山東省泰安市2015屆高三上學(xué)期期中考試英語(yǔ)試題

1、高 三 年 級(jí) 考 試英 語(yǔ) 試 題2014.11試卷總評(píng)：整套試卷突出了語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力的考查。其中語(yǔ)言知識(shí)部分，10道單項(xiàng)選擇題側(cè)重動(dòng)詞和句法；動(dòng)詞方面，考查了動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣、主謂一致、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，可謂是涉及了動(dòng)詞方方面面的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。句法方面，考查了定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句，考查面也很廣。完形填空第一、二節(jié)難度都不算很大。閱讀理解題閱讀量不大，閱讀難度不高，且試題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主。寫作部分的閱讀表達(dá)難度不大，信息比較好確定，但答案整理還是存在一定難度?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，整套試卷的難度小，屬偏易范疇。本試卷分第I卷(選擇題)和第II卷(非選擇題)兩部分。第I卷1至10頁(yè)。第II卷1

2、1至12頁(yè)。滿分為150分?？荚囉脮r(shí)120分鐘。注意事項(xiàng)：1答第I卷前，考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)、考試科目、試卷類型用鉛筆涂寫在答題卡上。2每小題選出答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。如需改動(dòng)，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案標(biāo)號(hào)。不能答在試卷上。第I卷(共105分)第一部分 英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié)，滿分55分)第一節(jié)語(yǔ)法和詞匯知識(shí)(共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分)從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。1Sorry，I cant find the books you asked for _ ADont mention it B

3、Thanks anywayCIts your faultDI wont forgive you【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】A17 情景交際【答案解析】選B，題意是“對(duì)不起，我找不到你要的書”。答語(yǔ)是“同樣感謝”，故答案選B。2However severe the journey is，_ I am with nature，I dont careAeven if Bunless Cas long as Donce【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】 A14 狀語(yǔ)從句【答案解析】選C，句意是“無(wú)論旅程多么艱辛，只要有自然風(fēng)光，我就不在乎?！睏l件狀語(yǔ)從句，as long as 表示“只要”。3This article is w

4、ell written because special attention _ to the choice of wordsAhas paid Bhas been paid Chad paid Dhad been paid【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】A11 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)【答案解析】選B，主句中is written表明是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，attention與pay之間是被動(dòng)，注意：pay attention to短語(yǔ)，D項(xiàng)是過(guò)去完成，不正確，故答案只能選B。4The Chinese political system has _ over a long period of timeAbewared Bten

5、ded Cshrunk D. evolved【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】A7 動(dòng)詞 【答案解析】選D， bewared 當(dāng)心；小心 tended 趨向；傾向 shrunk 收縮 evolve 發(fā)展；逐步形成。經(jīng)過(guò)很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，中國(guó)的政治制度逐步形成了。5I received Toms letter yesterday _ he expressed his thanks for my adviceAwhere Bwhen Cwhich Dwhy【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】A15 定語(yǔ)從句 【答案解析】選A，where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是letter，從句中缺少狀語(yǔ)。6Volunteering，_ as a wa

6、y of building character，is popular among young peopleAseen Bto see Cseeing Dbeing seen【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】A9 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 【答案解析】選A，過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)，志愿者活動(dòng)被看做是一種培養(yǎng)性格的方式。7Success partially depends on _ you have the patience to do simple things perfectlyAthat Bwhat Cwhether Dwhen【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】 A13 名詞性從句【答案解析】選C，whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，句意是：

7、成功的部分原因是你是否有耐心把簡(jiǎn)單事情做好。8He has refused to _ any information on the matterAput away Bgive out Chand over Dsee through【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】A8 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)【答案解析】選B。句意：他已拒絕發(fā)表有關(guān)此事的任何消息。put away放好；拋棄；儲(chǔ)存；give out 分發(fā)，發(fā)出；公布；hand over交出；移交；see through識(shí)破，看穿9We _ for over 2 hoursAre you sure this is the right way?Ahave been driving

8、 Bwere drivingChad driven Ddrove【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】A11 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài) 【答案解析】選A，-我們已經(jīng)開了兩個(gè)小時(shí)了，你確信這是正確的方向嗎？根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)over 2 hours 可知開車這個(gè)動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)，現(xiàn)在還在開，因此使用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。故答案A10Look at the trouble I am in! If only I _ your adviceAfollowed Bwould followChad followed Dshould follow【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】A10 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語(yǔ)氣 【答案解析】選C，考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣

