計算機專業(yè)英語(霍洪濤)課件Chapter 5

1、Chapter 5 Programming LanguageReviewv終端v領(lǐng)域v內(nèi)核模式v如鯁在喉v杰出的v訴訟v常規(guī)的v占主導的v成見v專利稅2terminalprovince，territorykernel modelawsuitconventionalstereotypeprominent, remarkable, extraordinarya lump in the throatroyaltypredominantReviewvThe Structure of A Computer System 3at the bottom the lowest layer next comes

2、In machine language layeron the top finally A major function of ReviewvLayered Systems Layer 0 dealt with(p71P2L1) 0層處理進程的分配，在干擾發(fā)生或者計時器終止時在進程件轉(zhuǎn)換。 Layer 1 did (p71P3L1) 1層是內(nèi)存管理。 Layer 2 handled (p71P3L1) 2層控制各進程和操作平臺之間的通信。 Layer 3 took care of (p71P2L2) 3層管理輸入/輸出設(shè)備以及進出的信息流緩沖。 Layer 4 was where (p72L1

3、) 4層放置的是用戶程序。 was located in layer 5 (p71L3).系統(tǒng)操作進程放在5層。 4Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev1. Prehistory Herman Hollerith realized that he could encode information on punch cards when he observed that railroad train conductors would encode the appearance of the ticket holders on the train tick

4、ets using the position of punched holes on the tickets(p94L2). 在看見檢票員把乘客的外形通過穿孔的位置編碼在票上的時候，Hollerith意識到他可以把信息編碼在穿孔卡片上。5Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev1. Prehistory The Turing machine was an abstraction of the operation of a tape-marking machine, for example, in use at the telephone companies

5、(p94P2L4). 圖靈機是一臺磁帶標記機器的操作的抽象，例如，用在電訊公司。6Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev albeit(p94RL4) conj. 雖然；即使 introduce a fact or comment that reduces the force or significance of what you have just said. 例： Charless letter was indeed published, albeit in a somewhat abbreviated form. 查爾斯的信確實被刊登了出來，盡管有

6、些刪節(jié)。v though conj.雖然 introduce a statement in a subordinate clause which contrasts with the statement in the main clause. 例： Everything I told them was correct, though I forgot a few things. 我告訴他們的全部正確，盡管我忘了幾件事。7Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev2. The 1940s The limited speed and memory capacit

7、y forced programmers to write hand tuned assembly language programs(p94RL3). 有限的速度和內(nèi)存容量迫使程序員手工編寫優(yōu)化 的匯編程序。 force v.強迫，迫使 drive into 例句：The recession and hospital bills drove them into bankruptcy. 經(jīng)濟蕭條和醫(yī)院的賬單逼得他們破產(chǎn)了。8Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev3. The 1950s and 1960s-two key innovationsA.The

8、 use of Backus-Naur Form(BNF) for describing the languages syntax. Nearly all subsequent programming languages have used a variant of BNF to describe the context-free portion of their syntax(p95Pr3P2). 使用巴科斯范式來描述語言的句法。幾乎所有后來的編程語言都使用了巴科斯范式的變體來描述語法中與上下文無關(guān)的那部分。vsyntax n.句法，語法vsubsequent adj. 后來的，隨后的vva

9、riant n.變體，變化9varied adj.各種各樣的variable n.變量Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev portion n.部分A portion of something is a part of it. 例：Damage was confined to a small portion of the castle. 城堡僅有一小部分受到了損壞。v proportion n.部分A proportion of a group or an amount is a part of it. 例： A large proportion of

10、 the dolphins in that area will eventually die. 那個地區(qū)的很大一部分海豚最終會死。v part n.部分A part of something is one of the pieces, sections, or elements that it consists of. 例： I like that part of Cape Town. 我喜歡開普敦的那個地方。10Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev3. The 1950s and 1960s-two key innovationsB. The int

11、roduction of lexical scoping for names in arbitrarily nested scopes(p95Pr3P2). 為任意嵌套作用域的命名引進了詞法域vlexical adj.詞法的varbitrary adj.數(shù)任意的；武斷的 arbitrary value 任意值vnest v.筑巢；計嵌套vscope n.范圍；計作用域11Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev4. 1967-1978: Establishing Fundamental Paradigms Although the debate raged

12、 hotly at the time, nearly all programmers now agree that, even in languages that provide GOTO, it is bad style to use it except in rare circumstances(p96P3L4). 盡管當時的辯論很激烈，現(xiàn)在幾乎所有的程序員都同意，就算是在提供了GOTO的語言，使用GOTO也是不好的編程風格，也只有在極少的情況下才會使用。paradigm n.范例rage vi. 流行，風行；大怒，發(fā)怒rare adj.稀有的，罕見的12Unit 1 History of

13、 Programming Languagevmerit(p96L4) 好處n. its advantages or other good points. 例： They have been persuaded of the merits of peace. 他們已經(jīng)被說服，認識到了和平的好處。vadvantage 優(yōu)勢n. a way in which one thing is better than another. 例： The great advantage of home-grown oranges is their magnificent flavour. 自產(chǎn)橙子的巨大優(yōu)勢是其極好

14、的味道。13Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev5. The 1980s: Consolidation, Modules, Performance(p96Pr5)1.The 1980s were years of relative consolidation. 20世紀80年代相對整合的一段時期2. One important new trend in language design was an increased focus on programming for large-scale systems through the use of modu

