文獻閱讀與翻譯

1、精選課件科技文獻閱讀與翻譯Scientific Literature Reading & Scientific Literature Reading & TranslationTranslation主講人： 許寧云 博士 副教授公共郵箱：精選課件Course Objectives:1) The course aims to provide the students with comprehensive information about practical literature and documentation, help them better understand the

2、 basic features and language requirements of various documentation, and further develop their ability of information acquisition. 2) Another aim of the course is to let the students acquire overall knowledge and skills of translation, so as to enable them to translate professional materials appropri

3、ately from English to Chinese and vice versa. 精選課件ContentsThe course consists of 15 units, covering almost all the major aspects of industrial business and academic exchanges, etc.精選課件Course AssessmentFinal grade will be given on the basis of : 1) each students attendance and the participation in cl

4、assroom activities;2) the unit assignments3) the final examination of reading comprehension and translation practice. 精選課件Recommended/Optional Textbooks1、文獻閱讀與翻譯，胡庚生主編，北京：高等教育出版社，2000. 2、實用翻譯教程(英漢互譯) ，馮慶華主編，上海：上海外語教育出版社，2002.3、英漢翻譯教程，張培基主編，上海：上海外語教育出版社，1980.精選課件Unit I General Description of Literatu

5、re Reading and TranslationTopical HighlightsuDefinition of LiteratureuClassification of LiteratureuLinguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureuTranslation Skills-on translation in general and translation of special literatureuSpecial Attention: The Translation of Documentation精選課件 Definition of Lit

6、eratureA set of works on a particular subject; printed material, esp. giving information; the body of writings on a particular subject (scientific literature)精選課件Classification of LiteratureTextbooksMonographsPapersEncyclopediasPeriodicalsSpecial Documentation精選課件Linguistic Features of Scientific Li

7、teratureuStylisticallyuGrammatically uMorphologicallyuNon-verbal 精選課件Translation Skills-on translation in general and translation of special literature1. Nature and Scope of TranslationWhat is translation?TranslationTranslation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language (the “sou

8、rce text”) and the production, in another language, of an equivalent text (the “target text”, or “translation”) that communicates the same message.精選課件Eugene A. Nida(1914- ) 尤金 奈達 Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language (接受語，譯語） the closest natural equivalent of the source langu

9、age（原語、源語）, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Dynamic-Equivalence Theorybaptism of repentancerepent and be baptized精選課件Alexander Fraser TytlerA translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.The style and manner of writing should be of the sam

10、e character as that of the original.A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 以上是英國著名翻譯理論家泰特勒(1747-1814)于18世紀末在論翻譯的原則Essay on the Principles of Translation (1791)一書中提出的關(guān)于翻譯和評判翻譯標準的三條基本原則 。 精選課件2. Principles or Criteria of Translation嚴復(fù)嚴復(fù)：信、達、雅信、達、雅 faithfulness/expressivene

11、ss/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating. 不愛紅妝愛武裝 face the powder and not to powder the face. 精選課件3. Literal Translation and Free TranslationLiteral Translation : phonetic, morphological, syntactic武裝到牙齒arme

12、d to the teeth象牙塔”ivory tower趁熱打鐵strike while the iron is hot血濃于水Blood is thicker than water鱷魚的眼淚crocodiles tears精選課件芳芳、白象Fangfang white elephant精選課件 Free Translationas timid as a hare 膽小如鼠 wet like a drown rat 濕如落湯雞雞as stupid as a goose 蠢得像豬豬as stubborn as a mule 犟得像牛牛talk horse 吹牛牛 drink like a fi

13、sh 牛牛飲精選課件Adams appleAt sixes and sevensIt rains cats and dogs.Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.Do you see any green in my eye?精選課件“l(fā)iteral” doesnt mean “word-for-word”街道婦女街道婦女應(yīng)動員起來打掃衛(wèi)生。Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning. 她一大早起床，進城，見到了她的公爹公爹She got up early, went to

14、the town and saw her public father. 句子比較：Little fish does not eat big fish小魚不吃大魚胳膊擰不過大腿精選課件“free” doesnt mean “casual”It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.Spring, the sweet spring is the years pleasant king. T. Nash春，甘美之春，

