【課件】Unit1DiscoveringUsefulStructures課件高中英語(yǔ)人教版必修第二冊(cè)

1、Period 3 Discovering Useful Structures1. 先行詞: 被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。2. 關(guān)系詞: 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。3. 關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用: (1)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句; (2)代替先行詞; (3)在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。4. 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ); 關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。先行詞先行詞關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞的分類(lèi)關(guān)系詞的分類(lèi)根據(jù)根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在從句中是否充當(dāng)基本成分關(guān)系詞在從句中是否充當(dāng)基本成分可將關(guān)系詞可將關(guān)系詞分為分為關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞和和關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞關(guān)系關(guān)系代詞代詞代人who whom whosethat主賓表

2、賓語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)主賓表代物whichwhosethat主賓表定語(yǔ)主賓表關(guān)系關(guān)系副詞副詞時(shí)間when作狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)，不作基本成分。地點(diǎn) where原因Whywho, whom, that,whose,which 用法區(qū)別用法區(qū)別. who先行詞先行詞是人是人作定語(yǔ)從句的作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)可省略可省略. The man who is speaking at the meeting is a worker.The man is a worker.The man is speaking at the meeting.分解分解who作主語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ) whom 先行詞先行詞是人，是人，作定語(yǔ)從

3、句的作定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ), ,作賓語(yǔ)可作賓語(yǔ)可省省略略. . The woman （whom） they wanted to visit is a teacher.The woman is a teacher.They wanted to visit the woman.分解分解whom作賓語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)that先行詞可以是先行詞可以是人或物，人或物，可以作定語(yǔ)從句的可以作定語(yǔ)從句的主主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)可省略作賓語(yǔ)可省略.The man that is speaking at the meeting is a worker.that作從句的

4、主語(yǔ)作從句的主語(yǔ) whose 先行詞先行詞是人或物，是人或物，作定語(yǔ)從句的作定語(yǔ)從句的定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)。 The woman whose hair is red is a teacher.The woman is a teacher.The womans hair is red.分解分解whose作定語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)例例4: The question_ is about grammar.(that/which)例例3: The car_ is red was damaged yesterday.that/which指物指物: that/which (主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ))例例5：Yesterday she talked

5、 with one woman _ husband died in that accident. A. which B. whose C. of which D. thatB關(guān)系代詞表示先行詞的所屬關(guān)系，指關(guān)系代詞表示先行詞的所屬關(guān)系，指人和物時(shí)都用人和物時(shí)都用whose,可理解為可理解為“的的”關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的判斷方法的判斷方法: : 用法用法依據(jù)依據(jù)根據(jù)從句的謂根據(jù)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在從句中作的成從句中作的成分分若是及物動(dòng)詞若是及物動(dòng)詞, , 后面若無(wú)賓語(yǔ)后面若無(wú)賓語(yǔ), , 用

6、關(guān)系代詞用關(guān)系代詞; ; 若是不及物動(dòng)詞若是不及物動(dòng)詞, , 則用關(guān)系副詞則用關(guān)系副詞把關(guān)系詞放進(jìn)定語(yǔ)從句中把關(guān)系詞放進(jìn)定語(yǔ)從句中, , 若若作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)用關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)用關(guān)系代詞; ; 若若作狀語(yǔ)用關(guān)系副詞作狀語(yǔ)用關(guān)系副詞是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如果去掉，是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)不可用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。切，書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)不可用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。Do you know the girl who walked into the museum?你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)走進(jìn)博

7、物館走進(jìn)博物館的女孩嗎？的女孩嗎？(若把從句去掉，則不明白是哪個(gè)女孩若把從句去掉，則不明白是哪個(gè)女孩)The old woman，who lives on her own，has a cat for company.這個(gè)老婦人一個(gè)人住，養(yǎng)了一只貓陪伴她。這個(gè)老婦人一個(gè)人住，養(yǎng)了一只貓陪伴她。(若把從句去掉，仍然知道是哪個(gè)老婦人若把從句去掉，仍然知道是哪個(gè)老婦人)一、只用一、只用that不用不用which的情況的情況1先行詞是不定代詞all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等或者先行詞被不定代詞所修飾時(shí)。Do you h

8、ave anything that you want to say about the painting?關(guān)于那幅畫(huà)你有什么要說(shuō)的嗎？2先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或the only，the very (恰恰，正好)，the last，all，no，few，little，any等修飾時(shí)。This is one of the most exciting movie that I have ever seen.這是我見(jiàn)過(guò)的最激動(dòng)人心的電影之一。This is the only thing that we can do now.這是我們現(xiàn)在唯一能做的事情。3先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。The scient

9、ist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.你告訴我的那位科學(xué)家和他所取得的成就為我們所有人所欽佩。4當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系代詞也作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。Beijing is no longer the city that it used to be.北京不再是過(guò)去的那座城市了。5當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞who或which時(shí)。Who is the person that is standing in front of the temple?站在寺廟門(mén)口的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)？二、只用二、只用which不用不用that的

