4租船運輸實務與法律-航次租船合同

1、航次租船合同標準格式 干散貨船Gencon 1974/1994 金康格式 油船ASBATANKVOYBPVOYSHELLVOY航次租船合同的主要法律問題航次租船合同的主要法律問題（一）（一）預備航次預備航次Preliminary Voyage航次租船合同的四個階段卸貨Discharging履行航次Performance裝貨Loading 預備航次Preliminary Voyage預備航次 實務中，航次租船合同訂立之后船舶即在裝貨港準備裝貨的情況幾乎沒有。 承租人一般都面臨著買賣合同下裝貨的截止日期的壓力 承租人希望清楚的知道什么時候可以裝貨預備航次 如果船舶比承租人預期的時間延遲抵達，則承租

2、人可能需要支付額外的儲藏貨物的費用(Storage Cost)可能錯過買賣合同約定的裝貨日期預備航次 在絕大多數(shù)的航次租船合同中都會約定船東應該給承租人一個可預期裝船時間(Expected Ready to Load Date)船舶必須合理盡速前往裝貨港(合理速遣Reasonable Despatch)如果船舶在約定的時間不能抵達，承租人有權取消合同(Cancel the Contract) 受載期LAYCAN: Layday and Cancelling Day 船舶在受載期內抵達裝貨港，承租人無權取消合同；船舶在銷約日屆滿還未抵達，承租人有權取消合同承租人在取消合同的同時，還有可能有可能(

3、may)可以索賠損失(Claim Damages)預備航次Clause 5 of ASBATANKVOY“Should the vessel not be ready to load by 4 oclock p.m. (local time) on the cancelling date stipulated in Part I, the charterer shall have the option of cancelling this charter by giving owner notice of such cancellation within twenty-four (24) ho

4、urs after such cancellation date; otherwise the charter to remain in full force and effect.” 預備航次Clause 9(a) of GENCON 1994 “Should the vessel not be ready to load (whether in berth or not) on or before the date indicated in Box 21, the Charterers have the option of cancelling this Charterparty.”預備航

5、次銷約權的行使 只要船舶沒有在約定的時間抵達，承租人就有權取消合同，不論船舶無法抵達的原不論船舶無法抵達的原因是什么因是什么 即使船舶不能按時抵達已經是明顯的事實，但是承租人依舊不能在約定的銷約期前取消合同，除非合同中另有約定。預備航次銷約權的行使 SHELLVOY 6, Clause 11 (c) “As soon as Owners become aware that the vessel will not be ready to load by noon on the termination date Owners will give notice to the Charterers d

6、eclaring a new readiness to load date and ask Charterers to elect whether to or not to terminate this Charter.Within 4 days after such notice Charterers shall either:(i) declare this Charter terminated: or(ii) confirm a revised set of laydays.: or(iii) agree a new set of laydays or an extension to t

7、he laydays mutually acceptable to Owners and Charterers.預備航次銷約權的行使GENCON 94, Clause 9 (b) “Should the Owners anticipate that, despite the exercise of due diligence, the Vessel will not be ready to load by the cancelling date, they shall notify the Charterers thereof without delay stating the expecte

8、d date of the Vessels readiness to load and asking whether the Charterers will exercise their option of cancelling the Charterparty, or agree to a new cancelling date. Such option must be declared by the Charterers within 48 running hours after the receipt of the Owners notice, if the Charterers do

9、not exercise their option of cancelling, then this Charterparty shall be deemed to be amended such that the seventh day after the new readiness date stated in the Owners notification to the Charterers shall be the new cancelling date. The provisions of sub-clauses (b) of this clause shall operate on

10、ly once, and in case of the Vessels further delay, the Charterers shall have the option of cancelling the Charterparty as per sub-clause (a) of this Clause.預備航次銷約權的行使 銷約權必須在合同約定的時間內行使，如果沒有約定，則必須在合理時間內行使。如果不行使，銷約權即告喪失。 如果承租人不行使銷約權，或者銷約權喪失，那么租船合同效力不受影響，承租人必須履行合同義務，例如，裝貨(The obligation to have a cargo

