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1、商務合同 合同的定義1 11合同的用詞特點2合同的用語特點3合同的句法特點及翻譯技巧4合同的定義 一、什么是合同? A contract is an agreement, which legally binds the parties concerned. 合同就是有法律約束力的協(xié)議。 合同平等主體之間設立的確定民事權(quán)利和義務的協(xié)議。 合同是一種承諾,違反承諾可以得到法律救濟,某種意義上法律將履行該承諾看成是一種救濟。 合同類法律文件用以規(guī)定當事人的權(quán)利與義務,是預防與解決爭議的依據(jù)。選詞專業(yè)化(professional)、正式(formal)、準確(accurate)具體體現(xiàn)在下列方面:1、

2、大量使用Shall+Verb的結(jié)構(gòu)Shall+Verb不但可指人,還可以用于指物。英文商務合同中較多使用shall來強調(diào)買賣雙方所必須承擔的責任和義務,體現(xiàn)了合同是一種約束力很強的法律文書, 它表明了合同的威嚴和對買賣雙方的約束力。The termination of this contract shall not affect in any way the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the two parties upon the expiry of the validity.本合同期滿時,雙方發(fā)生的未了債權(quán)和債務

3、將不受合同期滿的影響。 合同的用詞特點2、用語正式(formal)商務合同習慣上采用書面形式,通常使用正式的書面語言,以顯示合同正規(guī)與莊重特色。如“因為”的短語多用“by virtue of”, 遠遠多于”due to” 一般不用“because of”; ”財務年度末“一般用”at the close of the fiscal year”, 而不用” in the end of the fiscal year”; “在之前”一般用“prior to”, 而不用”before”; “關(guān)于“常用”as regards”, “concerning 或”relating to”, 而不會用”abo

4、ut”; “事實上”用”in effect”, 而不用”in fact”: “開始“ 用”commencement”, 而不用”start”或”begin”; “停止做”用”cease to do”, 而不用”stop to do”; 何時開會并由某某主持“ 的表述為:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中”召開“ 不用”hold 或call”, 而用”convene”; “主持 不用”chair” 或” be in charge of “ 而用” preside”; “其他事項” 用”miscellaneous”, 而不用”

5、other matters/events”; “理解合同“ 用”construe a contract” 或” comprehend a contract” , 而不用”understand a contract”; “認為”用“deem”, 用”consider” 少,不用”think” 或”believe”.例,因執(zhí)行本合同所發(fā)生的或與本合同有關(guān)的一切爭議,雙方應通過友好協(xié)商解決。譯:All disputes arising from the execution of or in connection with the contract shall be through amicable

6、negotiation between both parties.此例句中協(xié)商一詞用negotiation 比consultation更為正式,因為negotiation在起草合同前譯為”談判“, 而履行合同中所產(chǎn)生的爭議也是談判。友好一詞用amicable比friendly更為正式。例,如乙方在技術(shù)資料的交付方面違約,不因要求甲方立即支付任何專利權(quán)使用費。 譯:Party A shall not be required to forthwith any royalties in default on the part of Party B to the delivery of Technic

7、al Documentation.此句中要求一詞用require比ask正式,forthwith 是公文體, 較at once 和immediately正式嚴謹,符合挈約文體。 If any contract party is prevented from performing all or part of its obligations owing to Force Majeure, it shall be relieved all of or part of its obligations. 譯文:合同當事人因不可抗力事故不能執(zhí)行合同的全部或者部分義務的,解除其全部或部分責任。 改譯:合同

8、當事人因不可抗力事件不能履行合同的全部或部分義務的,免除其全部或部分責任。 因為事件,履行及免除責任都屬于正式用語,合乎規(guī)范,符合商務合同語言要求。3,用詞專業(yè)(technical)合同用詞不以大眾是否理解和接受為轉(zhuǎn)移,它是合同語言準確表達的保障。如合同出現(xiàn)的”瑕疵”,”救濟“, “不可抗力”,“管轄”, “損毀”, “滅失” 等就可能讓非行業(yè)人士費解, 在英語以上表達分別為defect ,remedy, force majuere, jurisdiction, damage and/or loss。 “賠償”用”indemnities”, 而不用”compensation”; “不動產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓“

