《英語演講與辯論》期末考試復習重點

1、英語演講與辯論復習重點一、三種演講的定義Introductory speech: The speechis writte n in manu script form and is designed to fulfill two purposes.Thefirst is to give you a brief, initial exposure to speak ing before an audie nce.The sec ond is to provide a piece of original prose that can be used to help diagnose your str

2、engths and weak ness as a writer.Informative speeches the one in which the speaker provide the audie nee with new an d/or useful in formatio n about a sig ni fica nt topic.Persuasivespeech This is a speech desig ned to persuade the audie nee for or aga inst a questi on or policy.二、演講稿三大板塊1、Introduct

3、ion Relate topic to the audie nee(2) Prese nt the topic to the audie nee Attract atte ntio n Build credibility(5) Prese nt mai n poi nts2、Conclusion - sum up3、 BodyIn formative speech1) Visual aidsKinds of visual aida. Objects and modelsb. Photographs and drawingsc. Graphsd. Chartse. Videosf. The sp

4、eakerg. PowerPointTips for prepari ng visual aidsh. Keep visual aids simplei. Make sure visual aids are large eno ughj. Use fonts that are easy to readk. Use color effectively2) Orga ni zati on patter na. Chrono logical order 時間順序b. Spacial order空間順序c. Topical order話題Jil頁序Persuasive speech話題順序1) Que

5、stion of fact.2) Question of value3) Question of policy (passive agreement & immediate action)問題出路法a. Problem-solution pattern order10b. Problem-cause-solution order問題成因出路法c. Comparative advantages order優(yōu)惠對比法(pros&cons)d. Motivated sequenee動機序歹ij法(seek immediate acti on and more detailedFive

6、 steps of motivated seque neei. Atte nti onii. Need 'iii. Satisfactioniv. Visualizationv. Action三、Supporting material的運用(分析題會用到)Problems:1. Foreign languages,foreign laws,customs and regulations2. Exchange rates varies3. Numerous cultural differences4. First-hand accurate information is comparat

7、ively hard to obtain.Brief example簡單例證1. Examples ,Exte nded example延展例證Hypothetical example假設Sin gle statistics2. StatisticsMultiple statisticsa. Use representative statisticsb. Identify the sources of statisticsc. Use statistics from reliable sourcesd. Round off complicated statisticse. Explain st

8、atisticsf. Use visual aids to clarify statisticsExpertrI3. TestimonyIPeela. Decide whether to quote or paraphraseb. Quote or paraphrase accuratelyc. Use testimony from qualified sourcesd. Use testimony from unbiased sourcese. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase四、簡答1、In tercultural compete ne

9、e2、Mental dialogue3、使用visual aids的好處4、為什么確定spedfic purpose特別重要5、為什么道德標準很重要五、Methods of persuasion1. Building credibility1) Factors of credibilitya. Compete neeb. Character2) Enhancing your credibilitya. Expla in your compete neeb. Establish com mon gro und with your audie neec. Deliver your speeches

10、 fluently.expressively and with conviction2. Using evideneea. Use specific evideneeb. Use novel evidenee 新穎的)c. Use evidenee from credible sourcesd. Make clear the point of your evidenee3. Reasoning(is a process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evide nee)1) Reasoning from specific instanee(fr

11、om a nu mber of particular facts to a gen eral con elusion (歸2 納)a. Avoid generalizing too hastilyb. Make sure the instances you present are fair, unbiased and represe ntative.c. Rein force your argume nt with statistics or testim ony.2) Reasoning from principle(from a general principle to a specifi

12、c eonclusion)。寅繹)Causal reas oningAn alogical reas oningFallaciesa. Red herring轉(zhuǎn)移話題(熏青魚)(A fallacy that in troduces an irreleva nt issue to divert atte nti on from the subject un der discussi on)b. Ad Hominem人身攻擊(A fallacy that attacks the pers on rather tha n deali ng with the real issuein dispute)c. Bandwagon 主流思想謬誤(A fallacy that assumes that because someth! ng is popular,it is therefore good,correct or desirable)d. Slippery slope斜坡謬誤(不合理地使用連串的因果關(guān)系)(A fallacy that assumesthat taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be preve nted)4. Appealing to emotions(