(完整word版)語言學(xué)練習(xí)Chapter2習(xí)題

1、1Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.F2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguishmeaning, they are said to be i

2、n complementary distribution. T3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of theamount of informatio

3、n conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of soundswhich a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: thethroat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vib

4、ration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of thetongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants canb

5、e classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in themouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified

6、 into close vowels, semi-closevowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine t

7、he phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one soundfor another results in a change of meaning.218. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment whichoccurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules

8、 governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two ormore phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21A _ refers to a strong puff of air

9、stream in the production of speech sounds.22A_ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to producethe speech sounds and how they differ.23The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all bsounds.24Of all the speech organs, the t _ is the most flexible, and

10、is responsible forvarieties of articulation than any other.25English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_ of articulation.26When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speechsound produced with the obstruction audibly relea

11、sed and the air passing out again is calleda s_ .27S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s_ rules.29The transcription of speech

12、 sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcriptionwhile the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called ntranscription.30When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation, they are collectively known as i_.331P_ is

13、a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguisticcommunication.32The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities:the pharyngeal cavity, the o_ cavity and the nasal cavit

14、y.33T_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress:word stress and s_ stress.III. There are four choices follo

15、wing each of the statements below. Mark the choicethat can best complete the statement:35Of all the speech organs, the _ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords36The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds.A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonan

16、tal37 _is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/ B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“copyinga sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _ .A. identical B. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments a

17、nd they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be _ .A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40The sound /f/ is _ .A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricativea featu441. A _ vowel

18、is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.A. backB. centralC. front D. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called.A. p

19、honetic components B. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental features D. semantic features43. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phone B. soundC. allophone D. phoneme44The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environmentsare called the _ of that phoneme.A. phones B. soundsC. phonemes D. allophonesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology46. phoneme47.all