9、 用”conveyance”, 而不用”transfer of real estate”; “房屋出租”用”tenancy”, “財產(chǎn)出租”用”lease of property”; “停止”用”wind up a business” 或”cease (名詞是cessation)a business”, 而不用”end/stop a business”; “依照合同相關(guān)規(guī)定“ 或一般說” pursuant to provisions contained herein” 或” as provided herein” 等, 不說according to relevant terms and con

10、ditions in the contract”。4, 同義詞、近義詞、 相關(guān)詞的并列使用合同中同義詞的使用使得合同具有嚴謹、周密特色,以便減少漏洞與爭議。perform and fulfill 履行 terms and conditions 條款 null and void 無效 secret and confidential 保密 any and all(全部)“made and entered into”“簽訂”、“amendments to and alteration “修改” 、”provisions and stipulations規(guī)定”、“force and effect”“生

11、效”any duties, obligations and liabilities (義務和責任)applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules(適用法律法規(guī))charges, fees, costs and expenses(各種費用)covenants and agreements(合同,協(xié)議)、customs and usages(慣例)、free and clear of(無)、import duty and tax(進口稅捐)keep secret and confidential(保密)、licenses a

12、nd permits(許可)、null and void(無效)、packing and wrapping expenses(包裝費)、rights and interests(權(quán)益)、settle claims and debts(清理債務)、 ships and vessels(船只)、sign and issue(簽發(fā))、support and maintenance(維護) use and wont(習慣,慣例) modification and alternation 修改和變更, interpretation and construction 理解和解釋 except as her

13、ein provided除本合同規(guī)定的外, in witness whereof 特此為證, the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands and seals 雙方當事人已在合同上簽字蓋章, including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing 含,但不限于, no waiver of these provisions 本合同之規(guī)定不予放棄5、古英語與外來詞的應用(borrowing words)商務合同英語中使用古英語最為突出的是較多使用here, there, where

14、加后綴in, by after, from等介詞構(gòu)成的詞,這些詞一般在句中作定語或狀語。 在法律文件中用這些詞,可以避免重復, 避免歧義, 使行文準確,簡潔。這類詞中的here可理解為this, there可理解為that, where可理解為which。Hereafter=following this, hereby=by this means or by reason of this, 茲,之,特此,在此hereof= of this, hereinafter= later in this contract, herein before= in a proceeding part of t

15、his contract . 本協(xié)議中,以there為詞根的古體詞,漢語翻譯時一般都帶有“那.該.其.之Thereafter=after that, thereinafter= in that patr of a contraact, thereupon= as a resulr of that, thereof =of that. 以where為詞根的古體詞,一般為關(guān)系副詞,whereof=of which ,whereas 鑒于 商務合同中也會使用一些外來詞匯,常用的有拉丁語和法語詞匯。 如比例稅率:用 pro rate tax rate(拉丁語)要比 proportional tax r

16、ate 多; 從事慈善性服務的律師: pro bono lawyer, 不經(jīng)常用 lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance, 委托代理人多用 agent ad litem force majeure (法 語)不可抗力 as per (拉丁語) 按照, de facto (拉丁語)事實上的 合同的用語特點1 、力求嚴謹,明確無誤本合同只能按照雙方的授權(quán)代表簽名蓋章的文件進行修改或者增補。This contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with do

17、cuments signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.2、多用主動語態(tài),少用被動語態(tài)甲方委托乙方為新加坡的獨家銷售代理商。Party A hereby appoints Party B as its executive sales agent in Singapore.乙方被甲方委托為新加坡的獨家銷售代理商Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its executive sales agent in Singapore. (不宜)3、多用現(xiàn)在時,少用將來時當有

