Lesson8OperationandMaintenanceofMainEngine

1、Lesson 8 Operation and Maintenance of Main Engine第8課 主機的運行與養(yǎng)護Operating Procedures操作程序Medium-speed and slow-speed diesel engines will follow a fairly similar procedure for starting and manoeuvring.中、低速柴油機的起動和操作的程序完全相似。Where reversing gearboxes or controllable-pitch propellers are used then engine rev

2、ersing is not necessary.當采用可換向減速齒輪箱或變距槳時主機不必逆轉。A general procedure is now given for engine operation which details the main points in their correct sequence.如下給出的為主機正確操作程序的要點。Where a manufacturer's instruction book is available this should be consulted and used.當有廠家說明書時, 應參照說明書。Preparations for

3、standby備車1. Before a large diesel is started it must be warmed through by circulating hot water through the jackets, etc. This will enable the various engine parts to expand in relation to one another.1.在主機起動前, 應通過在缸套中循環(huán)的熱水對主機進行暖機, 以使主機各部分相對膨脹。2. The various supply tanks, filters, valves and drains

4、are all to be checked.2.檢查各補給柜、濾器、閥件, 并放殘。3. The lubricating oil pumps and circulating water pumps are started and all the visible returns should be observed.3.起動滑油泵、循環(huán)水泵, 并觀察回流情況。4. All control equipment and alarms should be examined for correct operation.4.檢查所有控制設備和報警裝置是否工作正常。5. The indicator cock

5、s are opened, the turning gear engaged and the engine turned through several complete revolutions5.打開示功旋塞, 合上盤車機, 轉動主機幾轉In this way any water which may have collected in the cylinders will be forced out. 如果氣缸中有水將會被排出。6. The fuel oil system is checked and circulated with hot oil. 6 檢查燃油系統(tǒng), 并用熱油對系統(tǒng)進行循

6、環(huán)。7. Auxiliary scavenge blowers, if manually operated, should be started. 7.如果輔助掃氣泵為手動起動, 應將其起動。8. The turning gear is removed and if possible the engine should be turned over on air before closing the indicator cocks, 8.脫開盤車機, 如果可能, 在關閉示功旋塞前, 應使用空氣轉動主機。9. The engine is now available for standby.9.主

7、機現(xiàn)在已備好。The length of time involved in these preparations will depend upon the size of the engine. 備車時間的長短取決于主機的尺寸。Engine starting起動1. The direction handle is positioned ahead or astern. This handle may be built into the telegraph reply lever.1.將轉向手柄置于正車或倒車位置(轉向手柄可與車鐘手柄做成一體)The camshaft is thus posit

8、ioned relative to the crankshaft to operate the various cams for fuel injection, valve operation, etc. 此時, 凸輪軸相對曲軸處于某位置以轉動用于燃油噴射、氣閥啟閉的各種凸輪。2. The manoeuvring handle is moved to "start". This will admit compressed air into the cylinders in the correct sequence to turn the engine in the desi

9、red direction.2.將操車手柄置于“起動”, 此時, 壓縮空氣將按正確的順序依次進入氣缸, 從而起動主機A separate air start button may be used. (另外)可使用單獨的起動按鈕來起動主機。3. When the engine reaches, its firing speed the manoeuvring handle is moved to the running position3.當主機轉速達到發(fā)火轉速時, 將操車手柄移至“運轉”位置Fuel is admitted and the combustion process will acc

10、elerate the engine and starting air admission will cease.油噴入氣缸, 燃燒開始并加速主機運轉, 此時, 起動空氣停止進入氣缸。Engine reversing換向When running at manoeuvring speeds:當機動航行時：1. Where manually operated auxiliary blowers are fitted they should be started.1.起動輔助鼓風機(若手動起動)。2. The fuel supply is shut off and the engine will q

11、uickly slow down.2.切斷燃油, 主機轉速會迅速降低。3. The direction handle is positioned astern.3.將方向手柄置于倒車位置。4. Compressed air is admitted to the engine to turn it in the astern direction.4.壓縮空氣進入氣缸, 從而使主機倒車轉動。5. When turning astern under the action of compressed air, fuel will be admitted.5.當主機在壓縮空氣作用下倒車轉動時, 燃油噴入

12、氣缸The combustion process will take over and air admission cease.燃燒過程開始, 而壓縮空氣停止進入氣缸。When running at full speed: 全速航行時：1. The auxiliary blowers, where manually operated, should be started.1.起動輔助鼓風機(若手動起動)。2. Fuel is shut off from the engine.2.主機停油。3. Blasts of compressed air may be used to slow the e

13、ngine down.3.可以使用壓縮空氣使主機降速。4. When the engine is stopped the direction handle is positioned astern.4.當主機停車后, 將方向手柄置于倒車位置。5. Compressed air is admitted to turn the engine astern and fuel is admitted to accelerate the engine.5.壓縮空氣進入氣缸, 使主機倒車轉動, 燃油供入氣缸以加速主機運轉。The compressed air supply will then cease.