11、available at the place of loading is of fundamental importance)。預備航次銷約權的行使 行使銷約權和行使損害賠償權可以并行 但是，擁有銷約權并不能夠使承租人自動獲得索賠損失的權利，如額外支付的倉庫儲藏費。 只有在承租人能夠證明船東同時也違反了合同中其他義務之時，承租人才有權索賠損失。預備航次損失索賠 只有在以下兩種情況下，承租人可以索賠損失1. 船東沒有誠信給予可預計裝船時間2. 船東沒有盡到合理速遣的義務預備航次可預計裝船時間 可預計裝船時間Expected Ready to Load DateSHELLVOY 6, Part 1

12、 (B)“Position/ReadinessNow (trading) Expected ready to load”GENCON 94, Clause 1“The Vessel now in position as stated in Box 8 and expected ready to load under this Charterparty about the date indicated in Box 9”預備航次可預計裝船時間 船東在合同中填寫可預計裝船時間時，必須誠信善意(in good faith)基于合理基礎(on reasonable grounds) 可預計裝船時間條款

13、是航次租船合同中的條件條款！條件條款！預備航次可預計裝船時間 案例 航次租船合同簽訂于1965年5月25日，約定的裝貨港口是越南海防港。船東給出的可預計裝船時間是7月1日，銷約期是7月20日。后來承租人發(fā)現(xiàn)，訂約時船舶正處于太平洋中部，期間還要去一趟香港卸貨，無論如何也不可能在7月1日抵達海防。船東給出這個日期是為了誘使承租人簽訂合同。 法院判決：承租人有權取消合同。預備航次合理速遣船東有義務合理盡快前往裝貨港裝貨，該義務通常會由合同條款明示（即使沒有明示，法律也會將該義務默示與合同中）GENCON 94, Clause 1“The said Vessel shall, as soon as

14、her prior commitments have been completed, proceed to the loading port(s) or place(s) stated in Box 10”AMWELSH 93: Clause 1“That the said vessel.shall, with all convenient speed, proceed to.and there load”預備航次合理速遣 案例 航次租船合同約定船舶從樸茨茅斯出發(fā)，前往亞速爾群島裝水果，然后運往倫敦。但是船舶繞航去了葡萄牙波爾圖，然后又返回了樸茨茅斯，最后才前往亞述爾群島。雖然船舶在銷約期之前

15、抵達（這意味著承租人不能取消合同），但是由于船舶最終比預期時間延遲抵達倫敦，水果市場價格下跌。 法院判決：船東違反合理速遣義務，承租人有權索賠水果市場價格下跌導致的損失。預備航次合理速遣與免責條款 預備航次開始后，合同中的免責條款可以保護船東。由于免責原因導致船舶延遲抵達時，承租人無權索賠損失(但是仍然可以取消合同)。 但免責條款只有在預備航次開始時才起作用。開始前發(fā)生的原因導致的延遲，船東不能免責。 所以，船東應明確規(guī)定預備航次開始的時間。GENCON 94, Clause 1“as soon as her prior commitments have been completed”預備航次

16、可預計裝船時間和合理速遣條款 當合同中同時出現(xiàn)了可預計裝船時間條款和合理速遣條款，那么船東有絕對的義務(absolute obligation)保證預備航次及時開始。 船東不能及時開始預備航次，則承租人有權索賠因此導致的任何損失 不能開始預備航次的原因通常是船東不能完成上一個航次。航次沖突(clashing engagements)的風險完全由船東承擔。航次租船合同的主要法律問題航次租船合同的主要法律問題（二）（二）管貨管貨裝貨裝貨/卸貨卸貨/交付交付Caring for CargoLoading/Discharging/Delivery船東的管貨義務 普通法下，船東有義務小心謹慎適當?shù)匮b載、

