初中英語必備語法知識概要句子成分與詞性詳解

1、 初中英語必備語法知識概要 Tiro整編主講句子成分句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞性如有疑問，請聯(lián)系Tiro：463844770qq 1. 區(qū)別句子成分和單詞詞性：句子成分：主語、主補、謂語、賓語、賓補、表語、定語、狀語、同位語、獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。單詞詞性; 名詞，形容詞，副詞，代詞，介詞，數(shù)詞，量詞。2. 分析句子成分;主語：主語一般由名詞，代詞，動名詞或者動詞不定式充當。動名詞和動詞不定式一般用it充當形式主語。 名詞做主語：English is very important. 英語是很重要的。The students all love their English teacher. 這些學生都愛他們的英語老師。代詞

2、作主語They go to school by bus. 他們乘公共汽車上學。Most of the students come from the countryside. 大多數(shù)學生來自農(nóng)村。動名詞作主語Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看電視太多對你的眼睛是有害的。Its no use regretting it. 懊悔是無用的。這是Its no use doing sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)，It為形式主語，真正的主語是use后面的動名詞或者動詞不定式。動詞不定式(短語)作主語To see is to believe. 眼見為實。It is ver

3、y hard to get to sleep. 入睡很難。解釋同上謂語：謂語一般由動詞充當，可作謂語的動詞一般為實義動詞(也就是行為動詞)和連系動詞(表狀態(tài))，行為動詞根據(jù)其后是否可直接接賓語，又可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。但動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞現(xiàn)在分詞-ing和過去分詞-ed為非謂語動詞不能作謂語。實義動詞非常多，如kill，hit，cry等等。有時還有情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形做謂語，情態(tài)動詞有will(would),can(could),may(might),must,need, dear，shall(should)等及其否認形式，這里就不一一說明了。系動詞包括：狀態(tài)系動詞be、持續(xù)系動詞k

4、eep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand、表像系動詞seem, appear, look、感官系動詞feel, smell, sound, taste、變化系動詞become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run、終止系動詞 prove, trun out。在初中階段，我們只要掌握以下幾個系動詞即可：sound聽，watch，see觀, feel感, make使, let讓, help幫。及物動詞作謂語We should help each other. 我們應該互相幫助。They respect one another. 他

5、們互相尊重(對方)。All of the students like the novel. 所有這些學生都喜歡這本小說。Did you see many people there? 你在那兒看見許多人了嗎?不及物動詞作謂語He left here yesterday. 他昨天離開這兒。Youre driving too fast. 你開車開得太快了。The teacher came in, book in hand. 老師走進教室，手里拿著書。He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出國。連系動詞表狀態(tài)He is an excelle

6、nt teacher. 他是位優(yōu)秀的教師。Her son is a friend of ours. 她的兒子是我們的朋友。Ours is a great country. 我們的國家是一個偉大的國家。The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。We see him singing in the classroom.我們看見他正在教室里唱歌。Tom made his mother very angry.湯姆讓他媽媽很生氣。表語：表語與連系動詞連用，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，說明主語的身份或特征，一般由形容詞、名詞、代詞、動名詞、動詞不定式、分詞、數(shù)詞等充當。They ar

7、e brother and sister. 他們是兄妹。 名詞What I want to say is this. 我想說的就是這點。 代詞Her father is sixty-five. 她父親65歲。 數(shù)詞John is captain of the team. 約翰是足球隊的隊長。 名詞The poor boy was myself. 那個可憐的孩子就是我自己。 反身代詞The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我們自己。反身代詞All you need do is to take a taxi from the airpor

8、t. 你只需從機場打個的即可。 動詞不定式My favourite sport is swimming. 我最喜愛的運動是游泳。 動名詞He is singing in the calssroom.他正在教室里唱歌。 分詞-ingTom made his mother very angry.湯姆讓他媽媽很生氣。 形容詞賓語：賓語是行為動詞實義動詞的對象，一般可分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語，充當賓語的可以是名詞、代詞、動名詞、動詞不定式或整個句子。I like Chinese food. 我喜歡中國菜。 名詞I bought a ticket for Milan. 我買了一張去米蘭的車票。 名詞I e

9、njoyed talking to you. 我和你談話很快樂。 動名詞Have you finished dressing? 你衣服穿好了嗎? 動名詞He certainly did not want to join them. 他確實不想?yún)⒓铀麄兊幕顒印?動詞不定式They decided to close the border. 他們決定封閉邊境。動詞不定式We hoped that all would come well. 我們希望一切都會好轉(zhuǎn)。 句子We expected that you would stay for a few days. 我們預計你會待幾天的。 句子定語：定語為