10、情況的情況1引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。Jenny was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，which，of course，made the others envy him.珍妮珍妮對(duì)她最小的兒子比對(duì)其他的兒子好得多，這當(dāng)然使其他的兒子很嫉妒她的對(duì)她最小的兒子比對(duì)其他的兒子好得多，這當(dāng)然使其他的兒子很嫉妒她的小兒子。小兒子。 2關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)介詞的賓語(yǔ)，且介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前。關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)介詞的賓語(yǔ)，且介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前。This is the house in which the famous artist

11、 once lived.這是這是那位著名的藝術(shù)家那位著名的藝術(shù)家曾住過(guò)的房子。曾住過(guò)的房子。3引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面的整個(gè)主句，代替主句所表示的整體或部分概念引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面的整個(gè)主句，代替主句所表示的整體或部分概念。The result was not the same as they had expected，which was rather disappointing.結(jié)果與當(dāng)初預(yù)料的不一樣，這令人很失望。結(jié)果與當(dāng)初預(yù)料的不一樣，這令人很失望。三、三、 宜用宜用who不宜用不宜用that的情況的情況1當(dāng)先行詞是指人的不定代詞時(shí)，如：當(dāng)先行詞是指人的不定代詞時(shí)，如：one，ones，

12、anyone nobody等等。Anyone who letters in the cultural sites should be punished.任何在文物景點(diǎn)刻字的人都應(yīng)當(dāng)受到懲罰任何在文物景點(diǎn)刻字的人都應(yīng)當(dāng)受到懲罰。2當(dāng)先行詞是當(dāng)先行詞是I，you，he，they等人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)等人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)(常用于諺語(yǔ)中常用于諺語(yǔ)中)。He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。3當(dāng)先行詞為指人當(dāng)先行詞為指人的的 these; those時(shí)。時(shí)。Those who have good manners will

13、be highly respected.那些有禮貌的人會(huì)受到人們的高度尊重。那些有禮貌的人會(huì)受到人們的高度尊重。4在在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞是指人的名詞時(shí)。結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞是指人的名詞時(shí)。There is a young man who wants to see you.有一個(gè)年輕人想見(jiàn)你有一個(gè)年輕人想見(jiàn)你。5. 當(dāng)先行詞為當(dāng)先行詞為people或是表示人的集體名詞時(shí)；或是表示人的集體名詞時(shí)；People who work hard are always fortunate.6.非非限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句中中He has a sister, who is a teacher.四、關(guān)

14、系代詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)四、關(guān)系代詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)關(guān)系代詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了使關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的關(guān)系更關(guān)系代詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了使關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的關(guān)系更加緊湊，可以將從句中的介詞提到關(guān)系代詞前，形成加緊湊，可以將從句中的介詞提到關(guān)系代詞前，形成“介詞介詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)系代詞可用結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)系代詞可用which，whom或或whose。介詞的選用介詞的選用(1)根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配習(xí)慣來(lái)確定。根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配習(xí)慣來(lái)確定。先行詞往往是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式等的詞，它與介詞先行詞往往是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式等的詞，它與介詞之間有一定的聯(lián)系。之間有一定的聯(lián)系。

15、Do you still remember the days during which we spent the holiday in the ancient city?你還記得我們一起你還記得我們一起在古城度假的在古城度假的那些日子嗎？那些日子嗎？2. Do you know anyone can solve this problem?3. I admire those are honest, brave, diligent.4. They are audience are invited to watch this play.5. He is the best man Ive ever k

16、nown. 6.He is always the last one_ leaves the dormitory.7.She is always the last one_ goes back to the dormitory。whowhothat/whowhowhowho(2)根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或形容詞確定介詞。根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或形容詞確定介詞。該動(dòng)詞或形容詞常與某些介詞構(gòu)成固定搭配。該動(dòng)詞或形容詞常與某些介詞構(gòu)成固定搭配。The social problem about which the two sides are debating with each other is a

17、very serious one.(debate with sb.about.就就與某人展開(kāi)辯論與某人展開(kāi)辯論)雙方正在展開(kāi)辯論的社會(huì)問(wèn)題是很?chē)?yán)重的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。雙方正在展開(kāi)辯論的社會(huì)問(wèn)題是很?chē)?yán)重的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。關(guān)系代詞作間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞作間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用to或或for。The girl that Tom gave the dictionary to is very pretty.湯姆給她字典的那個(gè)姑娘很可愛(ài)。湯姆給她字典的那個(gè)姑娘很可愛(ài)。I know the boy whom you bought a white hat for.我認(rèn)識(shí)你給他買(mǎi)白帽子那個(gè)男孩。我認(rèn)識(shí)你給他買(mǎi)白帽子那個(gè)男孩。(3)