9、?！拔摇爆F(xiàn)在陷入了麻煩，聽取意見發(fā)生在過(guò)去，if only“要是.就好了”，引導(dǎo)的從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。對(duì)過(guò)去虛擬，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。故選C。【技巧點(diǎn)撥】注意判斷時(shí)間。第二節(jié) 完形填空(共30小題；ll20每小題1分，2l40每小題1.5分，滿分40分)閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從1140各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。【題文】(I)Children can sometimes teach us valuable lessonsOne summer afternoon over a dam，our three sons asked if they coul

10、d dive off the newly-built bridgeTheir 11 was certainly met with“No”Not only was it a 13-foot drop to the waterI pointed out，but there might be potential dangers that could be a 12 trapHowever，my middle son was not 13 At his suggestion his elder brother walked into the water and 14 the area where th

11、ey wanted to jumpThe 15 of water was fine，as well as being 16 of dangersThey had the times of their lives that afternoonI cant help relating that 17 to everyday lifeHow many 18 have I missed because I was 19 by “potential dangers” that were 20 never there in the first place?11Aquestion Binquiry Creq

12、uest Dreaction12Ajoy Bdeath Csorrow D1eisurel3AdisappointedBcontused Cencouraged Dconvinced14Asurveyed Bsearched Cchose Dfound15Awidth Bquantity Cdepth Dtemperature16Aclear Bafraid Cfree Dfull17Aouting Bexperience Cresearch Dpractice18Ajobs Boccasions Copportunities Dsights19Acheated Bblinded Cmoved

13、 Dfascinated20Acertainly Btruly Cpartly Dprobably【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】B2 夾敘夾議文 【文章綜述】文章主要講述的是作者自己的一次人生經(jīng)歷，從而從中吸取教訓(xùn)的故事。我們有時(shí)因?yàn)楹ε挛ｋU(xiǎn)而不敢去做事，而實(shí)際情況是這些危險(xiǎn)可能只是我們主觀想象的【答案解析】11.選C，request表示請(qǐng)求，孩子們的請(qǐng)求被拒絕。12選B，此處指的是太危險(xiǎn)，甚至有喪命的可能。13.選D，convinced 確信的，此處指的是我的而兒子不信我的話。要嘗試一下。14選A，survey 調(diào)查；研究。這兒指的是研究了一下水情，是否很深，危險(xiǎn)。15.選C，根據(jù)文章只能說(shuō)是水的深度。

14、16.選C，根據(jù)下文可知他們能夠游泳，說(shuō)明水不深，沒有危險(xiǎn)。Free of danger，沒危險(xiǎn)。17.選B，experience 經(jīng)歷，作者把此次事件看做一次經(jīng)歷，他經(jīng)常把此次經(jīng)歷和日常生活聯(lián)系起來(lái)。18.選C，opportunity 機(jī)會(huì)；害怕錯(cuò)失的只能是機(jī)會(huì)。19.選B，be blinded by 被蒙蔽；此處指的是被自己所認(rèn)為的潛在“危險(xiǎn)”所蒙蔽，而不敢去做一些事。20.選D，這些自己所認(rèn)為的潛在的危險(xiǎn)”可能”事件是根本不存在的?！绢}文】（II）One fine afternoon I was walking along the Fifth Avenue, when I remembe

15、red that it was necessary to buy a pair of socksI 21 the first sock shop that caught my eye, and 22 , not more than 17, came forward. "What can I do for you, sir?" "I wish to 23 a pair of socks." 24 glowed. "Did you know that you had come into 25 in the world to buy socks?&q

16、uot; I had not been 26 that, as my entrance had been accidental"Come with me,”"said the boy happilyHe began to 27 down from the shelves box after box" 28 , boy, I'm going to buy only one pair!" "I know that, but I want you to see how beautiful these areAren't they wo

17、nderful?" There was 29 an expression of joy, 30 he were revealing(透露） to me the 31 of his religionI became far more interested in him than in the socks"My friend,"said I, "if this is 32 the enthusiasm from freshness, and you can keep it up 33, in ten years youll own every sock in

18、 the United States" My amazement at his pride in 34 will be understood by all who read this articleIn many shops the customer has to wait for someone to 35 himWhen 36 some clerk does notice you, you are made to feel as if you were interrupting him 37 possibly that very clerk who is now so 38 be

19、gan his career with enthusiasmThe freshness 39 ; He became a mechanical salesmanIve observed such change in the lives of so many men in so many occupations that I've come to the 40 that the fastest road to failure is to do things mechanically21.Aturned intoBbroke intoCcame acrossDmet with22.Aa f

