三峽大學(xué)讀寫課程-單詞破譯中的邏輯

1、Reading skills-logic in reading Logic in Decoding Words單詞外部動(dòng)態(tài)性單詞外部動(dòng)態(tài)性lcontext meaning 句意大于詞義；句意大于詞義； 詞義服從與句意詞義服從與句意 1. She is tall and thin, just like a crane, I like her. 2. She is tall and thin, just like a crane, I hate herThe Connotation of Words in Contextl閱讀理解經(jīng)常需要考生根據(jù)一定上下文對(duì)某些詞閱讀理解經(jīng)常需要考生根據(jù)一定上下文

2、對(duì)某些詞匯的意義進(jìn)行匯的意義進(jìn)行推斷推斷，這就要求考生具備相應(yīng)的，這就要求考生具備相應(yīng)的閱閱讀理解微技能讀理解微技能，與考試密切相關(guān)的一些微技能包，與考試密切相關(guān)的一些微技能包括詞匯的預(yù)測(cè)、判斷、歸納和推理。括詞匯的預(yù)測(cè)、判斷、歸納和推理。l詞匯理解方法：詞匯理解方法：1）利用詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)）利用詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)2） 利用上下文邏輯利用上下文邏輯利用詞匯的結(jié)構(gòu)利用詞匯的結(jié)構(gòu)1)前綴前綴+詞根：詞根：inter(中間中間)+vene intervene(介介入入)2)詞根詞根+后綴：后綴：circl(圓圓)+let(小小)circlet(小環(huán)小環(huán))3)前綴前綴+詞根詞根+后綴：后綴：in(不不)+aud(聽聽

3、)+ible(可可)inaudible(聽不見聽不見)4)詞根詞根+雙后綴：雙后綴：care(用心用心)+less(不不)+ly(地地)carelessly(不小心地不小心地)5)雙詞根雙詞根+后綴：后綴：biblio(書書)+phil(愛愛)+ist(人人)bibliophilist(書籍愛書籍愛好者好者) Im Im illiterateilliterate about such things. about such things.Insecticide is applied where it is needed. Growing economic problems were highli

4、ghted by a slowdown in oil output. He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious , for a few minutes. 1 定義邏輯定義邏輯 如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義，如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義，理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義eg： Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 一、利用上下文顯性邏輯一、利用上下文顯性邏輯利用邏輯利用邏輯In slang， the term jam is known as a sta

5、te of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 定義句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為定義句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為：be, mean,refer to, be called, be known as, define, 等。等。2 2、復(fù)述邏輯復(fù)述邏輯 Semantics Semantics, , the study of the the study of the meaning of wordsmeaning of words, is necessary if , is necessary if you a

6、re to speak and read you are to speak and read elligently. 定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句 ：Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings. SAD -“季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥”CapacitanceCapacitance, , or the ability to store electric

7、 or the ability to store electric chargecharge, is one of the most common , is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits. characteristics of electronic circuits. 注意：復(fù)述邏輯常用詞匯如注意：復(fù)述邏輯常用詞匯如or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, or, similarly, that is to say, in other words,

8、另外：同位語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句，一些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，另外：同位語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句，一些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如如 ： （）等，多有解釋和復(fù)述的功能（）等，多有解釋和復(fù)述的功能3、舉例邏輯、舉例邏輯 ： The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 4 4 同義復(fù)現(xiàn)邏輯同義復(fù)現(xiàn)邏輯Although he often had the opportunity, Mr.

9、 Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 相反相反/ /相似相似/ /因果因果/ /常識(shí)常識(shí)二、利用上下文內(nèi)在隱性邏輯

10、二、利用上下文內(nèi)在隱性邏輯1 1 相反邏輯相反邏輯 Andrew is one of the most Andrew is one of the most supercilioussupercilious men I men I know. know. His brother, His brother, in contrastin contrast, is quite humble and , is quite humble and modest. modest. A good supervisor can recognize instantly the A good supervisor c

11、an recognize instantly the adeptadept workers from the unskilled ones. workers from the unskilled ones. 表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)主要是表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)主要是unlikeunlike，butbut，howeverhowever，despitedespite，in spite ofin spite of，in contrast in contrast ， whilewhile 2相似邏輯相似邏輯比較關(guān)系表示意義上的比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似相似關(guān)系。關(guān)系。Green loves to ta

12、lk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious. 表示相似的詞和短語(yǔ)主要是表示相似的詞和短語(yǔ)主要是similarly，like，just as，also等。等。 3 因果邏輯因果邏輯 Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow hi

13、s way through the crowd. 4）常識(shí)邏輯）常識(shí)邏輯 常識(shí)包括我們的生活經(jīng)歷、經(jīng)驗(yàn)常識(shí)以及自己專業(yè)方面的知識(shí)，在閱讀到與自己專業(yè)相近的文章時(shí)，我們都會(huì)感到相對(duì)容易，這正是我們的專業(yè)知識(shí)在幫我們理解。E.g.1. An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity. 2. An atomic clock is so precise that it can be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einsteins relativity theories.

14、Exercises：1 1 All his attempts to unlock the door was All his attempts to unlock the door was futilefutile, , because because he was using the wrong key.he was using the wrong key. A. A. 成功的成功的 B. B. 徒勞的徒勞的 C. C. 有效的有效的D. D. 匆促的匆促的2 2 She did not hear what you said because she was She did not hear w

15、hat you said because she was completely completely engrossedengrossed in her reading. in her reading.A.A. 心不在焉的心不在焉的 B. B. 緊張的緊張的 C. C. 全神貫注全神貫注 D. D. 睡意濃的睡意濃的3 3 In the strong wind, the beggar In the strong wind, the beggar shiveredshivered with the with the terrible cold.terrible cold.A.A.流淚流淚 B.

16、B. 乞討乞討 C. C. 呻吟呻吟 D. D. 顫抖顫抖9 9 The hot tropical weather created a feeling of The hot tropical weather created a feeling of lassitudelassitude and encouraged laziness.and encouraged laziness.A. A. 興奮興奮B. B. 厭惡厭惡 C. C. 清醒清醒 D. D. 疲倦疲倦BCDD四級(jí)題型-詞匯題 一是常用詞語(yǔ)辨析，側(cè)重于考查多義常用詞在特定語(yǔ)境中的具體意思 二是生詞，側(cè)重于考查考生根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞意

17、思的能力(1) 表現(xiàn)方式詞語(yǔ)推斷 Can we pay too much attention to details? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees”, says Charles Garfield associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, “We must constantly ask ourselves how the details were working on fit into the larger picture. If they dont we should drop them and move to something else”.The word“perfectionists”(Line 2Par