18、下列事件之一發(fā)生,被許可人提前90天向許可人發(fā)送書面通知后, 可以終止合同。Licensee may terminate this contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to licensor upon the happening of one of the following events.4、直接表達方式多,間接表達方式少本條款不適用于尚未全部償付的債券持有者。This article does not apply to bondholders who have not been aid in full. (不常用)

19、本條款只適用于已全部償付的債券持有者。This article applies only to bondholders who have been aid in full. 合同的句法特點及翻譯技巧商務合同的句法具有結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹、句式較長的特點。句子的狀語(從句)和定語(從句)等附加成分很多,且往往位置明顯,對主句意義進行解釋、限制或補充。1、長句及其翻譯分析合同長句的基本方法是:首先,找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語。其次,找出句子中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語和從句的引導詞,然后在分析從句和短句的功能,即:是否是主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句或狀語從句等,以及詞、短語和從句之間的關(guān)系。最后,分

20、析句子中是否有固定搭配、插入語等其他成分。 1、長句及其翻譯(1)The Buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the seller for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.這是一個簡單長句,其主干為The Buyer maylodge a claim。修飾謂語動詞的狀語有三個,分別表示時間(

21、within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination)、方式(being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor)和原因(for short-weight)。 諸多狀語盡管在原文中位置靈活,然而在譯文里,需按照漢語的行文規(guī)范適當進行調(diào)整:方式狀語一般應置于動詞之前; 其他狀語可以靈活處理,如本句中的時間狀語可以提前至句首。譯:貨物抵達目的港15天內(nèi), 買方可以憑有信譽的公共檢驗員出示的檢驗證明向賣方提出短重索賠。(2)

22、If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall be indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company

23、against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.本句的主干是it shall be indemnify and keep indemnifiedagainstthat such Party or the Company。 If引導的是條件從句,條件句的賓語部分跟隨后置定語(given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2)

24、。in addition to 引導的是增補成分, 其核心詞remedies也跟了后置定語(available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws)。 That引導的則是后置定語修飾緊鄰的五個名詞?;谝陨戏治觯俳Y(jié)合漢語的行文習慣(條件在前,結(jié)構(gòu)在后以及定語在所修飾的核心詞之前)譯:如果一方違反任何其根據(jù)第18.1條或18.2條所作的陳述及擔?;蛑厥?, 則另一方除根據(jù)本合同或相關(guān)法律尋求任何可能的救濟之外, 違約方應當賠償另一方或合營公司因此種違反而招致的任何損傷、損壞、費用、開支、責任或賠償。(3)

25、The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the cause of loading or transit.上句中信息的重心在句首,先表明賣方的免費事項,接著再規(guī)定由于什么原因引起的不能交貨或延遲交貨才會免責,后對不可抗力又做了限定。按照漢語的思維習慣,往往先談原因,再談結(jié)論,因此采用顛倒順序的譯

26、法更合理。譯:凡在制造或裝船運輸過程中,因不可抗力致使賣方不能或推遲交貨時,賣方不付責任。2、狀語從句和條件句及其翻譯1、 時間狀語在通常情況下,漢語經(jīng)貿(mào)合同中的時間狀語通常位于他所修飾的動詞之前,在翻譯含有時間狀語的經(jīng)貿(mào)合同條款時,應該首先考慮其位置的調(diào)整,這樣可以避免譯文顯得結(jié)構(gòu)松散,時間界定不明,產(chǎn)生語義含混。Within 30days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the seller

27、 by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30000 in favor of the seller through a bank at export point so that the seller may draw the sum in due time.句中的時間狀語Within 30days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, 規(guī)定了買方付款的時間,整個句子的重心不是句子的動作而是發(fā)生動作的時間,翻譯時因采用漢語中主語-時間狀語-謂語-