15、les, or large-scale organizational units of code. 語言設(shè)計的一個重要的新趨勢是應(yīng)用模塊或者大型企業(yè)級代碼來開發(fā)大規(guī)模系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為關(guān)注的焦點。14Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev5. The 1980s: Consolidation, Modules, Performance(p96Pr5)3. The 1980s also brought advances in programming language implementation. 20世紀80年代也帶來了程序語言實施方面的發(fā)展。15Unit 1

16、 History of Programming Languagev6. The 1990s: the Internet Age In particular, the Java programming language rose to popularity because of its early integration with the Netscape Navigator web browser, and various scripting languages achieved widespread use in developing customized applications for

17、web servers(p97L3). 特別是，Java編程語言因為早期和網(wǎng)景領(lǐng)航員瀏覽器的集成流行起來。另外，多種多樣的腳本語言在為網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器開發(fā)定制化應(yīng)用時得到廣泛應(yīng)用。16Unit 1 History of Programming LanguagevKey wordvpredate(p94L1)vintellectual(p94RL1)visolate(p95L3)vmilestone(p95Pr3P2L1)vinfluential(p95Pr3P3L1)vdescendant(p96L2)vancestry(p96L3)vbewildering(p96P3RL1)17v.(日期上日期上

18、)早于早于; 先于先于adj.智力的智力的v. 隔離；孤立隔離；孤立n.里程碑里程碑a(chǎn)dj.有影響力的有影響力的n. 后裔；子孫后裔；子孫n. 祖先祖先adj.令人疑惑的令人疑惑的Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv Definition(What is OOP?): Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses “objects” to design applications and computer programs(p99L1). 面向?qū)ο缶幊淌鞘褂谩皩ο蟆眮碓O(shè)

19、計應(yīng)用和計算機游戲的一種編程范例。v Function(What problems and how the problems are addressed?)： Object-oriented programming in part addresses the problem of maintaining software quality by strongly emphasizing modularity in software(p99P2RL2). 面向?qū)ο缶幊掏ㄟ^強烈地強調(diào)軟件里的模塊部分解決了保證軟件質(zhì)量的問題。18Unit 2 Object-oriented ProgrammingvD

20、ifferences with traditional views： Object-oriented programming may be seen as a collection of cooperating objects as opposed to a traditional view in which a program may be seen as a collection of functions, or simply as a list of instructions to the computer(p99P3L1). 面向?qū)ο蟮某绦蚩梢钥醋鍪且粋€由相互合作的對象組成的集合，而傳

21、統(tǒng)的看法則被程序看成有許多函數(shù)組成的集合，或者簡單的計算機指令集合。19Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingvcapable(p99P3L3) adj. If a person or thing is capable of doing something, they have the ability to do it. 有能力的 He appeared hardly capable of conducting a coherent conversation. 他看起來幾乎沒有能力進行連貫的談話vcompetent adj. Someone who is comp

22、etent is efficient and effective. 有能力的 例： He was a loyal and very competent civil servant. 他是一個忠誠、很有能力的公務(wù)員。20Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv1. Fundamental conceptsv1.1 Class A class should typically be recognizable to a non-programmer familiar with the problem domain, meaning that the characteri

23、stics of the class should make sense in context. Collectively, the properties and methods defined by a class are called members(p99RL4). 類對于熟悉問題域的非程序員來說通常應(yīng)當是可識別的，也就是說，類的特征在上下文中應(yīng)該是有意義的。共同地，由類決定的屬性和動作被稱為成員。21Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv1. Fundamental conceptsv1.2 Object An object is a particula

24、r instance of a class. The set of values of the attributes of a particular object is called its state(p100Pr1.2). 一個對象就是類的一個特定的實例。一個特定對象的一組屬性值稱為它的狀態(tài)。v1.3 Method A method is an objects abilities(p100Pr1.3). 一個方法就是一個對象的能力。22Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv1. Fundamental conceptsv1.4 Inheritance Sub

25、classes inherit attributes and behaviors from their parent classes, and can introduce their own. When an object or class inherits its traits from more than one ancestor class, and neither of these ancestors is an ancestor of the other, then its called multiple inheritance(p100Pr1.4L3). 子類從它們的父類繼承了屬性

26、和動作，并且可以引入它們自己的(屬性和動作)。當一個對象或者類從不止一個祖先類繼承特點，并且這些祖先類相互并不是另一個的祖先，那么這就叫做多重繼承。23Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv1. Fundamental conceptsv1.5 Encapsulation Conceals the exact details of how a particular class works from objects that use its code or send massages to it(p100RL4). (封裝)向?qū)ο箅[藏了一個特定類如何運作的具體細節(jié)

27、。對象只是使用類的編碼或者發(fā)消息給類。24Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv1. Fundamental conceptsv1.6 Abstraction Simplifying complex reality by modeling classes appropriate to the problem, and working at the most appropriate level of inheritance for a given aspect of the problem(p101Pr1.6L1). 通過塑造對問題合適的類來簡化復雜的現(xiàn)實，并且對

28、于特定方面的問題選擇在最合適的繼承層工作。25Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv1. Fundamental conceptsv1.7 Polymorphism Polymorphism is behavior that varies depending on the class in which the behavior is invoked, that is, two or more classes can react differently to the same message(p101Pr1.7L1). 多態(tài)性是根據(jù)在不同類被調(diào)用而產(chǎn)生不同的行為，也就是，多個類可以對同樣的信息有不同的反應(yīng)。26Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv2. History Introduceobject IntroduceOOP Develop Increasingly popularvIntroduceobject Objects as programming entities were introduced in the 1960s in Simula 67(p101RP1L1). 對象作為編程實體在20世紀60年代引入Sim