(完整word版)美國(guó)文學(xué)史術(shù)語(yǔ)翻譯作家作品(word文檔良心出品)

1、Puritanism:A religious doctrine that advocates hard work, self-discipline, thrift, and sobriety, regards labour as onesdivine task, without the enjoyment of the fruit of the labour. The purpose is to purify the corrupted church ashad been established by Jesus Chris himself.John cotton and William ro

2、gerRomanticismIs intellectual movement originating in Germany at the end of 18thcentury that gained strength in WesternEurope after the Industrial Revolution, in the reaction to the social and political norms of the Age ofEnlightenment, its scientific rationalization of nature. The romantic values r

3、evolved around the full spectrum ofthe human emotional side embracing its instincts and rejecting the conventions of the Age of Reason.Romanticism的特點(diǎn) ：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the valueof individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption t

4、hat he natural world was a source of corruption.Transcendentalismas a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason,individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.2) they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and againstthe materialis

5、m of American society. 3)they believe in the transcendence of over soul, an all-pervadingpower for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.Emerson第一個(gè)提出idealism代表人物 ：Emerson，believed that man was a part of absolute good。Thoreau，beheld divinity in the“unspotted innocence

6、”of nature.Social &cultural background1 a protest of intellectualism and doctrine of the church2 a protest of foreign influencesA idealistic philosophy of German & France (Fichte Schelling and Kant)B oriental mysticism Hindu works, Buddhism/the doctrine and philosophy of Chinese Confucius an

7、d Mencius3 product of the dual heritage of American PuritanismInner communication of the soul with God/puritan principle of self culture and self-improvement. Feature s: 1emphasis on the spirit or over soul 2 emphasis on the importance of individual 3 nature as the symbolic ofGod/spirit/over soulRea

8、lismis a movement in European and American literature from 1830s to the end of the century. This new attitudewas characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the actualities of anyaspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic c

9、olour. It expressed the concern for theworld of experience, of the commonplace, and for the familiar and the low.代表作家 ：William Dean Howells Mark Twain and Henry James1. Changes for the better2. Changes for the worseNaturalism“is the application of the principles of scientific determinism to fiction

10、and drama”in the last decade of 19thcentury.Associated with realism, they shared emphasis on the depicting surface reality, but naturalism was moreinclusive and less selective than realism. It emphasized the limited ability of humans to impose will upon theirown destiny.Topics of literature in Ameri

11、ca1. Object of study: lower ranks of society and misery, poverty of the“underdogs”2. Theme: humanbestiality, esp. as an explanation of the sexual desire.3. Mood: pessimistic Representatives: Jack LondonStephen Crane Theodore Dreiser Frank Norris Washington Irving the first great belletrist第一個(gè)純文學(xué)作家三個(gè)

12、主要contributionthe first great prose stylist of American romanticism.“Sketch Book”Rip vanwinkle The legend of Sleepy Hollow-Icabod CraneThe father of American literature or the father of American lettersNathaniel Hawthorne(18041864)Theory of Sin : unpardonable sin-There is evil in every human heart,

13、which may remain latent, perhapsthrough the whole life; but circumstance may rouse it to activity.“The Scarlet Letter”Characters : Hester Prynne: heroine- Pearl Dimmesdale: a young clergymanChillingworth: rigid priestSymbols“A”: a. Punishment, shame/disgrace, immorality and sin. B. able, angel and c

14、harity; prideTheme: 1it focuses on the nature of the individual and the individual relationship with the community 2Theimplication of self-reliance, the difference between the private and the public character and the consequencesof passion and repression are discussed.Significance: 1 he was the firs

15、t major novelist in English to combine morality with art. 2 he is significant for thethemes with regard to : the consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilt and so on. 3 he is significantfor his style of writing romance, which he though a predestined from American narrative.“The House of th

16、e Seven Gables Mosses”from an Old Manse The Marble FaunHerman MelvilleMoby DickCharacters Ishmael, the narrator Ahab, captain of the ship Moby Dick, the whale hunted Locale: Pequod, thewhaling shipTheme A. Man vs Nature/universeforeshadows the 20th century literature, such as T.S. Eliot and SamuelBe

