza

7、tions have proved difficult.21. A betweenB before C sinceD later歡迎下載歡迎下載22.A afterB byC duri ngD until23.A meansB methodC mediumD measure24.A processB compa nyC lightD form25.A gatheredB speededC workedD picked26.A onB outC overD off27.A ofB forC beyondD into28.A con ceptB dime nsionC effectD perspe

8、ctive29.A in deedB henceC howeverD therefore30.A broughtB followedC stimulatedD characterized31.A unl essB sinceC lestD although32.A appare ntB desirableC n egativeD plausible33.A in stitutio nalB uni versalC fun dame ntalD in strume ntal34.A abilityB capabilityC capacityD faculty35.A by means ofB i

9、n terms ofC with regard to D in line with36.A deeperB fewerC n earerD smaller37.A co ntextB rangeCscopeD territory38.A regardedB impressedC in flue needD effected39.A competitiveB con troversial C distracti ngD irrati onal40.A aboveB uponC aga instD withSection HI Read ing Comprehe nsionPart ADirect

10、ions:D.Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or Mark your an swers on ANSWER SHEET 1 . (40 poi nts)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experie nces and problems. Your humor must be r

11、eleva nt to the audie nee and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you un dersta nd their situati on and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depe nding on whom you are address ing, the problems will be differe nt. If you are talk ing to a group of man agers, you may refer

12、to the disorga ni zed methods of their secretaries; alter natively if you are address ing secretaries, you may want to comme nt on their disorga ni zed bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nu rses' conven ti on, of a story whicbewouse theaudie nee all shared the same view of doctors. A

13、man arrives in heave n and is being show n around by St. Peter. He sees won derful accommodati ons, beautiful garde ns, sunny weather, and so on. Every one is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who

14、 rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. Oh, that'sGod,” came the reply, but sometimes he thinks he'sa doctor”If you are part of the group, which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know

15、 the experie nces and problems which are com mon to all of you and it ' ble appropriate for you to make a pass ing remark about the in edible can tee n food or the chairma n' s no torious bad taste in ties. Wiaudiencesyou mustn ' attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsid

16、er making disparaging remarks about their can tee n or their chairma n. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the teleph one system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more n atural. I nclude a few casual and appare ntly o

17、ff-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and un forced manner. Often it ' s the delivery which causes the audienee to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It

18、ofte n comes from the un expected. A twist on a familiar quote“If adon' t succeed, give up ” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatemen Look at your talk and pick out a few words or senten ces which you can tur n about and inject with humor.41. To make your h

19、umor work, you should.A take adva ntage of differe nt kinds of audie neeB make fun of the disorga ni zed peopleC address differe nt problems to differe nt peopleD show sympathy for your liste ners42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are.A impolite to new arrivalsB ver

20、y con scious of their godlike roleC en titled to some privilegesD very busy eve n duri ng lunch hours43. It can be inferred from the text that public services.A have ben efited many peopleB are the focus of public attentionC are an in appropriate subject for humorD have ofte n bee n the laughi ng st

21、ock44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be deliveredA in well-worded Ian guageB as awkwardly as possibleC in exaggerated stateme ntsD as casually as possible45. The best title for the text may beA Use Humor EffectivelyB Various Kinds of HumorC Add Humor to SpeechD Differe nt Hu

22、mor StrategiesText 2Since the daw n of huma n ingenu ity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics - the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scie

23、ntists have yet to create the mecha ni cal versi on of scie nce ficti on, they have beg un to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presencewe barely no tice but whose uni versal existe nce has removed much huma n labor. Our factories hum to t

24、he rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mecha ni cal polite ness for the tran sacti on. Our subway trai ns are con trolled by tireless robot-drivers. And tha nks to the con ti nual min iaturizatio n of electr onics and micro-mecha ni cs,

25、 there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy - far greater precision tha n highly skilled physicia ns can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate w

26、ith less huma n supervisi on and be able to make at least a few decisi ons for themselves - goals that pose a real challenge. “ While we know howell a robot to handle a specific error： says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, we can 'yet give a robot eno ugh com mon sen se to rel

27、iably in teract with a dyn amic world. ”In deed the quest for true artificial in tellige nce has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the acti on of the huma n brain

28、 by the year 2010, researchers lately have beg un to exte nd that forecast by decades if not cen turies.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain 'roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented - and human perception far more complicated - than prev

29、iously imag in ed. They have built robots that can recog nize the error of a mach ine panel by a fracti on of a millimeter in a con trolled factory en vir onment. But the huma n mind can glimpse a rapidly cha nging sce ne and immediately disregard the 98 perce nt that is irreleva nt, in sta ntan eou

30、sly focus ing on the mon key at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advaneed computer systems on Earth cantapproach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don 'know quite how we do it.46. Huma n ingenuity was in itially dem on strated

31、 in.A the use of mach ines to produce scie nee ficti onB the wide use of mach ines in manu facturi ng in dustryC the inven ti on of tools for difficult and dan gerous workD the elite ' cunning tackli ng of dan gerous and bori ng work47. The word“gizmosL”e(1, Paragraph 2) most probably means.A pr