17、搬運、堆放、運輸、保管、照看、卸載和交付貨物。 貨物損壞或滅失只有在三種情況下船東可以免責Act of the God，Queens enemies Inherent vice of the cargo船東的管貨義務 如果貨物所有人能夠證明貨物裝船時處于良好狀態(tài)（如何證明？），那么船東就必須證明造成貨物損失的原因屬于法律免責事項或合同約定的免責事項。 船東如無法證明，就必須承擔損害賠償責任。船東的管貨義務 國際海上貨物運輸合同通常都會被海上貨物運輸國際公約所管轄。 這些國際公約不強制適用于租船合同，但是船東和承運人可以選擇適用。 一旦公約適用，船東在普通法下的管貨義務將被公約的規(guī)定所替代。船東

18、的管貨義務海牙維斯比規(guī)則的規(guī)定 Article III Rule 2Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried.除第四條另有規(guī)定外，承運人應適當和謹慎地裝載、搬運、堆放、運輸、保管、照看和卸載所運貨物。Article III Rule 1& Rule 2是兩個相互獨立的條款，也就是說，即使船東履行了Rule 1謹慎處理使船舶適航

19、的義務，船東也可能違反了Rule 2 管貨義務。船東的管貨義務海牙維斯比規(guī)則的規(guī)定 Rule 2和Rule 1有兩個最主要的區(qū)別： Rule 1 確立的是與船舶有關的義務；Rule 2確立的是與貨物有關的義務； Rule 1 確立的義務履行時間是開航前和開航當時，而Rule 2確立的義務貫穿于承運人照看貨物的整個期間內船東的管貨義務海牙維斯比規(guī)則的規(guī)定 “適當?shù)豍roperly” 主要是對照看貨物的系統(tǒng)的要求（硬件設備，管理制度等）。個案標準，根據不同的航程，不同的船舶情況和不同的貨物，要做出不同的判斷。 In accordance with a sound system under all

20、the circumstances in relation to the general practice of carriage of goods by sea and in the light of all the knowledge which the Carrier has or ought to have about the nature of the goods船東的管貨義務海牙維斯比規(guī)則的規(guī)定 承運人是否必須履行Rule 2規(guī)定的所有義務？ 裝載、搬運、堆放、運輸、保管、照看、卸載(load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and di

21、scharge)船東的管貨義務FIOSFIOS/FIOST條款（Free in and out stowed/trimmed）： 在裝貨港或者卸貨港的裝卸工人是由貨方任命的情況下，堆裝貨物的費用(和風險)是由貨方承擔的。 這意味著在堆裝的時候造成的貨物損壞，承運人可能是不需要負責的，因為他沒有同意履行堆裝這一個義務。 注意FIOS條款的措辭：可能只轉移費用，可能費用和風險都轉移船東的管貨義務FIOSFIOS條款（Free in and out stowed）只轉移了費用的條款“Shippers being allowed to appoint a head stevedore at the e

22、xpense and under the inspection and responsibility of the master for proper stowage” “Cargo to be loaded stowed and discharged free of expense of steamer, with use of steamers winch or winchmen if required”同時轉移費用和風險的條款：“Shippers/charterers/receivers to put the cargo on board, trim and discharge the

23、cargo free of expense to the vessel.” “Charterers are to load stow and trim the cargo at their expense under the supervision of the captain.”船東的管貨義務FIOS FIOS條款（Free in and out stowed）適用的五個原則： 一般而言，裝卸貨是應該由船東負責的，所以，如果船東想要把裝卸貨的責任轉移給發(fā)貨人/收貨人/承租人，他必須在合同中清楚寫明。 如果一個條款僅僅賦予了發(fā)貨人/收貨人/承租人雇傭裝卸工的權利，這并不代表裝卸貨的責任和風險也

24、隨之轉移給發(fā)貨人/收貨人/承租人 如果一個條款僅僅說明發(fā)貨人或者收貨人要為雇傭裝卸工的費用負責，并不代表裝卸貨的責任和風險也隨之轉移給發(fā)貨人或者收貨人船東的管貨義務FIOS FIOS條款（Free in and out stowed）如果一個條款說明發(fā)貨人/收貨人/承租人應該履行裝卸貨的工作（perform loading, stowage and discharge),那么裝卸貨的責任和風險就轉移給了發(fā)貨人/收貨人“under the supervision of captain” 并沒有要求船長或者船東要盡到監(jiān)督的義務，除非發(fā)貨人/承租人的工作影響到了船舶的適航性。但是如果船長積極地介入到