20、emale clerkBa boy clerkCa girl clerkDan old man23.AbuyBfindCseeDhave24.AHis faceBThe roomCHis eyesDThe fire25.Athe worstBthe right placeCthe wrongDthe best place26.Acurious aboutBaware ofCsensitive toDattached to27.ApushBforceClookDdrag28.AHold upBJust you waitCHold onDHang up29.Aon his faceBto my s

21、urpriseCfor some reasonDto some degree30.AwhenBas ifCeven ifDwhile31.AbeliefsBstoriesCvaluesDmysteries32.AhardlyBonlyCno more thanDnot merely33.Aday after dayBday by dayCthe other dayDto this day34.ApassionBsalesmanshipCenthusiasmDjob35.Aserve onBcare forCwait uponDdeal with36.AaccidentallyBoccasion

22、allyCfinallyDdisrespectfully37.AYetBSoCThenDFor38.AenthusiasticBunconcernedCdifferentDresponsible39.Awore ofBwore onCwore overDwore off40.AresponseBrealizationCconclusionDcircumstance【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】B2 夾敘夾議文 【文章綜述】文章講述作者在一家襪店的經(jīng)歷，對(duì)于男職員的工作熱情作者感到很驚訝，也感慨很多現(xiàn)在冷漠的售貨員,當(dāng)初也是充滿熱情的?就是機(jī)械地應(yīng)付差事才導(dǎo)致后來(lái)的結(jié)果?！敬鸢附馕觥?1.考查詞組：Atur

23、ned into變成，拐進(jìn)Bbroke into闖入Ccame across遇上Dmet with遇到，我拐進(jìn)看到的第一家襪店,選A.22.考查上下文串聯(lián)：從后面的said the boy happily可知選Ba boy clerk男職員。23.考查名詞：Abuy買    Bfind 發(fā)現(xiàn)Csee看見Dhave有，我想買雙短襪?選A。24.考查名詞：AHis face他的臉BThe room房間CHis eyes他的眼睛DThe fire火，句意：他雙眸滿是熱情,選C。25.考查名詞短語(yǔ)：Athe worst最糟糕Bthe right place恰當(dāng)?shù)牡胤紺th

24、e wrong錯(cuò)的Dthe best place最好的地方，您知道您來(lái)到了世界上最好的襪店嗎?選D26.考查形容詞短語(yǔ)：Acurious about對(duì)好奇Baware of意識(shí)到Csensitive to 敏感    Dattached to附上，我倒并未意識(shí)到這點(diǎn),我不過(guò)是隨便進(jìn)來(lái)的，選B。27.考查動(dòng)詞：Apush推Bforce強(qiáng)迫Clook  看Ddrag拖，拉，他開始從貨架上拽下一個(gè)又一個(gè)盒子,選D。28.考查詞組：AHold up舉起，耽擱BJust you wait等待CHold on別掛斷，等一等DHang up掛斷，停一停,孩子

25、,我只買一雙!”選C。29.考查介詞短語(yǔ)：Aon his face在臉上    Bto my surprise使我驚訝的是Cfor some reason因?yàn)槟承┰?#160; Dto some degree到某個(gè)程度，他的臉色很高興，,選A。30.考查連詞：Awhen當(dāng)時(shí)候Bas if好像，Ceven if即使Dwhile當(dāng)時(shí)候，就像是在向我透露他的信仰中的奧秘似的?選B。31.考查名詞：Abeliefs相信Bstories  故事Cvalues價(jià)值Dmysteries神秘,就像是在向我透露他的信仰中的奧秘似的?選B。32.考查副詞：Aha

26、rdly幾乎不Bonly只有Cno more than僅僅Dnot merely不僅僅，我對(duì)他遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了對(duì)襪子的興趣?選B。33.考查名詞：Aday after day日復(fù)一日Bday by day逐日Cthe other day幾天前Dto this day直到今天，如果你能日復(fù)一日地保持這種熱心和激情,選A。34.考查名詞：Apassion熱情Bsalesmanship銷售Centhusiasm熱情Djob工作，我對(duì)他推銷時(shí)的自豪與欣喜所感到的詫異,讀者諸君當(dāng)不難理解?選B。35.考查詞組：Aserve on在任職Bcare for喜歡，照顧C(jī)wait upon侍候 Ddeal with處

