二非謂語動(dòng)詞

1、二 非謂語動(dòng)詞(一)不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語的區(qū)別(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語通常表示抽象動(dòng)作；而不定式作主語表示具體動(dòng)作。例如：Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽這么多煙對(duì)你身體很不好。(具體)(2)動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。例如：Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))Driving a car during the rush hour is tiri

2、ng.在高峰時(shí)刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))(二)不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別(1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動(dòng)作，特別是表示將來的動(dòng)作。A.不定式作表語。例如 ：To do two things at a time is to do neither.一次做兩件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。B.如果主語是不定式(表示條件)，表語也是不定式(表示結(jié)果)。例如：To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。To work means to earn a living.工作就是為了生活。C.如果主語

3、是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對(duì)主語起補(bǔ)充說明作用。例如：His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來買一輛豪華轎車。(2)動(dòng)名詞作表語：表示抽象的一般性的行為。例如：Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。注 動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)，

4、與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)說明動(dòng)作是由主語完成的。動(dòng)名詞做表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況。(3)分詞作表語。表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite,interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞，漢語注解不是“激動(dòng)”、“高興 ”，而是“使得激動(dòng)”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是瞚ng形式，凡是表示“感到”都用瞖d形式。換句話說，若人對(duì)感興趣，就是somebody is interested in.，若人/物本身有趣時(shí)，就是sb./sth. is interesting。這類詞常見的有：i

5、nteresting使人感到高興interested感到高興的exciting令人激動(dòng)的excited感到激動(dòng)的delighting令人高興的delighted感到高興的disappointing令人失望的disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人費(fèi)解的puzzled感到費(fèi)解的satisfying令人滿意的satisfied感到滿意的surprising令人驚異的surprised感到驚異的worrying令人擔(dān)心的worried感到擔(dān)心的例如：My tutor is s

6、atisfied with my satisfying behaviour.導(dǎo)師對(duì)我的良好表現(xiàn)很滿意。Im interested in the interesting psychology.我對(duì)有趣的心理學(xué)很感興趣。They were very excited about the exiting news.聽到這個(gè)鼓舞人心的消息，他們非常激動(dòng)。Her convincing argument convinced me to vote for her.她極具雄辯性的陳辭讓我情愿投她的票。(三)不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語英語中大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動(dòng)名詞作直接賓語，但有些動(dòng)詞要求：(1)不定式做賓

7、語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。A.下面的動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語：afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起 aim針對(duì) agree同意appear似乎，顯得 arrange安排 ask問attempt企圖 bear承受 begin開始beg請(qǐng)求 bother擾亂，煩惱 care關(guān)心，喜歡cease停止 choose選擇 claim要求contrive設(shè)法，圖謀 consent同意，贊同 decide決定decline推卻 demand要求 design設(shè)計(jì)，預(yù)定desire愿望 determine決定 destine注定dread害怕 enable能夠 endeavor努力expect期望 fail不能 forget忘記happe

8、n碰巧 hate憎恨，厭惡 hesitate猶豫hope希望 incline有傾向 intend想要learn學(xué)習(xí) like喜歡 loathe不喜歡，討厭long渴望 love愛 manage設(shè)法mean意欲，打算 need需要 neglect忽視offer提供 omit忽略，漏 plan計(jì)劃prefer喜歡，寧愿 prepare準(zhǔn)備 pretend假裝profess表明 promise承諾，允許 propose提議refuse拒絕 regret抱歉，遺憾 scorn忽視seek找，尋覓 start開始 swear宣誓try試圖 undertake承接 volunteer志愿vow起誓 wan

