中科院考博英語培訓(xùn)資料短文補(bǔ)全課堂講義

1、.一、 定語從句關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：1. There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.2. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.3. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 4. I'm surprised the way how (b

2、y which) he works out the problem. as，than，but也可以用作關(guān)系代詞：The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand.The telephone, as we know, was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell.I never heard such stories as he tells.Her attitude to him was quiet the same as it had always be

3、en. You spend more money than was intended to be spent.There are very few but admire his talent. (but = who dont)二、 狀語從句方式狀語從句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。1. Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.2. They completely ignore these facts as if (as though)

4、 they never existed.3. He cleared his throat as if to say something.目的狀語從句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導(dǎo)：1. You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.2. He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.3. Better take more cl

5、othes in case the weather is cold.結(jié)果狀語從句常由so that 或 suchthat引導(dǎo):1. The boy is so young that he can't go to school.2. He is such a young boy that he can't go to school.條件狀語從句的連接詞主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等：1Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.讓步狀語從句的連接詞主

6、要有though, although1Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.其他注意點(diǎn)：1ever if, even though即使We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.2whetheror 不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.3"no matter +疑問詞" 或"疑問詞+后綴ever" No matter what happened, he

7、would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替換：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句。對比下面兩組句子：No matter what you say is of no use now. (False)Whatev

8、er you say is of no use now. Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given. (False)Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 三、名詞從句名詞從句包括主語從句、賓語從句，其中有介詞與形容詞的賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。同位語從句一般用that, whether等詞引導(dǎo)，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information等名詞后面，說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。The news that

9、 they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.1. 如同位語從句意義完整，應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.2. 如同位語從句意義不完整，需增加"是否"的含義，應(yīng)用whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句。例：We'll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.3. 如

10、同位語從句意義不完整，需增加"什么時(shí)候"、"什么地點(diǎn)"、"什么方式"等含義，應(yīng)用when, where, how等詞引導(dǎo)同位語從句。例1：I have no idea when he will be back. 例2：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.3 從句的核心：例1： Although it is a stable currency, a rise of only 2 percent a year will reduce the purchasing p

11、ower of the dollar by 45 % in 30 years so that the pension or life insurance of ones youth (青春時(shí)代，青少年時(shí)期) will have lost nearly half its purchasing power before one has reached the age of retirement.1. The criminal justice system operates by arresting, convicting (判決) and sentencing those members of s

12、ocieties who violate the basic rules of group existence. （主句在前，重心在前）2. In the 200 great families who rules England for many years everyone knew or was related to everyone else. （主句在后，重心在后）4 主從句的述位：例1：1 Tom didnt go to school because he was ill.2 Tom was ill, so he didnt go to school.例2：1. Because it

13、 didnt rain this summer, the soil dried out. (the following topic is soil.)2. The soil dried out, because it didnt rain this summer. (the following topic is rain.)被動(dòng)句與主動(dòng)句的述位關(guān)系：1. The crops were destroyed by the heavy rain. (the following topic is rain.)2. The heavy rain destroyed the crops. (the fol

14、lowing topic is crops.)Passage 1: Winning isnt “the only thing.” Such an idea muddles the idea of competition, not simply in sports, but in all aspects of our lives. Weve learned the hard way in this century that the world is a complex place; its certainly not the National Football League. Winning i

15、snt the only thing in love, art, marriage, commerce, or politics; its not even the only thing in sports.In sports, as in so many other areas of our national life, weve always cherished gallant losers.Passage 2：Many companies use animals to make us want to buy their goods. Automobile companies, for e

16、xample, love to show fast horses when they are trying to sell their cars. They also name their cars for other fast powerful animals.Automobile manufacturers and gasoline companies especially like to use big cats to sell their products. They like lions, tigers and wildcats.When Americans say wildcat,

17、 they usually mean a lynx, an ocelot or a bobcat. All these cats attack quickly and fiercely. So wildcats represent something fast and fierce.Passage 3:When the French educator and scholar Baron de Coubertin revived the ancient Greek concept of the Olympic Games and organized the first event in Gree

18、ce in 1896, he also set out to revive the Olympic ideal of friendly and fair competition between amateurs. Since then, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has had the difficult job of upholding these principles. In 1936, Adolf Hitler had his own ambitions for the Olympics. Arguably, the darkes

19、t days in the history of the Olympics were in Munich in 1972, when Palestinian extremists killed two members of the Israeli team, and took nine others hostage. The political tensions of the Cold War also had an impact on the Olympics. In more recent times, the IOC has had to deal with another problem: drugs.病句分析：1. Dogs play an important part in many peoples lives. It is said that dog and wolf have the same ancient. （話題轉(zhuǎn)移）2. Dogs are playing a