25、發(fā)貨人的裝運工作，船東就要為船長的行為導致的損失負責。船東的管貨義務海牙維斯比規(guī)則的規(guī)定：結論在認定船東在Rule 2下責任的時候必須經過兩個步驟（普通法下法律地位相同）： （1）確定Rule 2例舉的義務里，哪些是船東根據雙方協(xié)議應該履行的？（2）然后再看船東是否適當和謹慎地履行了這些義務。裝貨時承租人的責任承租人有義務安排裝卸貨并支付費用，并不一定意味著承租人需要為裝卸工造成的船舶損壞負責，除非合同另有約定Gencon 1994, Clause 5 (c) (Gencon 1976里沒有這個條款在這一問題上，Gencon 94比Gencon76對船東更加有利)“The charterers

26、 shall be responsible for damage (beyond ordinary wear and tear) to any part of the Vessel caused by Stevedores. Such damage shall be notified as soon as reasonably possible by the Master to the Charterers or their agents and to their stevedores, failing which the charterers shall not be held respon

27、sible. The Master shall endeavour to obtain the Stevedores written acknowledgement of liability. The Charterers are obliged to repair any stevedore damage prior to completion of the voyage, but must repair stevedore damage affecting the Vessels seaworthiness or class before the Vessel sails from the

28、 port where such damage was caused or found. All additional expenses incurred shall be for the account of the Charterers and any time lost shall be for the account of and shall be paid to the Owners by the Charterers at the demurrage rate.”船東的交付義務船東如何知道在卸貨港將貨物交給誰？ 提單（bill of lading） 海運單（seaway bill）

29、 海運單是貨物收據，是運輸合同的證明，但是它不是物權憑證 卸貨港提貨不需要出示海運單，只需要證明身份 記名提單（straight bill of lading) 記名提單也是物權憑證，它雖然不可以自由轉讓，但是它能在托運人和收貨人之間轉讓一次，它在收貨人手中是物權憑證。提單上的記名收貨人在卸貨港必須出示提單才能提取貨物 船東的交付義務 法律： “It is clear law that where a bill of lading or order is issued in respect of the contract of carriage by sea, the shipowner is

30、 not bound to surrender possession of the goods to any person whether names as consignee or not, except on production of bills of lading. Until the bill of lading is produced to him, unless at any rate, its absence has been satisfactorily accounted for, he is entitled to retain possession of the goo

31、ds and if he does part with possession he does so at his own risk if the person to whom he surrenders possession is not in fact entitled to the goods.” 船東的交付義務Lord Denning：“a shipowner who delivers without production of a bill of lading does so at his peril.” 丹寧勛爵：船東無單放貨，自擔風險！ 船東的交付義務船東自擔的風險？如果出現(xiàn)錯誤交

32、貨，船東要對貨物的真正貨主賠償貨物的全部價值，而且通常船東對無單放貨不能享有任何抗辯；曾經在一個案子里，船東企圖用提單中的一條責任免除條款抗辯：“l(fā)oss or damage to the goodsafter dischargehowever caused”。法院判決這條免責條款不能保護船東，因為貨物并沒有“l(fā)ost”，而是“misdelivered”通常也不可以限制責任而且會喪失船東互保協(xié)會的保險。國際船東互保協(xié)會的所有成員的入會章程里面都有一條寫明“a member who delivers cargo other than against surrender of the origin

33、al bill of lading does not have insurance cover for liabilities resulting from such act.”船東的交付義務 實務問題：提單經常不能準時到達！ 解決方法：收貨人出示一份信譽良好的銀行的保函（letter of indemnity）替代提單 。保障船東在如果交貨錯誤的情況下，銀行會賠償船東一切損失和費用。 “In trades where it is difficult or impossible for the bills of lading to arrive at the discharge port in

34、 time the problem is met by including a contractual term requiring the master to deliver the cargo against a letter of indemnity or back guarantee.”船東的交付義務 關于保函的基本法律規(guī)則： 以保函取代提單要求承運人交付貨物并不是航運業(yè)的習慣做法。除非在運輸合同中運輸合同中有一個條款明確要求承運人接收保函有一個條款明確要求承運人接收保函，否則承運人沒有義務接收保函并且有權利堅持見到正本提單才交付貨物。船東的交付義務什么叫做“明確條款要求承運人無單放貨