9、t想要 wish希望B. 下面的動(dòng)詞要求不定式作賓補(bǔ)。（動(dòng)詞+賓語+動(dòng)詞不定式）advise勸告 allow允許 announce宣布ask要求，邀請(qǐng) assist協(xié)助 authorize授權(quán)，委托bear容忍 beg請(qǐng)求 bribe收買cause引起 command命令 compel強(qiáng)迫condemn指責(zé)，譴責(zé) deserve應(yīng)受 direct指導(dǎo)drive驅(qū)趕 enable使能夠 encourage鼓勵(lì)entitle使有資格 entreat懇求 exhort告誡，勉勵(lì)forbid禁止 force強(qiáng)迫 get請(qǐng)，得到hate憎惡 help幫助 implore懇求induce引誘 inspir

10、e鼓舞 instruct指示intend想要，企圖 invite吸引，邀請(qǐng) lead引起，使得leave使，讓 like喜歡 mean意欲，打算need需要 oblige不得不 order命令permit允許 persuade勸導(dǎo) pray請(qǐng)求prefer喜歡，寧愿 press迫使 prompt促使pronounce斷定，表示 recommend勸告，推薦 remind提醒report報(bào)告 request請(qǐng)求 require要求summon傳喚 teach教 tell告訴tempt勸誘 train訓(xùn)練 urge激勵(lì)，推薦want 想要 warn告誡 wish希望例如：They are trai

11、ning these dogs to sniff out drugs.他們訓(xùn)練狗嗅出毒品來。Ill get somebody to repair the machine.我去找人修理機(jī)器。I recommend you to do what he says.我勸你照他說的去做。The radio urged people to contribute to the Red Cross. 電臺(tái)要求人們向紅十字會(huì)捐助。(2)有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two year

12、s ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。Youre going to England next year.You should now practise speaking English as much as possible.你明年到英國去的話，應(yīng)該現(xiàn)在就盡可能多說英語。If we dont start out now,we must risk missing the train.如果我們現(xiàn)在不出發(fā)，就可能趕不上火車。acknowledge承認(rèn)，自認(rèn) admit承認(rèn) advocate提倡，主張appreciate感激，欣賞 avoid避免 bear忍受cant help不禁 cant

13、stand受不了 consider考慮cease停止 commence開始 complete完成confess坦白 contemplate細(xì)想 defer拖延delay延遲 deny否認(rèn) detest嫌惡dislike不喜歡，討厭 discourage使沮喪 dread可怕endure忍受 enjoy享有，喜愛 envy嫉妒escape逃跑，逃避 excuse借口 fancy幻想，愛好favor造成，偏愛 figure描繪，計(jì)算 finish完成，結(jié)束forgive原諒 imagine設(shè)想 involve卷入，包含hate討厭 keep保持 loathe 不喜歡，討厭mention說到，講到

14、mind介意，留意 miss錯(cuò)過pardon原諒，饒恕 permit允許 postpone延遲，延期practise實(shí)行，實(shí)踐 prevent阻止 quit放棄，停止recall回想 report報(bào)道，發(fā)表 repent悔悟resent怨恨 resist抵抗，阻止 resume恢復(fù)risk冒險(xiǎn) suggest建議 save營救，儲(chǔ)蓄stand堅(jiān)持，忍受 tolerate忍受；寬容 understand明白，理解(3)動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語。幾乎所有介詞，不管是單個(gè)介詞還是介詞詞組，不管它們是謂語動(dòng)詞的組成部分與否，都可用動(dòng)名詞作其賓語。主要有以下搭配關(guān)系：A.動(dòng)詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞。例如：We ins

15、ist on your leaving the place before any further disturbances take place.我們堅(jiān)持讓你在進(jìn)一步的騷亂發(fā)生前離開這個(gè)地方。B.名詞(形容詞，不及物動(dòng)詞)+介詞to(不要把它視為動(dòng)詞不定式的標(biāo)志)。下面是大綱中所列短語中的“to”為介詞：(be)contrary to(與相反)，object(objection)to(反對(duì))， with a view to(為起見)，(be) opposed to (反對(duì))，in contrast to(與成對(duì)比)， be used to (習(xí)慣于)，be exposed to,be dedi