14、此時, 壓縮空氣停止供入氣缸。Maintenance維修Diesel engines are remarkably simple in principle and require little in the way of routine maintenance, although what little is required is essential to a long life.柴油機在原理上相當簡單, 且僅需較少的日常維護, 雖然該維護對于柴油機維持較長的使用壽命至關重要。The nozzles of the engine should when necessary be freed f

15、rom coke, which, especially when heavy fuel oils containing asphalt are used, may deposit around and in the nozzle holes.發(fā)動機噴油嘴應無積炭, 當使用含瀝青重質(zhì)燃料油時, 積炭會沉積在噴油孔周圍及其內(nèi)部。If these deposits become so large that the spraying of the fuel oil is impaired, the combustion will be poor and the exhaust smoky.如果積炭過多

16、, 以致妨礙燃油噴射, 燃燒質(zhì)量會變差并且導致冒黑煙。The engine should be regularly cleaned and inspected.應定期清潔和檢查發(fā)動機。How often this should be done, depends, of course, principally on the working conditions, and the engineer in charge of the engine should therefore form an idea himself of this guided by experience and make o

17、ut a schedule of necessary operations.清潔和檢查的周期原則上應依發(fā)動機的工況而定, 并且主管輪機員應根據(jù)其經(jīng)驗制訂必要的維修計劃。The following schedule may be useful as a guide.下述維修計劃可作為有益參考。It assumes ordinary running conditions, careful attendance and the use of suitable lubricating and fuel oils.該計劃旨在保證運行狀況正常、管理周到, 并且使用合適的滑油和燃油。A further co

18、ndition is that the engine is well run in.更進一步是為了使發(fā)動機運行良好。When necessary:有必要：1. Clean the nozzles.1.清潔噴油嘴。2. Clean the lubricating oil filters and sec that their strainer inserts are free from defects.2.清洗滑油濾器并且保證其濾芯完整無損。3. The lubricant nipples of the scavenging pump-fitted at each valve shaft bear

19、ing and at the bearing and catch device of the manoeuvring segment - are lubricated with grease from time to time.3.掃氣泵潤滑劑噴嘴應經(jīng)常潤滑, 噴嘴裝于軸承的各個閥及位于操縱機構的軸承和接合處。Some of the lubricant nipples are located under the protecting cap. (Does not concern turbo charged engines)某些噴嘴位于保護罩之下(增壓柴油機不在考慮之列)。After about

20、 300 hours' running:經(jīng)300 h 運轉后：1. Clean the fuel oil fillers and see that their strainer inserts are free from defects.1.清洗燃油濾器并且保證其濾芯完整無損。2. Clean the air intake strainer.2.清洗空氣進氣濾器。3. Check the tightening of the stay-bolt nuts first time and afterwards once yearly.3 撐桿螺栓初次使用時應檢查預緊力, 以后每年檢查一次。4

21、. Lubrication of the lubricating nipples on the control board (when such occur).4.潤滑控制板上的噴嘴(如果有)。After about 2,000 hours running:經(jīng)2 000 h 運轉后：1. Inspect the starting and safety valves.1.檢查起動閥和安全閥。2. Remove and clean the working pistons. Check the compression chamber and measure the cylinder liners.2

22、.吊出活塞并清潔。檢查壓縮室并測量缸套。Replace worn piston and scraper rings. When renewing piston rings, place then in the lower grooves.更換磨損壞的活塞以及刮油環(huán)。當活塞環(huán)換新時, 應將其裝于下環(huán)槽。3. Clean the scavenging and exhaust ports.3.清潔掃氣口和排氣口(Note; under unfavourable working conditions or if the fuel oil used, is of a poorer quality, a

23、more regular cleaning of pistons, scavenging and exhaust ports may be necessary.) (注：在工況惡劣或使用的燃油質(zhì)量較差時, 有必要對活塞、掃氣口和排氣口進行更多次的定期清潔)。4. Inspect the ring piston blower.4.檢查環(huán)形活塞式掃氣泵。Dismount the charge valves or valve covers and inspection covers.拆解排氣閥或閥蓋并檢查閥蓋。Check the piston "slackness" and th