27、置，顧客不得不等待有人來(lái)招呼?選C。36.考查副詞：Aaccidentally偶然的Boccasionally偶然地Cfinally最后的Ddisrespectfully不值得尊敬的，當(dāng)終于有個(gè)售貨員肯屈尊理你,選C。37.考查副詞：AYet然而BSo因此CThen然后DFor因此，然而,就是這樣一個(gè)如此冷漠的售貨員,選A。38.考查形容詞：Aenthusiastic熱情的，Bunconcerned不關(guān)心的Cdifferent不同的，   Dresponsible負(fù)責(zé)的，句意：然而,就是這樣一個(gè)如此冷漠的售貨員, 或許當(dāng)初也是滿懷希望和熱情開始工作的?選B。39.考查詞組：

28、wore off逐漸減弱，逐漸消失，天天枯燥乏味的苦差事令他不堪忍受,新鮮感磨去了,選D。40.考查名詞：Aresponse答復(fù)    Brealization意識(shí)Cconclusion結(jié)論Dcircumstance環(huán)境，由此我得出結(jié)論:機(jī)械地應(yīng)付差事是離失敗最近的路?選C。第二部分 閱讀理解(共25小題；每小題2分，滿分50分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。【題文】AMary Moe may look like an average grandmotherBut she is notShe just

29、 learned how to fly an airplane，a dream she has had since she was a little girlBut Mary Moe could not find time to make her dream come trueAt age 34，she was just too busy to think about flying a planeLessons were costlyEverything seemed to be working against MarySo her dream had to waitMary Moe has

30、done a lot during the past 91 yearsFor much of that time，she wanted to fly，but never had the chanceuntil now MsMoe learned about Wish of a Lifetime, a non-profit organizationIts goal is to change the way our society thinks about aging and older adultsSally Webster works for the groupShe said MsMoes

31、wish is one of hundreds they receive each yearWish of a Lifetime helps older people to enjoy a dreamIt also sends the message that it is never too late for a dreamBut MsWebster says it also wants to send another message to society that older Americans can achieve things just like younger Americans c

32、anSusie Danick also believes in this goalShe founded TAD Relocation，a business that helps senior citizens when they moveMsDanick gave 5，000 to the Wish of a Lifetime to help seniors realize a dreamMary Moe was one of themMary Moe received three flying lessonsAnd on the big day of her first flight，he

33、r family and friends all came to cheer her onMarys success made everyone around her excited and proudIt was just a great event，a great dayFlying teacher David Waksberg says she was very calm，which is always important when youre flyingIt is never too late to spread your wings and try something newYou

34、 are never too old to try to make your dreams come true41. Why was Mary Moes dream difficult to come true? AShe had no enough time and money in the past BShe did nothing for flying lessons CNo pilots were willing to help her DHer family did not support her wish42What can we infer from the goal of Wi

35、sh of a Lifetime? AOlder adults can not make their dream come true BAmericans feel and think about aging properly CThe old may be supposed to achieve nothing DYoung Americans treat older people unfairly43How can we understand the underlined word“move”in the fifth paragraph? Ato change your place or

36、position Bto start to act for the dream Cto go to live in a different placeDto change a different job44From Mary Moes success，we can know she is _ Adetermined Bstubborn Cunrealistic Ddelicate45What do we know about Wish of a Lifetime? AIt can make much money every year BMsMoe did much for its develo

37、pment CIt is popular with the young AmericansDIt encourages many old adults to succeed【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】C7 社會(huì)生活類 【文章綜述】本文主要講的是一個(gè)公益組織幫助老年人實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想的故事?！敬鸢附馕觥?1.選A，細(xì)節(jié)題，第一段最后三句話可知答案：Lessons were costlyEverything seemed to be working against MarySo her dream had to wait42.選C，推斷題，Wish of a Lifetime的目標(biāo)是幫助老人實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)夢(mèng)想，之所以這樣

38、我們可以猜測(cè)就是因?yàn)橐恍├先艘惠呑右皇聼o(wú)成，故答案選C。43.選B，詞義猜測(cè)題， 根據(jù)下面一句話：MsDanick會(huì)給the Wish of a Lifetime5000美元去幫助老人實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)夢(mèng)想，所以說(shuō)是，當(dāng)老人想實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)夢(mèng)想的時(shí)候，她就幫助他們實(shí)現(xiàn)。故選B。44.選A，一生都在追求，銘記不忘，當(dāng)然就是意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)了。45.選D，細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)第四段第二三句話Wish of a Lifetime helps older people to enjoy a dreamIt also sends the message that it is never too late for a dream【題文】

39、BIt does not come as a surprise that Dubai has a growing problem with tragicThe local rulers have explored all the conventional ways to get traffic moving again，including higher prices for parking，fuel and insuranceBut at a recent conference in Hamburg，Hussain Lootah said that the city may adopt a m