28、賓語的結(jié)構(gòu),使時間狀語盡量靠近表示義務責任的關(guān)鍵詞”須“,突出行為的時效性。譯,買方須于本合同簽定并生效后三十天內(nèi)通過出口地銀行開立以賣方為收益人的不可撤銷信用證支付全部貨款計30000美元,以便賣方及時提取款項。 Buyers or their chartering agent shall advise the sellers by fax 10days prior to the arrival of the carrying vessel at the port of shipment of the contract number, name of the carrying vessel,

29、 approximately loading capacity, lay days and port of loading. 句子中時間狀語10days prior to the arrival of the carrying vessel at the port of shipment位于他所修飾的動詞之后,而且中間插入了間接賓語the sellers和方式狀語by fax, 譯成中文時要將時間狀語提前,位于主語和動詞之間。 譯:買方或其租船代理人須于載貨輪抵達裝運港10天前以傳真方式通知賣方合同號、船名、大約受載重量、預計抵達日期及裝運港名。2、條件狀語表示假設條件的狀語從句,由等連接詞引

30、導的表示假設條件的狀語,此類狀語從語用的角度來看,通常表示的是在某一假設條件下合同的某一方需承擔的義務和責任,或享有的權(quán)益,因此句子的語義重心在主句部分。Should for certain reasons the buyers not be able to inform the seller of the foregoing details 10days prior to the arrival of the vessel at the port of loading or should the carrying vessel be advanced or delayed, the buye

31、r or their chartering agent shall advise the sellers immediately and make necessary arrangement.本句包含有兩個并立的由should引導的表示假設條件的狀語從句,第一個條件狀語中又包含了一個原因狀語和一個時間狀語,譯成中文時保持原文的順序。原因狀語和時間狀語位于所修飾的動詞之前,通常的順序是原因在前,時間在后。譯:若買方由于某種原因不能于裝運輪抵達裝運港十天前將上述詳細情況通知買方,或裝運輪提前或推遲抵達,買方或其運輸代理人須立即通知賣方并做出必要的安排。表示先決條件的狀語從句由provided.th

32、at.所引導的表示某種先決條件的狀語在譯文中可以轉(zhuǎn)換為并列句置于主句之后,并用”條件是.但.必須“等詞語將它們同主句連貫起來,或者譯成漢語條件復句中的條件分句,如”在.條件/情況下“等。In case one or both parties are not in a position to fulfill the relevant provisions mutually agreed upon due to force majeure, it should be made known to the other in time. In such cases, it is permitted to

33、 postpone the implementation of the agreement, or to implement it at all, or to exempt the party or parties involved partially or entirely from the liability for an agreement breach, provided a valid certificate is obtained as an evidence issued by some competent authorities.此條款中provided引導的條件狀語表示的是規(guī)

34、定性的必要條件,在深層結(jié)構(gòu)上具有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,譯成中文時可以采用并列句置于全句之后。譯:若由于人力不可抗拒的原因,本協(xié)議的一方或雙方不能履行合同的有關(guān)條款,需及時向?qū)Ψ酵▓笥嘘P(guān)情況。在此情況下,本協(xié)議可以延期履行、部分履行或不履行,或部分或全部免除有關(guān)協(xié)議方的違約責任,但須以有關(guān)合法權(quán)威部門簽發(fā)的有效證明為依據(jù)。表示例外情況的狀語從句此類狀語從句通常由except, with the exception that, in the absence of, 和unless等詞語引導,通常是對條款的補充或修正,在意義上一般都隱含有轉(zhuǎn)折,譯成中文時通??梢园阉鼈冏鳛椴⒘芯涮幚矶胖迷诰渥拥淖詈蟆ith

35、the exception of late delivery or non-delivery due to force majeure causes, in case the sellers fail to make delivery within the time as stipulated in the contract, the sellers should indemnify the buyers for all losses and expenses incurred to the latter directly attributable to late delivery or failure to make delivery of the goods in accordance with the terms of this contract.詞句的特殊之處在于表示責任免除條件的狀語位于句首,且與表示假設條件的狀語相連,從英文的行文規(guī)范來看,將

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