24、e minimum distance between piston wings and the partition walls.檢查活塞“松緊度”及活塞邊緣和部分缸壁的最小間隙。Check the outer radial clearances between piston and housing. (Does not concern turbo charged engines). 檢查活塞與殼體的外部徑向間隙(增壓柴油機不在考慮之列)。5. Inspect the elastic coupling rubber bushes. (Does not concern turbo charged

25、engines).5.檢查彈性連接器橡皮墊子(增壓柴油機不在考慮之列)。After about 4,000 hours running:經(jīng)4000h 運轉后：1. At plants having lubricating oil tanks, drain and clean the tanks thus full with fresh or properly cleaned oil.1.動力裝置有滑油柜時, 應進行放殘和清潔, 并加滿新油或清潔過的油。Engines with "wet sump" must be subject to cleaning and replac

26、ement of oil when necessary.當發(fā)動機有“濕油底殼”并需要對滑油清潔和換新時, 必須清潔和換新。For all plants, more frequent cleaning and replacement of oil is necessary when the engine is new.對所有的動力裝置, 如發(fā)動機是新的, 應更加頻繁地對滑油清潔和換新。2. Check the crankshaft and its alignment in the bearings.2.檢查曲軸及其軸承的對中。3. Inspect the ring piston blower.

27、Dismount the piston.3.檢查環(huán)形活塞式掃氣泵。拆卸活塞。Check the radial and axial clearances and the "slackness" of the piston.檢查活塞的徑向和軸向間隙以及搭口間隙。Check the min. distance between the piston wings and the partition walls.檢查活塞邊緣和部分缸壁的最小間隙。Check the gear wheels, the bearings and the bearings clearances. (Does

28、not concern turbo charged engines).檢查齒輪、軸承及其軸承間隙(增壓柴油機不在考慮之列)。4. Dismount and inspect the elastic coupling rubber bushes. (Does not concern turbo charged engines).4.檢查彈性連接器橡皮墊子(增壓柴油機不在考慮之列)。5. Clean the lubricate oil cooler. Check the tightness of water and oil systems.5.清潔滑油冷卻器。檢查系統(tǒng)的油水密封。After abou

29、t 8,000 hours running:經(jīng)8 000 h 運轉后：1. Dismantle the working pistons and clean their oil chambers.1.吊出活塞并清潔油腔。2. Remove deposits from the cooling water spaces of the working cylinder cover and cylinders.2.清除氣缸蓋及其氣缸冷卻水空間的沉積物。3. Check and adjust the bottom and top end bearings.3.檢查并調(diào)整上下底端軸承。4. Dismantl

30、e the exhaust pipe and the silencer Remove soot and coke deposits.4.卸下排煙管和消音器, 清除煙灰和積炭。5. Drain and clean the fuel oil tanks.5.燃料油艙放殘和清潔。After about 16,000 hours running:經(jīng)16 000 h 運轉后：1. Remove and adjust the main bearing brasses if necessary. Measure the wear, check the clearances and adjust them i

31、f necessary.1.若有必要, 清除并調(diào)整主軸承銅套。測量磨損量, 若有必要, 檢查并調(diào)整間隙。2. Inspect the crankshaft carefully to see whether any cracks have developed.2.仔細檢查曲軸, 看是否有裂紋。B.Multiple Choice選擇題Questions 1-3 are based on paragraphs on Preparations for Standby. 根據(jù)課文備車的準備工作部分回答問題1-51.The engine is now available for standby. What

32、 will the length of time involved in these preparations depend upon? 主機現(xiàn)在可以備車，備車時間取決于什么?答案.CA. The size of fuel oil system. 燃油系統(tǒng)的大小B. The turning gear. .盤車機C. The size of the engine. 主機的大小D. The scavenge blower. 掃氣鼓風機2.Which of the following statements does not belong to preparation for standby? 下列哪

33、一表述不屬于備車的準備工作?答案.DA.The various supply tanks, filters valves and drains are all to be checked各種補給柜、濾器閥和泄放口都要檢查。.B.All control equipment and alarms should be examined for correct operation. 檢查所有控制設備和報警裝置，確保其運轉正常C.The fuel oil system is checked and circulated with hot oil. 檢查燃油系統(tǒng)并用熱油循環(huán)。D.The fuel supp

