ch混合的一些工具優(yōu)先股等PPT課件

1、CHAPTER 20Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock, Leasing, Warrants, and ConvertiblesnPreferred stocknLeasingnWarrantsnConvertibles第1頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Leasing Often referred to as “off balance sheet” financing if a lease is not “capitalized.” Leasing is a substitute for debt financing and, thus, uses up a firms debt

2、 capacity. Capital leases are different from operating leases: Capital leases do not provide for maintenance service. Capital leases are not cancelable. Capital leases are fully amortized.第2頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Analysis: Lease vs. Borrow-and-buyData: New computer costs $1,200,000. 3-year MACRS class life; 4-year e

3、conomic life. Tax rate = 40%. kd = 10%. Maintenance of $25,000/year, payable at beginning of each year. Residual value in Year 4 of $125,000. 4-year lease includes maintenance. Lease payment is $340,000/year, payable at beginning of each year.第3頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Depreciation scheduleDepreciable basis = $1,200,0

4、00MACRS Depreciation End-of-YearYear Rate ExpenseBook Value 1 0.33 $ 396,000 $804,000 2 0.45 540,000 264,000 3 0.15 180,000 84,000 4 84,000 0 $1,200,000第4頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)In a lease analysis, at what discount rate should cash flows be discounted?Since cash flows in a lease analysis are evaluated on an after-ta

5、x basis, we should use the after-tax cost of borrowing. Previously, we were told the cost of debt, kd, was 10%. Therefore, we should discount cash flows at 6%.A-T kd = 10%(1 T) = 10%(1 0.4) = 6%.第5頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)0 1 2 3 4Cost of Owning AnalysisCost of asset(1,200.0)Dep. tax savings1Maint. (AT)2 (15.0) (15.0)

6、 (15.0) (15.0)Res. value (AT)3 _ _ _ _ 75.0 PV cost of owning ( 6%) = -$766.948.Analysis in thousands:第6頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Notes on Cost of Owning Analysis1.Depreciation is a tax deductible expense, so it produces a tax savings of T(Depreciation). Year 1 = 0.4($396) = $158.4.2.Each maintenance payment of $25 is

7、deductible so the after-tax cost of the lease is (1 T)($25) = $15.3.The ending book value is $0 so the full $125 salvage (residual) value is taxed, (1 - T)($125) = $75.0.第7頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Cost of Leasing Analysis Each lease payment of $340 is deductible, so the after-tax cost of the lease is (1-T)($340) = -$2

8、04. PV cost of leasing (6%) = -$749.294.0 1 2 3 4A-T Lease pmt -204 -204 -204 -204Analysis in thousands:第8頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Net advantage of leasing NAL = PV cost of owning PV cost of leasing= $17.654 Since the cost of owning outweighs the cost of leasing, the firm should lease.(Dollars in thousands)第9頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Sup

9、pose there is a great deal of uncertainty regarding the computers residual value Residual value could range from $0 to $250,000 and has an expected value of $125,000. To account for the risk introduced by an uncertain residual value, a higher discount rate should be used to discount the residual val

10、ue. Therefore, the cost of owning would be higher and leasing becomes even more attractive.第10頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)What if a cancellation clause were included in the lease? How would this affect the riskiness of the lease? A cancellation clause lowers the risk of the lease to the lessee. However, it increases the

11、risk to the lessor.第11頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)How does preferred stock differ from common equity and debt? Preferred dividends are fixed, but they may be omitted without placing the firm in default. Preferred dividends are cumulative up to a limit. Most preferred stocks prohibit the firm from paying common dividends

12、when the preferred is in arrears.第12頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)What is floating rate preferred? Dividends are indexed to the rate on treasury securities instead of being fixed. Excellent S-T corporate investment: Only 30% of dividends are taxable to corporations. The floating rate generally keeps issue trading near par.

13、 However, if the issuer is risky, the floating rate preferred stock may have too much price instability for the liquid asset portfolios of many corporate investors.第13頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)How can a knowledge of call options help one understand warrants and convertibles? A warrant is a long-term call option. A conv

14、ertible bond consists of a fixed rate bond plus a call option.第14頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)A firm wants to issue a bond with warrants package at a face value of $1,000. Here are the details of the issue. Current stock price (P0) = $10. kd of equivalent 20-year annual payment bonds without warrants = 12%. 50 warrants at

15、tached to each bond with an exercise price of $12.50. Each warrants value will be $1.50.第15頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)What coupon rate should be set for this bond plus warrants package? Step 1 Calculate the value of the bonds in the packageVPackage = VBond + VWarrants = $1,000.VWarrants = 50($1.50) = $75.VBond + $75= $1