40、ore strict approach：setting an income level for vehicle ownershipMr Lootahs approach is unlikely to be copied widely，but mayors of other big cities around the world are starting to think about taking severe actions of their own，including complete car bans in inner citiesBut the efforts may not be en

41、ough to reduce traffic and pollutionThe problems will only get worse：the number of vehicles sold globally each year will grow from around 80 million today to more than 100 million by the end of the decade，according to IHS AutomotiveThere are already a handful of car-free communities around the world

42、But these are typically small and often tourist destinations that seek to create a throwback in time，such as Sark Island，in the English ChannelThe largest ear-free urban area is probably Venice，where it is impossible to build roads and bridges to link the more than 100 small islands the city sits on

43、Yet pedestrian malls and other car-free zones keep popping up in cities around the worldSome cities are considering ways to limit central city access to“green”machines，such as battery-electric vehiclesHamburg is perhaps the furthest alongSuch extreme plans may fly in a city such as HamburgBut in man

44、y other cities the political resistance even to less far-reaching measures is hard to overcomeMichael Bloomberg，New Yorks former mayor，tried twice to introduce a jam charge for much of Manhattan，but his plans were rejected by state lawmakers46What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? ADubai government t

45、ries to improve its local incomes BDubai government tries to solve traffic problems CDubai government tries to reduce prices for parking DDubai government tries to offer more insurance to locals47Why is it still hard to reduce traffic problems? ABecause Mr Lootahs approach will be copied widely BBec

46、ause mayors take gentle measures toward them CBecause more vehicles will be sold globally each year DBecause complete car bans in inner cities are not made48What causes Venice to be the largest car-free urban area? AIts natural geographical characteristics BIts too many tourist destinations CIts red

47、uced number of cars DIts government law on car free49What can we learn from Paragraph 4? A“Green”machines can be accessible in central city BAll vehicles can be used in central city CHamburg may not adopt“green”machines DPeople can only walk in central city50What made Michael Bloombergs plans defeat

48、ed? AFinancial factors BTraffic jams CHis retirement from the mayorDPolitical resistance【答案】【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】C7 社會(huì)生活類【文章綜述】本文主要講述的是迪拜的交通管理問(wèn)題。【答案解析】46.選B，主旨題，根據(jù)第二句和最后一句話可知答案。47.選C，細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)第二段最后兩句話：But the efforts may not be enough to reduce traffic and pollutionThe problems will only get worse：the number of vehicl

49、es sold globally each year will grow from around 80 million today to more than 100 million by the end of the decade，according to IHS Automotive.我們很容易判斷這兩句話是因果關(guān)系。48.選A，細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)第三段最后一句話：The largest ear-free urban area is probably Venice，where it is impossible to build roads and bridges to link the more

50、than 100 small islands the city sits on到處是島嶼，無(wú)法開車，所以說(shuō)是自然條件決定的。49.選A，細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)本段第二句話可知答案：Some cities are considering ways to limit central city access to“green”machines，such as battery-electric vehicles注意limitto的用法。50.選D，細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)最后一段最后一句話：Michael Bloomberg，New Yorks former mayor，tried twice to introduce a

51、 jam charge for much of Manhattan，but his plans were rejected by state lawmakers【題文】CAlaskas Arctic lakes now freeze later and melt earlier in the year than in 1950，leaving them easy to suffer water loss from evaporation(蒸發(fā))and possibly adding to local warming，a new study findsThe winter ice season

52、near Barrow，Alaska，is shorter than in 1950, researchers reported Jan30 in the journal The Cryosphere.Lake ice is also thinner each winterThe scientists surveyed 402 lakes on the North Slope，where permafrost (permanently frozen ground)and shallow lakes dominate the areaIn 2011，the lake ice was 38 per

53、cent thinner than in 1950，and 22 percent fewer lakes froze through to their bottoms“When we saw the actual numbers we were shocked at how dramatic the change has been，”lead study author Cristina Surdu，of the University of Waterloo in Canada，said in a statementSurdu and her co-authors analyzed the ch

54、anges in lakeice thickness and ice cover with satellite images and climate model simulations(satellite images are only available from 1991)The climate models suggest the Arctic lakes froze almost six days later and broke up about 18 days earlier in the winter of 2011 compared with the winter of 1950

55、“The changes in ice and the shortened winter affect Northern communities that depend on ice roads to transport goods，”Surdu saidFor example，every winter，oil companies build roads over frozen lakes to carry supplies to Prudhoe BayThe dramatic changes in lake ice may also contribute to further warming of the entire region，because open water on lakes contributes to warmer air temperatures，”Surdu saidThe Arctic i