34、ly is shut off and the engine will quickly slow down. D.關閉燃油，主機迅速減速。3.The indicator cocks are opened, the turning gear engaged and the engine turned through several complete revolutions. In this way which may have collected in the cylinders will be forced out. .打開示功旋塞，合上盤車機，轉動主機幾整轉。這樣如果有_聚集在氣缸里將被排出。

35、答案:CA. any fuel oil任何燃油B. any lube oil.任何滑油C. any water任何水D. any air任何空氣4.Before a marine diesel engine is started the cylinders and pistons should be . 在船用柴油機啟動前氣缸和活塞應該_答案.BA.cooled to appropriate temperature冷卻到適當溫度B.warmed up gradually to appropriate temperature逐漸加熱到適當溫度C.opened up and renewed打開換新

36、D.ground and polished研磨拋光5.After the engine is warmed, we should the turning gear before starting the engine. 主機暖缸后，我們應在啟動主機前盤車機。答案.CA.take in 吸人B. put in 合上C.take out.脫開D. put out熄滅6.The manoeuvring handle is moved to . This will admit compressed air into the cylinders in the correct sequence to tu

37、rn the engine in the desired direction. 將操縱手柄轉到位置。這樣壓縮空氣將按正確的順序進人氣缸，以使主機按期望的方向轉動。答案;CA. ahead正車B. astern倒車C. start啟動D. ahead or astern正車或倒車7.When the engine reaches its firing speed the manoeuvring handle is moved to the position. 當主機轉速達到發(fā)火轉速時，操縱手柄移至位置。答案.cA. ahead正車B. astern倒車C.running運行D. start啟動8

38、.When there are large deposits on the nozzles of the engine, what will happen to the combustion? 當主機噴嘴處有大的積炭，燃燒會怎樣?答案.BA.The combustion will not be affected. 燃燒不會受影響B(tài).The combustion will be poor and the exhaust smoky. .燃燒會不良，且冒黑煙C.There will be no combustion. 不會有燃燒D.None of the above is true. 以上都不對9

39、.After about 300 hours, running, what should we do? 300 h的運行后，我們應該做什么?0素:DA.Clean the fuel oil filters and see that their strainer inserts are free from defects. 清潔燃油濾器，確保其濾芯無損壞B.Clean the air intake strainer. 清潔進氣濾器C.Check the tightening of the stay-bolt nuts對拉桿螺栓螺母的擰緊度進行初次檢查，以后每年檢查一次D.All of the a

40、bove. 以上全部。10.After about 2, 000 hours, running, we11 do the following procedures except 約2 000 h的運行后，我們將進行下列步驟，除了_。答案:DA.inspecting the starting and safety valves檢查啟動閥和安全閥B.cleaning the scavenging and exhaust ports清潔掃氣口和排氣口C.inspecting the ring piston blower檢查環(huán)形活塞式鼓風機D.checking the crankshaft and i

41、ts alignment.檢查曲軸及其對中情況A.Technical Terms專業(yè)術語Translate the following into Chinese. 將下列詞組譯成漢語。1徑向和軸向間隙 2.輔助掃風機示 3功旋塞 4.操縱手柄5方向手柄 6.滑油濾器 7積炭 8.潤滑嘴9.控制板 10.環(huán)形活塞式鼓風機 11彈性聯(lián)軸節(jié)橡皮墊1.radial and axial clearance 2.auxiliary scavenge blower 3.indicator cock 4.manoeuvring handle 5.direction handle 6.lubricating o

42、il filter 7.cock deposit 8.lubricating nipple 9.control board 10.ring piston blower 11.elastic coupling rubber bush B.Active Words常用詞Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the words in the table. Change the form of the words if necessary. 從框中選詞完成句子，如有必要改變詞的形式。drainacceleratei

43、mpairinspectinvolvemeasuredismount1. Fuel is admitted and the combustion process will the engine and starting air admission will cease.1 .accelerate 燃油進人氣缸，燃燒過程會使主機加速，并中止啟動空氣的供應。2. The engine is now available for standby. The length of time in these preparations will depend upon the size of the engi

44、ne.2. involved 主機現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)備妥，這些準備工作需要的時間的長短取決于主機的尺寸。3. If these deposits become so large that the spraying of the fuel oil is , the combustion will be poor and the exhaust smoky.3. impaired 如果這些結炭過多損害到燃油噴射的質(zhì)量，燃燒會不良并且冒黑煙。4. Check the compression chamber and the cylinder liners. Replace worn piston and scrape