35、？”條款一：“The mastershall be under the orders and directions of charterers as regards employment of the vesseland shall sign bill of lading as charterers or their agents may directCharterers hereby indemnify owners against all consequences or liabilities that may arise from the masterotherwise complyin

36、g with charterers or their agents orders (including delivery of cargo without presentation of bill of lading”)條款二：“Should bills of lading not arrive at discharge port in time then owners agree to release the entire cargo without presentation of the original bill of lading against delivery by charter

37、ers of letters of indemnity issued in accordance with owners P&I club wording. In case owner elects to wait for the presentation of original bill of lading before discharging the cargo, time lost thereby shall not count as laytime and/or as demurrage.”船東的交付義務條款一： 如果船東無單放貨，租船人愿意補償船東的損失，但是條款的措辭并不足以讓船東

38、有義務無單放貨：“They merely provide for a letter of indemnity if such discharge takes place. But I do not construe the clauses as imposing a contractual duty on the Owners.”條款二 這個條款的措辭已經足以在船東身上強加了一個必須在卸貨港聽從指令以保函代替提單無單放貨的義務。 p.s.第二個條款在FOB貿易租船時一定要加入貨物交付義務的特殊規(guī)定以巴西為例 巴西2008年以前：巴西收貨人必須提交正本提單給承運人或其代理人，以便提取貨物2008

39、年到2013年4月，巴西出臺法律，要求承運人先放貨給海關，然后收貨人向海關提交正本提單以提取貨物。但是在這段時間，出現(xiàn)了一些海關被假提單欺騙而錯誤放貨的案例。 2013年4月，巴西對先前法律進行修正，要求承運人先放貨給海關，然后收貨人向承運人提交正本提單，承運人在驗證單據之后，通知海關放貨（ “traffic light” control system ）。航次租船合同的主要法律問題航次租船合同的主要法律問題（三）（三）履行航次履行航次: 繞航繞航Performance：Deviation繞航的法律概念 航次租船合同中，船東在履行航次應遵守以下默默示示義務 按通常和習慣的路徑航行(by usu

40、al and customary route) 合理速遣(reasonable despatch) 不換船(carrying the cargo in the same ship) 將貨物裝載在甲板下(carrying the cargo under deck) 如果船東在沒有正當法律原因的情況下故意違反故意違反(deliberately)上述義務的一項或幾項，那么可以認定船東存在繞航行為。繞航的法律概念AGBCDEF散貨運輸路徑散貨運輸路徑集裝箱運輸路徑集裝箱運輸路徑繞航的法律概念 故意如果船東為了避免船舶/貨物/船員即將面臨的危險而決定繞道，那么船東行為不構成繞航。如果船東為了其他原因而決

41、定繞道，那么船東行為構成繞航。繞航的法律概念 船舶適航與繞航的關系如果船舶不適航導致危險而需要偏離正常和習慣航線，船東可能會違反適航義務，但是不會違反不繞航的義務。如果船舶不適航在開航前就已經存在和被知曉，且可以修正，但是船東無論如何都決定偏離正常和習慣航線（例如，前往一個中途港修船），那么船東行為構成繞航。繞航的法律后果 歷史上，繞航的法律后果非常嚴重“It abrogates the special contract entirely”繞航的法律后果 歷史上，船東運輸責任極重。船東被視為公共承運人(Common Carrier)，有絕對義務運送貨物至卸貨港并保證貨物處于和裝貨時同樣的狀態(tài)。

42、只有三種情況船東可以免責：天災Acts of God女王的敵人 Queens enemies貨物的內在缺陷/固有缺陷 inherent vice繞航的法律后果 如果船舶繞航，而貨物在卸載時又發(fā)現(xiàn)受損，那么船東只有在同時證明同時證明以下兩點才可以免責：第一，損失由三項法定免責其中一項或多項造成第二，即使不繞航，損失也會發(fā)生繞航的法律后果 為了逃脫船東的嚴格責任，船東決定在運輸合同中加入各類免責或責任限制條款來保護自己。 這類免責或責任限制條款就是“特殊合同”(Special Contract) 運費和滯期費條款也被認為是“特殊合同”的一部分繞航的法律后果 但是，歷史上，繞航通常被認為是一種“根本