16、,000 VBond= $925.第16頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Calculating required annual coupon rate for bond with warrants package Step 2 Find coupon payment and rate. Solving for PMT, we have a solution of $110, which corresponds to an annual coupon rate of $110 / $1,000 = 11%.INPUTSOUTPUTNI/YRPMTPVFV20121101000-925第17頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)If afte

17、r the issue, the warrants sell for $2.50 each, what would this imply about the value of the package? The package would have been worth $925 + 50(2.50) = $1,050. This is $50 more than the actual selling price. The firm could have set lower interest payments whose PV would be smaller by $50 per bond,

18、or it could have offered fewer warrants with a higher exercise price. Current stockholders are giving up value to the warrant holders.第18頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Assume the warrants expire 10 years after issue. When would you expect them to be exercised? Generally, a warrant will sell in the open market at a premium a

19、bove its theoretical value (it cant sell for less). Therefore, warrants tend not to be exercised until just before they expire.第19頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Optimal times to exercise warrants In a stepped-up exercise price, the exercise price increases in steps over the warrants life. Because the value of the warrant fa

20、lls when the exercise price is increased, step-up provisions encourage in-the-money warrant holders to exercise just prior to the step-up. Since no dividends are earned on the warrant, holders will tend to exercise voluntarily if a stocks dividend rises enough. 第20頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Will the warrants bring in ad

21、ditional capital when exercised? When exercised, each warrant will bring in the exercise price, $12.50, per share exercised. This is equity capital and holders will receive one share of common stock per warrant. The exercise price is typically set at 10% to 30% above the current stock price on the i

22、ssue date.第21頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Because warrants lower the cost of the accompanying debt issue, should all debt be issued with warrants? No, the warrants have a cost that must be added to the coupon interest cost.第22頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)What is the expected rate of return to holders of bonds with warrants, if exercised in 5 ye

23、ars at P5 = $17.50? The company will exchange stock worth $17.50 for one warrant plus $12.50. The opportunity cost to the company is $17.50 - $12.50 = $5.00, for each warrant exercised. Each bond has 50 warrants, so on a par bond basis, opportunity cost = 50($5.00) = $250.第23頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Finding the opport

24、unity cost of capital for the bond with warrants package Here is the cash flow time line: Input the cash flows into a financial calculator (or spreadsheet) and find IRR = 12.93%. This is the pre-tax cost. 0 1 4 5 6 19 20+1,000 -110 -110-110-110-110-110-250 -1,000-360 -1,110.第24頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Interpreting the

25、 opportunity cost of capital for the bond with warrants package The cost of the bond with warrants package is higher than the 12% cost of straight debt because part of the expected return is from capital gains, which are riskier than interest income. The cost is lower than the cost of equity because

26、 part of the return is fixed by contract.第25頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)The firm is now considering a callable, convertible bond issue, described below: 20-year, 10% annual coupon, callable convertible bond will sell at its $1,000 par value; straight debt issue would require a 12% coupon. Call the bonds when conversion v

27、alue $1,200. P0 = $10; D0 = $0.74; g = 8%. Conversion ratio = CR = 80 shares.第26頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)What conversion price (Pc) is implied by this bond issue? The conversion price can be found by dividing the par value of the bond by the conversion ratio, $1,000 / 80 = $12.50. The conversion price is usually set 1

28、0% to 30% above the stock price on the issue date.第27頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)What is the convertibles straight debt value? Recall that the straight debt coupon rate is 12% and the bonds have 20 years until maturity.INPUTSOUTPUTNI/YRPMTPVFV20121001000第28頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)Implied Convertibility Value Because the convertibles will

29、sell for $1,000, the implied value of the convertibility feature is$1,000 $850.61 = $149.39. = $1.87 per share. The convertibility value corresponds to the warrant value in the previous example.第29頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)What is the formula for the bonds expected conversion value in any year? Conversion value = Ct =

30、CR(P0)(1 + g)t. At t = 0, the conversion value is C0= 80($10)(1.08)0 = $800. At t = 10, the conversion value is C10= 80($10)(1.08)10 = $1,727.14.第30頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)What is meant by the floor value of a convertible? The floor value is the higher of the straight debt value and the conversion value. At t = 0, th

31、e floor value is $850.61. Straight debt value0 = $850.61.C0 = $800. At t = 10, the floor value is $1,727.14. Straight debt value10 = $887.00.C10 = $1,727.14. Convertibles usually sell above floor value because convertibility has an additional value.第31頁(yè)/共36頁(yè)The firm intends to force conversion when C = 1.2($1,000) = $1,200. When is the issued expected to be called? We are solving for the period of time until the conversion value equals the call price. After this time, the conversion v