15、一年之中的堯舜。郭沫若精選課件Literal Translation or Free Translation?Dont take the low-fat label as a license to eat.不能因為食品標明低脂肪，而敞開食用。別把標有“低脂肪”的標簽看成是可“敞開食用”的許可證。精選課件What principles should a translator abide by in applying literal and free translation? 精選課件4. Translation TechniquesDiction (選詞用字）Amplification（增益）O

16、mission （省略）Repetition （重復(fù)）Conversion （轉(zhuǎn)換）Rearrangement （詞序調(diào)整）Negation（正說反譯、反說正譯）Division（長句拆譯）精選課件Special Attention: The Translation of DocumentationTreat the translation of each kind of documentary works discriminatingly.StandardsStrict wording, stylistic formalityPatent documentsStereotyped expre

17、ssion, formal patterns精選課件TrademarksNovelty, uniquenessCopyright worksRigid grammarLegal documents, contract, agreementsStrict grammar, syntax精選課件Proposals, reportsThe matter-of-fact attitudeGeneral knowledge and knowledge of the subject matter精選課件Practice 精選課件It was the best of times, it was the wo

18、rst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before u

19、s, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other.精選課件 A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, caress a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a goodbye, shout a b

20、ravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition. 精選課件 As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of human race. Profession

21、al literatures have been regarded as intangible assets of the whole world because they are, on one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievement obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies, and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from ge

22、neration to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literatures are records of previous research findings and academic achievements, and crystallization of human civilization.精選課件As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources for the man

23、kind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of human race.精選課件Professional literatures have been regarded as intangible assets of the whole world because they are, on one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievement obtained on the basis of previous experienc

24、es or studies, and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literatures are records of previous research findings and academic achievements, and crystallization of human civilization.精選課件精選課件Unit 2 Standards精選

25、課件Linguistic features of “standard”1) Formatted Structure2) Formal Wording3) Legal Term “shall”4) Frequent Use of Abbreviations5) Mixed with Drawings and Tables精選課件Standard, in relation to computers, is a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a means of establishing uniformity in an area of h

26、ardware or software development. Computer standards have traditionally developed in either of two ways. The first, a highly informal process, occurs when a product or philosophy is developed by a single company and, through success and imitation, becomes so widely used that deviation from the norm c

27、auses compatibility problems or limits marketability. This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such products as Hayes modems and IBM PCs. The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process in which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an int

28、ensive study of existing methods, approaches, and technological trends and developments. The proposed standards are later ratified or approved by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by consensus as products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market. Standards

29、 of this more formal type are numerous, including the ASCII character set, the RS-232-C standard, the SCSI interface, and ANSI-standard programming languages, such as C and FORTRAN. 精選課件Reflections and Practice1. Topics for group discussion1) What does the passage tell us about? 2) What is the de fa

30、cto standard setting?2. Fill in each space with one proper word. 精選課件Standard, in relation computers, is a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a of establishing uniformity in an area of hardware or software development. Computer standards have traditionally developed in of two ways. The fir

31、st, a highly informal process, occurs when a product or philosophy is developed by a single company and, through success and imitation, becomes widely used that deviation from the norm causes compatibility problems or limits marketability. This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such p

32、roducts Hayes modems and IBM PCs. The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intensive study of existing methods, approaches, and technological trends and developments. The proposed standards are late

33、r ratified or by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by consensus products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market. Standards of this more formal type are numerous, including the ASCII character set, the RS-232-C standard, the SCSI interface, and ANSI-stand

34、ard programming languages, such as C and FORTRAN. 精選課件Translation SkillsDiction 用字遣詞marital status; immigration status; cognitive status; social statusTension is building up.形勢緊張起來張力在增大電壓在增加壓力在增強精選課件Some Techniques Employed in Translating a Given English Word1) DeductionStopout n. (U.S.)A student wh

35、o interrupts his education to pursue some other activity for a brief period.輟學(xué)學(xué)生Challenge To question the lawfulness or rightness of (sth. Or sb.)對表示懷疑，質(zhì)疑； 對提出異議精選課件2）TransplantSupermarketMicrowaveSplashdown3) ExtensionBottleneckIt is more than transient everydayness. 遠非一時的柴米油鹽問題。日常狀態(tài)-柴米油鹽精選課件4）Subs