43、違約”(fundamental Breach)。一旦船舶繞航，承租人/貨方就有權選擇是否取消/解除“特殊合同”。 如果承租人/貨方選擇取消/解除“特殊合同”，那么船東不能要求承租人支付運費、滯期費船東不能援引免責條款和責任限制條款船東只能享有法定的三大免責繞航的法律后果 繞航嚴厲的法律后果源自繞航屬于“根本違約” 但是，根本違約的概念在1980年被廢除 只要免責條款措辭清楚，嚴重違約也可免責繞航的法律后果 所以，在租船合同中，只要免責條款或責任限制條款措辭清楚，那么在繞航的情況下，船東同樣可以享有免責或責任限制。 措辭清楚：“在任何情況下”(in any event)繞航的法律后果例如，如果租

44、船合同適用海牙維斯比規(guī)則，那么船東即使繞航，也可以享受 一年訴訟時效的保護(Time Limit)：the carrier and the ship shall in any event be discharged from all liability whatsoever in respect of the goods, unless suit is brought within one year of their delivery or of the date when they should have been delivered. 責任限制條款的保護Article IV Rule 5：

45、Unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill of lading, neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or become liable for any loss or damage to or in connection with the goods in an amount exceeding 正當繞航 航行習慣合理確定廣為接受不與

46、合同條款抵觸不與法律相悖正當繞航 為了避開船舶/貨物/船員面臨的危險 為了挽救生命 為了添加燃油 立法允許的繞航國際危險貨物規(guī)則IMDG：某些貨物必須裝載在甲板上海牙維斯比規(guī)則 為挽救生命和財產 合理繞航正當繞航Art IV Rule 4“Any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at sea, or any reasonable deviation shall not be deemed to be an infringement or breach of these Rules or of a contra

47、ct of carriage and the carrier should not be liable for any loss or damage resulting therefrom.”正當繞航 合同明示條款自由航行條款(Liberty Clause)戰(zhàn)爭條款：Gencon 1994, Clause 17冰凍條款：Gencon 1994, Clause 18BIMCO海盜條款(請自行閱讀上述幾個條款) 自由航行條款允許船舶為了船貨共同利益而偏離習慣航線，法院對于此類條款通常都予以承認。 但如果船舶僅為自己利益而偏離習慣航線，法院會認定船舶繞航 自由航行條款規(guī)定越寬泛，法院越不會執(zhí)行此類條

48、款正當繞航租船合同和提單的沖突船東船東承租人承租人收貨人收貨人B/LC/P正當繞航租船合同和提單的沖突 案例船舶從克羅地亞里耶卡港到法國敦刻爾克，途徑格拉斯哥時遭遇海難貨物滅失。途徑格拉斯哥屬于繞航。在托運人和承運人達成的租船合同中，有一個允許繞航到格拉斯哥的條款，但是這樣的條款并沒有出現(xiàn)在提單中。當提單轉讓到收貨人手中時，收貨人以不正當繞航為由起訴承運人要求賠償損失。法院支持了收貨人的訴求。正當繞航租船合同和提單的沖突 租船合同和提單是兩個相互獨立的運輸合同，作為提單合同當事人的船東不能援引租船合同中的自由航行條款對抗提單合同的另一當事人收貨人，除非提單并入了租船合同條款提單中也存在自由航行

49、條款正當繞航租船合同和提單的沖突 并入條款Congenbill 1994 （TO BE USED WITH CHARTER-PARTIES）All terms and conditions, liberties and exceptions of the charter party, dated as overleaf, including the Law and Arbitration clause, are herewith incorporated.正當繞航指令變更條款 指令變更條款(Revised Order Clause)在油輪航次租船合同中，常見一類條款。該類條款允許承租人在貨物已