18、根據(jù)句子的意思確定介詞。有些句子，先行詞完全一樣，定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也不是固定的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。這時(shí)，需要根據(jù)句子所要表達(dá)的意思選用不同的介詞。Water is of great importance，without which people can not live.水是很重要的，沒(méi)有它人們就無(wú)法生存。This is the book about which you have talked to me.這是你曾經(jīng)給我談起的那本書(shū)。This is the book on the cover of which there is a map of China.這是封面上有張中國(guó)地圖的那本書(shū)。Look a

19、t the sentences below and underline Look at the sentences below and underline the relative pronouns and adverbs.the relative pronouns and adverbs.After listening to the scientists who had studied the problem, and citizens who lived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help.T

20、emples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water.Find more sentences containing relative Find more sentences containing relative clauses from the text on page 4.clauses from the text on page 4.Th

21、ere comes a time when the old must give way to the new.Water from the dam would likely damage a number of temples and destroy cultural relics that were an important part of Egypts cultural heritage.Perhaps the best example is shown by UNESCO, which runs a programme that prevents world cultural herit

22、age sites around the world from disappearing.Not only had the countries found a path to the future that did not run over the relics of the past,1. He showed me a photo in his room. It was a photo of a famous cultural relic in Egypt.The photo that/which he showed me in his room was a photo of a famou

23、s cultural relic in Egypt.I have downloaded that free app, but it doesnt work well.The free app (which/that) I have downloaded doesnt work well.vt.&n. .下載下載2. The project team helped protect the national parks in the United Republic of Tanzania. It was formed by members from fifteen countries.Th

24、e project team that/ who helped protect the national parks in the United Republic of Tanzania was formed by members from fifteen countries.3. This temple was first built during the Qin Dynasty.The time when this temple was first built is Qin Dynasty.n. .共和國(guó)共和國(guó)4. We met a professional archaeologist a

25、t the entrance to the Great Pyramid. He explained to us the process of building such a difficult structure.The professional archaeologist that/ who/ whom we met at the entrance to the Great Pyramid explained to us the process of building such a difficult structure.adj.&n. .職業(yè)的職業(yè)的; ;專(zhuān)業(yè)人員專(zhuān)業(yè)人員n. .入

26、口入口; ;進(jìn)入進(jìn)入n. .過(guò)程過(guò)程vt.處理處理;加工加工5. The documents about the cultural relics from overseas are under the desk. I found them yesterday.The place where I found the documents about the cultural relics from overseas yesterday are under the desk.adj.海外的海外的adv.在海外在海外6. Scientists worked together day and night

27、 to rescue the temple because they wanted to preserve it for the next generation.The reason why scientists worked together day and night to rescue the temple is that they wanted to preserve it for the next generation.根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間關(guān)系的緊密程度，我們將定根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間關(guān)系的緊密程度，我們將定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩種。語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從

28、句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩種。1.1.限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句1 1） 關(guān)系代詞：關(guān)系代詞：that ,which,who,whom,whose,asthat ,which,who,whom,whose,as 關(guān)系副詞：關(guān)系副詞：where,when,whywhere,when,why2 2）從句和主句的關(guān)系緊密，中間不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。）從句和主句的關(guān)系緊密，中間不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。3 3）定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如果去）定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整。掉，主句意思就不完整。非限定定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞非限定定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞1 1）非限制定語(yǔ)從句不用）非限制定語(yǔ)

29、從句不用thatthat引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)Holly,_is from Australia, has Holly,_is from Australia, has a good command of Chinese.a good command of Chinese.2 2）關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇）關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞；在從句中做狀語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系副詞。代詞；在從句中做狀語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系副詞。The old man has a daughter The old man has a daughter ,_is an artist.,_is

30、 an artist.Opposite is St.Pauls Opposite is St.Pauls church,_you can hear some church,_you can hear some lovely music.lovely music.whowhowhowhowherewhere限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限定定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限定定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別1 1）功能不同：）功能不同：與先行詞的關(guān)系與先行詞的關(guān)系能否去掉能否去掉限制性定語(yǔ)限制性定語(yǔ)從句從句是先行詞在意義上是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語(yǔ)不可缺少的定語(yǔ)不可去掉，否則不可去掉，否則主句意義不完整主句意義不完整非限

31、制定語(yǔ)非限制定語(yǔ)從句從句對(duì)先行詞補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明對(duì)先行詞補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明 可去掉，去掉后可去掉，去掉后主句意思仍完整。主句意思仍完整。My elder sister _has settled in Beijing sends me e-mail almost every day. My elder sister, _has settled in Beijing, sends me e-mail almost every day.Who/thatWho/thatWhoWho* * * * *asas引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句與非限定性定語(yǔ)從引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句與非限定性定語(yǔ)從句句用在固定搭配用在固定搭配asasasas，

32、soassoas， such.assuch.as， the sameasthe sameas中。中。The world has been changing at The world has been changing at suchsuch a high a high speed speed asas no one has expected. no one has expected. 。Such Such a meeting a meeting _ is being held is very is being held is very important. important. He is not He is not the same the same man _we knew man _we knew before.before