36、titutionTo kill sb. as an example殺一儆百5） ExplanationMindlessness思想上的渾濁狀態(tài)A throwaway society一個大手大腳、浪費成風(fēng)的社會精選課件6) CombinationSo subtle and careful an observer一位如此精細的觀察者A grim and tragic Christmas一個慘淡的圣誕節(jié)7）Pictographic TranslationH-beam 工字梁O-ring 環(huán)形圈U-steel 槽鋼V-belt 三角皮帶精選課件8）TransliterationWall StreetP

37、entiumClone精選課件Translate the PassageStandard, in relation to computers, is a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a means of establishing uniformity in an area of hardware or software development.對于計算機來說，標準即是一套詳盡的技術(shù)指標。它作為一種手段，用來在硬件或軟件開發(fā)領(lǐng)域建立起統(tǒng)一的模式。精選課件Computer standards have traditionally dev

38、eloped in either of two ways. The first, a highly informal process, occurs when a product or philosophy is developed by a single company and, through success and imitation, becomes so widely used that deviation from the norm causes compatibility problems or limits marketability.從傳統(tǒng)觀點來看，計算機標準從兩個方面分別得

39、到了發(fā)展。第一類，它作為一種極其非正式的工藝過程，出現(xiàn)在個別公司生產(chǎn)某種產(chǎn)品或形成某種理念的時候。由于它的成功和模仿，其標準得到了廣泛的利用，其結(jié)果是任何背離該標準的行為都會造成兼容性方面的問題，影響其市場銷售。精選課件This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such products as Hayes modems and IBM PCs. The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process in which specifications are

40、drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intensive study of existing methods, approaches, and technological trends and developments.這種事實上的標準設(shè)置在諸如Hayes調(diào)制解調(diào)器和IBMPCs之類的產(chǎn)品上最具有典型性。標準設(shè)置的第二種類型是一種要正式得多的過程。在該過程中，由一個合作小組或委員會對現(xiàn)有的各種方法、技術(shù)發(fā)展及趨勢等方面進行仔細研究之后，草擬出一套詳細的規(guī)格。精選課件The proposed standards are late

41、r ratified or approved by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by consensus as products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market. Standards of this more formal type are numerous, including the ASCII character set, the RS-232-C standard, the SCSI interface, an

42、d ANSI-standard programming languages, such as C and FORTRAN.隨后，所提出的標準由公認的機構(gòu)批準或認可，隨著依照標準生產(chǎn)出來的產(chǎn)品在市場上日益流行，逐漸為公眾所一致接受。這種更為正式的標準類型為數(shù)眾多，包括ASCII 字符集， RS-232-C 標準、SCSI 接口，以及諸如C語言和FORTRAN 語言之類的ANSI- 標準編程語言。精選課件Unit 3 Patents 精選課件精選課件Questions 1. What does this passage mainly talk about?2. Why should patente

43、d articles be marked with patent number?3. What does “patent pending” mean? 4. What can be found in an issued patent? 精選課件Translation Skill: Amplification= additionA matter of principle: Add/subtract meaning精選課件1. Supplying omitted words to convey the original meaning（1）Matter can be changed into en

44、ergy, and energy into matter. 物質(zhì)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為能，能也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)。（2）The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.最好的導(dǎo)體電阻最小，最差的導(dǎo)體電阻最大。精選課件2. Supplying necessary connectives（1）Heated, water will change into vapor.水如受熱，就會氣化。（2）However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed, som

45、e heat escapes and is lost.盡管鍋爐殼與蒸汽管嚴密封閉，還是有一部分熱會損耗掉。精選課件3. Supplying words to convey the concept of plural nouns （1）Note that the words“velocity”and “speed”require explanation.請注意，“速度”和“速率”這兩個詞需要解釋。 （2）The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山開始向山谷投下一道道蔚藍色長影。精選課件4. Su

46、pplying words to make an abstract concept clear (1) Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.氧化作用會使鋼鐵生銹。（2）This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers.這種在甚低溫金屬中沒有電阻的現(xiàn)象可能對計算機很有好處。精選課件5. Dictated by logic (1) Air pressure decreases with altitude. 氣壓隨海拔高度的增加而下降