50、經裝船之后，指定與原約定卸貨港不同的港口作為新的目的港。但如果提單已經簽發(fā)，則變更指令可能會使得船東面臨著提單持有人的繞航索賠，除非提單持有人同意新的目的港。正當繞航指令變更條款效力對比 “After loading or discharging port(s) have been nominated, charterers may change such port(s) and/or vary their rotation consistent with Part I and bills of lading, if any, and owner shall issue instruction

51、s necessary to give effect to such change.” “Notwithstanding anything else to the contrary in this charter party and notwithstanding what loading and/or discharging ports may have been nominated and bills of lading issued, charterer shall have the right to change at any time its nomination of the lo

52、ading and/or discharging ports in accordance with Part I of the charter party.”正當繞航指令變更條款 BPVOY 4Clause 22.1: if at any time after the date of this charter, Charterers, notwithstanding that they may have nominated a loading or discharging port, wish to issue revised Charterers Voyage Orders and inst

53、ruct Owners to stop and/or divert the Vessel to an alternative port within any Ranges stated in Section E or F of Part 1, or cause her to await orders at one or more locations, Owners shall issue such revised instructions to the master as are necessary to give effect to such revised Charterers Voyag

54、e Orders and the Master shall comply with such revised instructions as soon as the Vessel is free of any previous charter commitments. 正當繞航指令變更條款 BPVOY 4Clause 30.1.2: Bills of Lading shall be signed as Charterers direct, without prejudice to this Charter, Charterers hereby indemnify Owners against

55、claims brought by holders of Bills of Lading against Owners by reason of any deviation required by Charterers under Clauses 22正當繞航指令變更條款 BPVOY 4Clause 30.3.1: if Charterers require Owners to deliver cargo at a port other than as set out in the Bills of Lading, the Owners shall nevertheless discharge

56、 such cargo in compliance with Charterers instructionsin consideration of Charterers undertaking to indemnify Ownersand to hold Owners harmless in respect of any liability, loss, damages, cost or expense of whatsoever nature which Owners may sustain by reason of delivering the cargo to the receiver

57、in accordance with Charterers instructions.正當繞航指令變更條款 上述三個條款合起來解釋的結果就是： 承租人有權向船東發(fā)出變更目的港的指令，但是必須向船東提供保函以補償船東可能因為繞航而需要承擔的責任和需要支出的費用。航次租船合同的主要法律問題航次租船合同的主要法律問題（四）（四）運費運費Freight運費 運費是船東運送貨物的對價(consideration) 船東和承租人有權約定運費計算的基礎基于卸貨港貨物重量計算(delivery quantity)基于裝貨港貨物重量計算(intake quantity)一筆計算(a lump-sum of)運費

58、計算方式 BPVOY 4Clause 31.4: “Freight shall be payable.on the gross quantity of cargo loaded by the Vessel as evidenced by the Bills of Lading furnished by the shippers.”GENCON Clause 1“.on being paid freight on delivered or intaken quantity as indicated in Box 13.”i.e. it is up to the parties to agree

59、in advance on what basis freight is to be charged.虧艙費(Deadfreight) 如果承租人沒有按照合同約定提供足夠的貨物裝船，導致船東因為少裝貨物而少賺取運費，那么船東有權索賠承租人違約造成的損失。 該損失叫做虧艙費。索賠計算基礎或按照合同損失索賠的一般原理，或按照合同條款的明確約定（議定賠償）虧艙費(Deadfreight) 案例承租人承諾提供100噸貨物裝船，每噸貨物支付100美元運費。但是承租人實際上僅裝了90噸貨物。在合同沒有另行約定的情況下，船東能夠收取9000美元運費，并索賠1000美元虧艙費運費運費 除非合同另有約定，法律默示

60、認為船東只有在卸貨港卸貨/交付貨物之后才能賺取運費，而承租人也只有在此時需要支付運費。 部分航次租船合同條款會將法律默示地位明確SHELLVOY 5, Clause 5“Freight shall be earned concurrently with delivery of the cargo at the nominated discharging port(s) and shall be paid by charterers upon receipt of notice of completion of final discharge of cargo”運費 部分航次租船合同只規(guī)定了運費