16、cated to(致力于)，resort to(訴諸于)，as to (關(guān)于)，be accustomed to（習(xí)慣于），be devoted to （獻(xiàn)身于），be committed to（委身于），react to（對(duì)反應(yīng)），with regard to（關(guān)于），look forward to（期待），contribute to （貢獻(xiàn)等）。例如：Mr.Brown often wore a heavy coat because he was not used to living in such a cold climate.布朗先生經(jīng)常穿著一個(gè)厚重的大衣，因?yàn)樗涣?xí)慣生活在這么冷的氣候

17、中。C.動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞。例如：I look forward to her coming soon.我盼望她的早日到來。D.形容詞(或具有形容詞性質(zhì)的瞖d分詞)+介詞+動(dòng)名詞。例如：He is greatly honored of shaking hands with the President.和總統(tǒng)握手他感到無上的光榮。It is impossible for him finishing the task in such a short time.他不可能在這樣短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。E.表示征求意見的“How about ?”,“What about?”。例如：How about

18、 going there?去那里怎么樣?What about having a concert?舉行一場(chǎng)音樂會(huì)怎么樣?(4)有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的差別。A. forget to do忘記要去做某事(此事未做)。forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)。B. stop to do停止、中斷(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事。stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事。C. remember to do記住去做某事(未做)。remember doing記得做過某事(已做)。D. regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾。regret doing對(duì)做過的事遺憾、后悔。E

19、. try to do努力、企圖做某事。try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法。F. mean to do打算，有意要。mean doing意味著。例如：Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎?You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要記著是明天動(dòng)身。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒

20、辦法。(未做，但要做)You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。Lets try doing the work some other way.讓我們?cè)囈辉囉昧硗庖环N辦法來做這工作。I didnt mean to hurt your feeling.我沒想要傷害你的感情。This illness will mean(your)going to hospital.得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。(四)不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語。(1)不定式作定語。A. 不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系。例如：He was the last one to leave sc

21、hool yesterday.昨天他是最后一個(gè)離開學(xué)校的。The train to arrive was from London.將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。B. 不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。例如：Get him something to eat.給他拿點(diǎn)兒東西吃。She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上她有很多工作要做。C. 不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語，要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，這里的介詞不能省去。例如 ：I need a pen to write with.我需要一支筆寫字。There is noth

22、ing to worry about.沒有什么好擔(dān)心的。D. 不定式修飾一些抽象名詞。ability能力，本領(lǐng) ambition抱負(fù)，野心 campaign戰(zhàn)役，運(yùn)動(dòng)chance機(jī)會(huì) courage勇氣 decision決定determination決心，決定 drive趕，駕駛 effort努力，嘗試failure失敗，不及格 force力，壓力 intention意向，意圖method方法，方式 motive動(dòng)機(jī)，目的 movement運(yùn)動(dòng)，活動(dòng)need需要，需求 opportunity機(jī)會(huì) promise許諾，希望reason理由，原因 light光，光線，亮光 struggle奮斗，努

23、力，斗爭tendency傾向，趨勢(shì) wish 希望，愿望，祝愿(2)分詞作定語。分詞作定語時(shí)有下面幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：A.現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意。B.現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)，或己做完(完成)的事。例如：He rushed into the burning house.他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房間是我們的教室。Have you got your watch repair

24、ed?你拿到那個(gè)修好的表了嗎?He is an advanced teacher.他是個(gè)先進(jìn)教師。(3)不定式和分詞作定語時(shí)的時(shí)間關(guān)系。一般來說，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如：Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?你要見那位將從北京請(qǐng)來的醫(yī)生嗎?Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?你要見

25、那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎?(五)不定式和分詞作狀語(1)不定式作結(jié)果狀語A.動(dòng)詞+to。例如： He lived to be a very old man.他活得很長。In 1935 he left home never to return.1935年，他離開家再?zèng)]有回來。B. so+形容詞(或副詞)+as to.。例如：The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower.這房子又高又窄，像一座塔。C. such+名詞短語+as to.。例如：His indifference is such as to make one desp