10、句子的次要成分，起修飾限制名詞或代詞的作用，可分為前置定語和后置定語。一般由形容詞性物主代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞(短語) 或句子充當。His father is a doctor. 他父親是一名醫(yī)生。形容詞性物主代詞Mr. Green has two sons. 格林先生有兩個兒子。數(shù)詞The girl under the tree is Kate. 在樹底下的那個女孩是凱特。介詞短語The man downstairs couldnt sleep well. 樓下的那個人不能睡好覺。 副詞I bought a new dictionary. 我買了本新字典。形容詞

11、Can you find out the answer to the question？你能找到這個問題的答案嗎？介詞短語Would you like something to drink? 你想要些喝的東西嗎？動詞不定式A barking dog seldom bites. 吠狗很少咬人。分詞-ingA man going to die is always kind-hearted. 人之將死，其言也善。分詞-ingThe suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. 送往委員會的建議被采納了。分詞-edDo you know the man w

12、ho is standing next to Mr. Green? 你認識站在格林先生旁邊的那個人嗎？ 定語從句狀語：英語中的狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞，主要由副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞充當，或由連詞引導狀語從句，表示時間、地點、程度、目的、方式，比擬、讓步、條件、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨等。(1) 時間狀語I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上5:30起床。Hearing the news, they felt very excited. 聽到這個消息，他們感到很興奮。Go along this street until you reac

13、h the end. 沿著這條街走直到到達盡頭為止。(2) 地點狀語Pandas only live in China. 熊貓僅生活在中國。You should put the book where it was. 你應該把這本書放回原來的地方。(3) 程度狀語I have quite a lot of work to do. 我有相當多的工作要做。(4) 目的狀語Well go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday. 這個星期天我們將去沙灘野炊。He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper.

14、 他從口袋里掏出一些零錢來買報紙。She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. 她早早地起床，以便能夠趕上這輛早班車。(5) 方式狀語We usually go to school on foot. 我們通常步行去上學。Please do it as I told you. 請按我告訴你的去做。(6) 讓步狀語Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy. 雖然她很有錢，而她并不幸福。No matter what happens, I will never lose heart. 無

15、論發(fā)生什么，我將決不失去信心。(7) 條件狀語If you dont work hard, youll fall behind the others. 假設你不努力學習，你將落后于別人。Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better. 如果給予更多的關(guān)心的話，這些花將長得更好。(8) 比擬狀語Your watch is not the same as mine. 你的手表與我的不一樣。Mike is not as (so) tall as Jack. 邁克不及杰克高。(9) 原因狀語We didnt go to the par

16、k because of the bad weather. 由于天氣不好，我們沒有去公園。Im glad to meet you. 見到你我很快樂。Being ill, he didnt go to school. 由于病了，他沒有去上學。(10) 結(jié)果狀語The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. 風是如此地猛烈，以致于我們寸步難行。He left early, so that he caught the train. 他早早地離去，(結(jié)果) 因此趕上了火車。(11) 伴隨狀語The doctor hurried off

17、, with a medicine box under his arm. 這位醫(yī)生匆匆離去，胳膊下夾著一個藥箱子。The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students. 老師進到教室里來，后面跟著一群學生。賓語補足語賓補：賓語補足語主要用來補充說明賓語，與賓語之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系，可由名詞、形容詞、動詞不定式、分詞等充當。如：Tom found the climb quite easy. 湯姆覺得爬山很容易。形容詞Dont be so formal. Call me Jim. 不要這樣正規(guī)

18、，叫我吉姆好了。名詞Im finished. Lets go now. 我已干完，咱們走吧。形容詞You must keep it clean. 你要把它保持干凈。形容詞I have the car waiting. 我讓汽車等著。分詞-ingWe had the machine repaired. 我們請人修理了機器。分詞-edWhy dont you have your hair cut? 你為什么不理發(fā)? 分詞-edHe had his finger hurt. 他的手指弄傷了。分詞-edI had my watch stolen yesterday. 我的表昨天被人偷去了。分詞-edI have a lot of work to do. 我有許多工作要做。動詞不定式She has plenty of clothes to wear. 她有足夠的衣服穿。動詞不定式He made me repeat t