32、ogramsB expertsC devicesD creatures48. According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can.A fulfill delicate tasks like perform ing brain surgeryB in teract with huma n beings verballyC have a little com mon senseD resp ond in depe nden tly to a cha nging world49. B

33、esides reducing human labor, robots can also.A make a few decisi ons for themselvesB deal with some errors with huma n in terve nti onC improve factory en vir onmentsD cultivate huma n creativity50. The author uses the example of a mon key to argue that robots are.A expected to copy huma n brain in

34、in ternal structureB able to perceive abno rmalities immediatelyC far less able tha n huma n brain in focus ing on releva nt in formatio nD best used in a con trolled en vir onmentText 3Could the bad old days of econo mic decli ne be about to retur n? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the p

35、rice of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less tha n $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and g

36、lobal economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was give n ano ther push up this week whe n Iraq suspe nded oil exports. Stren gthe ning econo mic growth, at the same time as win ter grips the n orther n hemisphere, could push the price higher sti

37、ll in the short term.Yet there are good reas ons to expect the econo mic con seque nces now tobe less severe tha n in the 1970s. In most coun tries the cost of crude oil now acco unts for a smaller share of the price of petrol tha n it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths

38、 of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices tha n in the past.Rich econo mies are also less depe ndent on oil tha n they were, and so less sen sitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a declin

39、e in the importanee of heavy, en ergy-i nten sive in dustries have reduced oil con sumpti on. Software, con sulta ncy and mobile telepho nes use far less oil tha n steel or car producti on. For each dollar of GDP (in con sta nt prices) rich econo mies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OE

40、CD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would in crease the oil import bill in rich econo mies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less tha n on e-quarter of the in come loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other ha

41、nd, oil-import ing emergi ng econo mies - to which heavy in dustry has shifted -have become more en ergy-i nten sive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reas on not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, un like the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred aga inst the backg

42、ro und of gen eral commodity-price in flati on and global excess dema nd. A sizable porti on of the world is only just emerg ing from econo mic decli ne. The Econo mist's commodity price in dex is broadly un cha nging from a year ago. I n 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almos

43、t 30%.51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is.A global in flatio nB reducti on in supplyC fast growth in economyD Iraq ' suspension of exports52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically ifA price of crude risesB commodity prices ri

44、seC con sumpti on risesD oil taxes rise53. The estimates inEconomic Outlook show that in rich countries.A heavy in dustry becomes more en ergy-i nten siveB in come loss mai nly results from fluctuati ng crude oil pricesC manu facturi ng in dustry has bee n seriously squeezedD oil price cha nges have

45、 no sig nifica nt impact on GDP54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that.A oil-price shocks are less shock ing nowB inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocksC en ergy con servati on can keep dow n the oil pricesD the price rise of crude leads to the shri nking of heavy in dustry55. From t

46、he text we can see that the writer seems.A optimisticB sen sitiveC gloomyD scaredText 4The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assistedsuicide carry important implications for how medic ine seeks to relieve dying patie nts of pain and sufferi ng.Although it ruled that there is no constitution

47、al right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “ double effect, ” (cdrmoieb principle holding that an action hav ing two effects - a good one that is inten ded and a harmful one that is foresee n -is permissible if the actor intends on ly the good effe

48、ct.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control term in ally ill patie nts ' pain, eve n though in creas ing dosages will eve ntually kill the patie nt.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shi

49、eld doctors who until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to con trol their pai n if that might haste n death”George Ann as, chair of the health law departme nt at Bost on Uni versity, mai ntai ns that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug fo

50、r a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patie nt uses the drug to haste n death.surgety," helikays. We don 'call those deaths homicidesbecause the doctors didn" intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a phys

51、ician, you can risk your patienfssuicide as long as you do"intend their suicide.”O(jiān)n ano ther level, many in the medical com mun ity ack no wledge that the assisted-suicide debate has bee n fueled in part by the despair of patie nts for whom moder n medic ine has prolon ged the physical agony of

52、 dying.Just three weeks before the Court ' ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life . It iden tifies the un dertreatme nt of pain and the aggressive use of ineffectual and forced

53、 medical procedures that may prolong and eve n dish onor the period of dyin© as the twin problems of en d-of-life care.The professi on is tak ing steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test kno wledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code f

54、or hospital-based care, and to develop new sta ndards for assess ing and treat ing pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives tran slate into better care.“ Large nu mbers os eeyBiciaDscer ned with the pain their patie nts a

55、reneedlessly and predctably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes“systematic patient abmedical licensing boards “mustmake it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are in compete ntly man aged and should result in lice nse suspe nsion.”歡迎下載56. From the first three paragraphs,

56、we learn that.A doctors used to in crease drug dosages to con trol their patie nts)ainB it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC the Supreme Court stron gly opposes physicia n-assisted suicideD patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide57. Which of the followin

57、g statements is true according to the text?A Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients ' death.B Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-reliev ing medicati on can be prescribed.D A doctor smedicatio n is no Ion ger justified by his inten ti ons.58. Accord ing to the NAS 'report, one of the problems in en d-of-life care is.A prolon ged medical proceduresB in adequate treatme nt of painC system