26、air .他如此冷冰冰的，令人感到絕望。D. only to.竟然(表示與預(yù)料相反的結(jié)果)。例如：He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石頭砸了自己的腳。E. 形容詞(或副詞)+enough(副詞)to.，夠，足以。例如：The room is big enough to hold one hundred people.這房間大得足以容納一百人。(2)分詞作狀語分詞和分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式和伴隨情況。在表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步和方式時(shí)，通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的狀語從句，表示方式和伴隨情況時(shí)，可以轉(zhuǎn)換為

27、一個(gè)并列的謂語成分。例如：Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.)學(xué)生們看見老師走進(jìn)房間，都站了起來。Heated,ice will be changed into water.(=When it is heated.)當(dāng)冰加熱時(shí)，它就會(huì)變成水。(條件、時(shí)間)Being excited,I couldnt go to sleep.(=As I was excited,I could

28、nt go to sleep.)我興奮得睡不著覺。(原因)I stood there,listening to the broadcast.(=I stood there and listened to the broadcast.)我站在那兒聽廣播。(伴隨)The children went away laughing.(=The children went away.They laughed as they went.)孩子們笑著走開了。(行為方式)Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.(=Although they know a

29、ll this.)他們盡管了解這一切，還是要我賠償損失。(3)分詞作狀語與主語的關(guān)系。A. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。例如：He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。Not knowing what to do,he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。B. 過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例如：Given more attention,the trees could ha

30、ve grown better.如果對(duì)這些樹多關(guān)心一些，它們本來會(huì)長得更好。Faced with difficulties,we must try to overcome them.在遇到困難的時(shí)候，我們必須設(shè)法克服。(4)分詞作狀語時(shí)前面可用連詞。when,while,once,if,unless,though等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，若其主語與主句主語相同時(shí)，可保留該副詞連接詞，其余部分則化簡為分詞短語。例如：When (being) free，Ill fetch you.有空時(shí)，我會(huì)來接你。While walking along the street early in the morning,h

31、e saw her.一早在街上散步時(shí)，他看到了她。If falling ill,Ill see my doctor.如果生病我會(huì)去看醫(yī)生。Once completed,this power station supplies the nearby towns and villages with electricity.這個(gè)電站一旦建成，將向附近的城鄉(xiāng)供電。Even though given every opportunity,they would not try.即使給他們一切機(jī)會(huì)，他們也不肯試一試。Though knowing the truth,he remained silent.雖然他知

32、道實(shí)情，卻保持沉默。Unless (being) rich,I am not going abroad.除非有錢，要不然我是不會(huì)出國的。(5)分詞作狀語時(shí)，要特別注意其邏輯主語須和謂語動(dòng)詞的主語一致，否則分詞必須有自己的主語。這種帶主語的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱作分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，或獨(dú)立主格。例如：The rain having stopped,the soldiers continued their match.雨停后，戰(zhàn)士們又繼續(xù)行軍了。The boys returned,their face covered with sweat.孩子們回來了，滿臉是汗。注有時(shí)也可用“with(或without)+名詞(

33、或代詞賓格)+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示伴隨情況。例如：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他亮著燈睡著了。The teacher entered the classroom,with a bag (being)in his hand.老師進(jìn)了教室，手中提著一個(gè)包。(6)分詞作連詞引導(dǎo)狀語從句。這些分詞有:provided (or provided that)，providing that, supposing,seeing (that), considering等。例如：You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meet

34、ing provided you dont mind taking the night train. 如果你不介意搭夜班火車，你就能早點(diǎn)兒到北京開會(huì)。Ill go,providing you go too. 如果你去的話我就去。Supposing it rains,what shall we do?假如要下雨的話，我們?cè)趺崔k?Seeing (that) she is old enough to get married,I dont think you can stop her. 鑒于她已到結(jié)婚年齡，我看你阻止不了她。Considering he has been learning Englis