47、。（2）This shows that the resistance of an electric conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-section area.這表明，導(dǎo)體電阻的大小與導(dǎo)體橫切面的大小成反比。精選課件6. Supplying words of generalization (1) The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.論文總結(jié)了計算機、人造衛(wèi)星

48、和火箭三方面的新成就。（2）The principal functions that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification, amplification, oscillation, modulation, and detection.真空管的五大主要功能是：整流、放大、振蕩、調(diào)制和檢波。精選課件7. For purposes of rhetoric or coherence (1) This computer is indeed cheap and fine.這臺電腦真是價廉物美。（2）Heat from the sun stir

49、s up the atmosphere, generating winds.太陽發(fā)出的熱能攪動大氣，于是產(chǎn)生了風(fēng)。精選課件8. Repetition (1) Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.不要在過冷、過熱、灰塵過重、濕度過大的情況下使用此計算機。（2）I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.我曾經(jīng)遇到過，不是氧氣設(shè)備出故障，就是引擎出故障，或兩者都出故障。精選課件Amplification used in Chinese-English T

50、ranslation1. Adding necessary connectives虛心使人進步，驕傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.2. Adding necessary pronouns交出譯文之前，必須讀幾遍，看看有沒有要修改的地方。Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corre

51、cted or improved. 精選課件3. Adding necessary background information to make the English version clear三個臭皮匠，賽過諸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind. 精選課件Translation practice精選課件1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using the technique of amplificationHistor

52、ies make men wise; poets witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 讀史使人明智，讀詩使人靈秀，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，科學(xué)使人深刻，倫理使人莊重，邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善變。精選課件2. Put the following passage into ChineseOur present invention relates to a circuit arrangement for compensating temperature

53、-dependent frequency variations of an oscillator of the crystal-controlled type which generates a carrier for the translation of messages by frequency modulation.本發(fā)明涉及一種補償電路，用以補償晶體振蕩器的頻率隨溫度而發(fā)生的變化。這種振蕩器產(chǎn)生的載波是用調(diào)頻方式發(fā)送信息的。精選課件3. Put the following passage into English美洲第一批發(fā)明專利是于1642年由殖民政府發(fā)布的。1790年美國的首批專利

54、法根據(jù)憲法第一條第八款在國會獲得通過，這項法令由一個三人委員會監(jiān)督實施，這三人分別為美國國務(wù)卿、陸軍部長和司法總長。In America, the first patents for inventions were issued in 1642 by the colonial governments. The first U.S. patent laws were enacted by Congress in 1790 under the authority of Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution. The Patent Act of 1790

55、 was administered by a commission composed of the secretary of state, the secretary of war, and the attorney general of the U.S. 精選課件精選課件Unit 4 Trademarks精選課件Trademarks originated from the rule that no one has the right to have products for sale under the pretense that they are the goods of another

56、person by either direct or indirect misrepresentation. This kind of unfair competition has become widespread. Some goods that have either large or exclusive markets have been counterfeited and sold with trademarks similar to the originals, such as the imprinted gold initials of L(ouis) V(uitton).The

57、 law recognizes trademarks as property and grants to the trader an exclusive right to use an individual mark. Thus the trademark has the characteristic of a special monopoly right in that it prevents its use for another persons or companys goods in the same way it protects other forms of private pro

58、perty. The right to a trademark has traditionally arisen out of actual use of the mark. Most countries, however, demand in addition to its use that it be registered with the proper government agency.The easiest way to lose the right to a trademark is by abandoning the use of the trademark or by fail

59、ing to renew registration. In countries where an unregistered trademark has been acquired by use, the right continues so long as use has not been abandoned. Loss of a trademark right also occurs when it is transformed or when it degenerates into a household term. This has happened with such well-kno

60、wn former trademark names as aspirin, cellophane, dry ice, shredded wheat, thermos, and others. 精選課件Questions 1. What are the main points of this passage?2. Why a trademark is needed?3. In what cases, the trademark right is lost?精選課件Trademarks originated _ the rule that no one has the right to have products