17、ckett (sense of belongings) B. Alienation of the major character, Ahab; Revengenothingness of lifeSymbolismthe voyage:“search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth opfeerixence.”The Pequod: the ship of American soulMoby Dick: many interpretationsevil, or goodness, or both. Ahab: the evil

18、of human mind.Ralph Waldo Emersion1be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England,2Emerson believed above all in individualism個(gè)人主義, independence of mind思想獨(dú)立, andself-reliance自強(qiáng)作品： “Nature”“Essa、ys“”The American Scholar”, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.Henry David Thoreau

19、WaldenTo him nature is a concrete existence, is the integration of all the details in the universe. In his eyes man andnature are in an integral and harmonious existence. He dedicated his whole being to his lobe of nature.Edgar Allan PoeAs a critic:A Talk on“A tw-Ticoeld Tale”The Philosophy of Compo

20、sitionThe Poetic Principle (beauty, pure poetry and melancholy)2. A short story writer: good at psychoanalysis, and art for arts sakeA. Detective story The Purloined Letter ;The Murders in the Rue MorgueB. Gothic Novels Ligeia; Black Ca;t The Fall of the House of Usher ;The Cask of Amontillado;3. A

21、poet The Raven; To Helen; Annabel Lee; Israfel ;Sonnetto Science4. The Themes: Death, Revenge, and Rebirth.Walt WhitmanMajor work Leaves of Grass (1855)(Song of Myself; O Captain! My Captain!)Ideals: freedom, equality, democracy, dignity, self-reliance and joy of man.Free verseverse librates in Fren

22、ch, refers to the poem without fixed rhyme or beat, it has varied length oflines, different from blank verse. Walt Whitman used this form of verse in Leaves of Grass in 1855.1. What is the theme of O Captain! My Captain?Walt Whitmans O Captain! My Captain! was written on the assassination of Abraham

23、 Lincoln. Whitmancompares the nation to a ship that had just returned form sea (i.e. the country had just pulled itself out of civilwar), and Lincoln to the ships captain, slain upon returning home (Lincoln was assassinated shortly after theSouth surrendered).Love/Loyalty, Coming of age and Death.2.

24、 What figures of speech are employed? Metaphor.3. Illustrate the rhyme scheme aa-bb-cd-cdEmily DickinsonThemes : death immortality love natureWilliam Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas LaphamEconomically bankrupt, socially disgraced, he gained his moral rise. His moral rise began with financial fall.Fall

25、ing, he achieved his moral and ethical rise.Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle TomsCabin anti-slaveryHenry JamesInternational theme American innocence and naivety are contrasted with European experienced andsophistication.The name of the heroine“Pionrtrhaeit of a Lady”is Isabel Acher. The novel is represen

26、tativeof the best of Jamesmature work. The plot concerns the courtship, marriage, and development of thecharacter of Isabel Archer, a young American girl who has been left penniless by the death of her father. Theintricate novel of psychological and moral interrelationships is in one sense another t

27、reatment of the Jamesiantheme of the American conflict with European culture and in another sense the most personal of his novels, anintimate picture of a womanssoul presented with masterly psychological finesse.The Art of Fiction :1)“po-inoft- view”2;) Anticipating the stream of consciousness T2. R

28、elationship between life and art3.Political viewsThe first of the modern psychological novelists and a realist of the inner lifeMark Twain馬克.吐溫 “Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn”特點(diǎn)local colorist地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particularconcern about the local char

29、acter of a region.3contribution:colloquial speech accepted as literary medium4代表作：“The Gilded Age“”The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” “Life on the Mississippi”What arethe prominent features of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn？a) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn relates the story of the es

30、cape of an uneducated and ignorant Blackslave Jim from slavery and how the uneducated outcast white boy Huckleberry Finn, floating along with himand helping him as best he could along the Mississippi River, changes his mind, his prejudice about Blackpeople, and comes to accept Jim as a Man and as a

31、close friend as well.b) The novel is a veritable recreation of living models. Nearly all the characters had prototypes in real life:Huck, his father, Jim, the swindlers (the Duke and Dauphin), Colonel Sherburn and the drunkard Boggs. Theportrayal of individual incidents and characters achieved intense verisimilitude of detail.c) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is especially famous for its language. The book is written in thecolloquial style, in the general standard speech of uneducated Americans. Large amount of dialects orverna