35、h only for a year,he speaks it quite well.考慮到他學(xué)習(xí)英語才一年，他講得相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)。(7)動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。A. 分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。例如：They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個(gè)計(jì)劃。(伴隨)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他們站在路邊，為的是談?wù)撨@個(gè)計(jì)劃。(目的)B. 分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外，有時(shí)表示時(shí)間或條件。動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語時(shí)，除了表示目的以外，

36、還表示結(jié)果或原因。例如：Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時(shí)間。(原因)Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔細(xì)讀書時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時(shí)間)Reading carefully,youll learn something new. 只要你仔細(xì)閱讀，你會(huì)學(xué)到一些新的東西。(條件)His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(結(jié)果)The

37、boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf. 這男孩個(gè)子不夠高，手伸不到書架。(結(jié)果)We are glad to hear the news.我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)(六)非謂語動(dòng)詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)(1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。例如：When to start has not been decided.何時(shí)動(dòng)身尚未決定。(主語)I dont know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語

38、)The difficulty was how to cross the river.困難在于如何過河。(表語)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。(雙重賓語)注 a. 有時(shí)疑問詞前可用介詞。例如：I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。b. 動(dòng)詞know后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞(如：how,what)+不定式。例如：While still a young boy,Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew

39、 older, he wrote operas,the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)動(dòng)詞不定式的幾個(gè)重要時(shí)態(tài)。A. 不定式的完成時(shí)。動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式常在動(dòng)詞appear,happen,pretend,seem等之后，體現(xiàn)它所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。但在be,wish,intend,mean,plan,hope,expect,should或would like等動(dòng)詞之后，則表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。例如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.對(duì)不起讓你久等了。She seemed to have forgot

40、ten her promise.她似乎把她所答應(yīng)的事給忘了。He pretended to have read the book.他假裝讀過這本書。He planned to have gone abroad.他原計(jì)劃出國(但他沒有去)。I hoped to have seen her.我原希望會(huì)見到她的(可是我沒見到她)。I would like to have had your help.我本想得到你的幫助(實(shí)際上我卻沒有得到)。The enemy expected to have found him.敵人本來指望找到他(實(shí)際上卻沒有找到)。I intended to have finis

41、hed my work last night.我本想昨晚完成作業(yè)。We were to have sailed next morning.我們本定于第二天早上啟航。而在acknowledge,believe,consider,find,know,report,say,suppose,think,understand等動(dòng)詞之后跟不定式的完成時(shí)時(shí)，這些謂語動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。例如：The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.Byron is said to h

42、ave lived on vinegar and potatoes.B. 不定式進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。不定式進(jìn)行式表示其主要謂語動(dòng)詞所代表的動(dòng)作(情況)發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生；不定式完成進(jìn)行式表示其動(dòng)詞所代表的動(dòng)作，在主要謂語動(dòng)詞所代表的動(dòng)作之前一直在進(jìn)行。例如：When he came in,I happened to be doing my experiment in the lab.當(dāng)他進(jìn)來時(shí)，我剛好正在實(shí)驗(yàn)室做實(shí)驗(yàn)。Why do you stand here?you are supposed to be working in the lab.為什么你站在這兒?現(xiàn)在你應(yīng)該正在實(shí)

43、驗(yàn)室工作。The students are said to have been investigating the possibility of producing the new product.據(jù)說學(xué)生們一直在調(diào)查生產(chǎn)新產(chǎn)品的可能性。They are quite happy to have been cooperating harmoniously with us till now.他們非常高興一直和我們愉快地合作到現(xiàn)在。(3)不帶to的不定式。A. 在表示生理感覺的動(dòng)詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有：feel覺得observe注意到，看到overhear聽到watch注視notice注意l

44、isten to聽see看見 hear聽perceive察覺，感知look at看 B. 另一類是某些使役動(dòng)詞，如make,let,have等。例如：Let him do it.讓他做吧。I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。注： 上述感覺動(dòng)詞與使役動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其后的不定式一般需帶to。例如：He was seen to come. 別人看到他來了。The boy was made to go to bed early. 男孩早早被打發(fā)上床睡覺。 在動(dòng)詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to。例如：He was sur

45、prised to find the sheep(to) break fence at this season.他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝。C. 在do nothing/anything/everything but (except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV. 昨天晚上，我除了看電視，別的什么也沒有干。John will do anything but work on a farm.除了農(nóng)活，約翰什么都愿意干。但是，如果謂語動(dòng)詞不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but (except

46、)所跟的不定式則仍須帶“to”。例如：The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其他什么都沒有說。There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別的辦法。(4)不定式與動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)A. 不定式的邏輯主語為：for+名詞(或代詞賓格)+不定式。例如：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他一個(gè)人干這活是不可能的。B. 動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語為：人稱代詞的所有格

47、+動(dòng)名詞；名詞s+動(dòng)名詞。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them.湯姆堅(jiān)持要我和他們一起去。He dislikes his wifes working late.他不喜歡他妻子工作到很晚。C. 某些形容詞，如：careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind, naughty,nice,silly,stupid等不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語。例如：It is very kind of you to help me.你幫助我太好了。注在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏

48、輯主語。例如：It was wise of him to do that.他那樣做是明智的。間或也可用for+there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。例如：Its a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了，公司里有這么多的麻煩。(七)非謂語動(dòng)詞中的有關(guān)句型(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語的句型。A. Doing.+v. 。例如：Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術(shù)。Seeing is believing.眼見為實(shí)。B. It is+no use,no good(fun,a grea

49、t pleasure,a waste of time,a bore.)等名詞+doing sth.。例如：It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對(duì)也沒有用。It is a great fun playing football.踢足球很有趣。It is a waste of time trying to explain.設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。C. It is+useless(nice,good,interesting,expensive等形容詞)+doing sth.。例如：It is useless speaking.光說沒用。It

50、is nice seeing you again.真高興又遇到了你。It is good playing chess after supper.晚飯后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car.開這種小車是浪費(fèi)。D. There is no+doing.(there is no表示“不可能”)。例如：There is no telling what he is going to do.說出他要干什么是不可能的。There is no saying what may happen.說出將要發(fā)生什么是不可能的。E. There is no use (good)+do

51、ing sth.做某事沒用(不好)。例如：There is no use crying over spilt milk.牛奶灑了，哭也無用。F. have difficulty+(in)+doing。have作“有”解時(shí)，后接情感名詞(in可省略)，再接動(dòng)名詞。這類詞還有trouble,fun,a hard time,a good time.例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan.我們執(zhí)行計(jì)劃有困難。G. feel like+名詞 “感覺像”。feel like+動(dòng)名詞“想要”=would like to+原形動(dòng)詞。例如：I feel l

52、ike a newborn baby.我感覺像一個(gè)新生的嬰兒。Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看電影嗎?I dont feel like studying tonight.今晚我不想讀書。H. They spent a lot of time (in) making preparations.他們花了許多時(shí)間作準(zhǔn)備。I. 在require后只能用動(dòng)名詞，不能用不定式，盡管表示被動(dòng)的意思，也要用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式。例如：This problem requires studying with great care.這個(gè)問題需要仔細(xì)研究。(2)有關(guān)分詞句型。A.

53、 在表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, listen(to), notice,observe, watch這類表示感覺的動(dòng)詞之后常跟“賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種動(dòng)詞與分詞之間的賓語可以是普通名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻~(人名等)，也可以是代詞賓格(him,us等)。例如：She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising.她聞到有東西在燃燒，并看到有煙升起來了。I watched them rehearsing the play.我看他們排演戲。I could feel the wind blowing on my face.我能感覺到風(fēng)在我臉上吹過。B. 表示“致使”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：catch,find,leave,give,have,get,set后也可