戶籍制度翻譯戶籍制度：使人口監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)迅速傳播的電腦軟件英語學(xué)專業(yè)

1、戶籍制度：使人口監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)迅速傳播的電腦軟件（節(jié)選）戶籍?dāng)?shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)是與收集家庭成員數(shù)據(jù)的系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系在一起工作的。戶籍需要綜合領(lǐng)域的共同操作以及一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)，如圖表一所示。戶籍對于工作間隔時(shí)間沒有特別具體的要求。然而，90天已被選定為最小的戶籍登記時(shí)間間隔，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)時(shí)間間隔以最短的時(shí)間以確保調(diào)查者能夠在一輪時(shí)間內(nèi)統(tǒng)計(jì)到所有的懷孕數(shù)據(jù)，而且這個(gè)時(shí)間也足夠確保所有數(shù)據(jù)都可以進(jìn)入工作周期并得到檢查、處理以及相關(guān)報(bào)告。 戶籍的中心管理的任務(wù)包括確保實(shí)際調(diào)查與計(jì)算機(jī)操作緊密聯(lián)系，以便發(fā)現(xiàn)到各種錯(cuò)誤和問題，然后反饋給調(diào)查者，從而在日常工作周期中修正錯(cuò)誤。紙質(zhì)的“戶籍登記簿”（HRB）也是為了配合電腦資料庫

2、的改變而設(shè)計(jì)的。在戶籍登記的實(shí)際操作中應(yīng)該寫明詳細(xì)說明，以確保采訪和記錄的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。戶籍登記需要進(jìn)行四輪調(diào)查，以便保證該時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)的登記和數(shù)據(jù)檢查的正確性。監(jiān)督者則需要通過隨機(jī)樣本的來檢查和確定人口研究。這個(gè)再調(diào)查是用來檢測每月的員工會(huì)議上所討論的問題。戶籍登記簿主要是由家庭來進(jìn)行安排，其目的是便于聯(lián)系各個(gè)家庭。 戶籍登記系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)是有助于簡化遷移變動(dòng)的相關(guān)調(diào)和。在同一周期內(nèi)，有的移民并未被識別為之前人口調(diào)查中的成員，有的則未被記錄為移民類別。對于所有的這些移民來說，戶籍登記系統(tǒng)都會(huì)生成的相應(yīng)的報(bào)告。這些報(bào)告可生成特定的地理區(qū)域的居民的相應(yīng)情況，如男子、兒童或者是特定地理區(qū)域的居民，以便進(jìn)行相應(yīng)

3、的匹配過程。 后續(xù)版的戶籍登記計(jì)劃還包括進(jìn)一步簡化這個(gè)過程的特點(diǎn)。雖然對于這些有特點(diǎn)的個(gè)人識別信息（如姓名和出生日期）來說，解決移民問題仍然是一個(gè)棘手的問題。而至關(guān)重要的是，該軟件系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行應(yīng)該結(jié)合精心的設(shè)計(jì)以及有效的現(xiàn)場程序跟進(jìn)來解決移民登記的不一致。數(shù)據(jù)庫的概念已經(jīng)提及了數(shù)據(jù)采集程序的相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)。對于已經(jīng)進(jìn)行過登記的工人來說，他們的名單應(yīng)該從人口數(shù)據(jù)庫印制出來，這樣可以促進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)的管理。頁數(shù)的順序應(yīng)該按照家庭訪問順序來進(jìn)行排列。在登記中，行數(shù)可對應(yīng)家庭中的個(gè)人，頁面標(biāo)題則應(yīng)包括戶主的名字以及該家庭成員家族的有關(guān)特征，如首要的家庭宗教信仰、家庭財(cái)富和規(guī)模大小等。個(gè)人名單行中應(yīng)該包括其姓名、年齡、

4、關(guān)系和其他的基本信息。工人登記中的每一列對應(yīng)一個(gè)訪問周期，并在每一列提供空間使得工人能夠?qū)懭朐谶@一周期中發(fā)生的重要事件或家庭地位的變化（出生，死亡，婚姻，遷移，和懷孕）。這個(gè)過程可以在采訪中限制相關(guān)信息的流失，以及加強(qiáng)現(xiàn)在所觀察到的和過去的事件之間的數(shù)據(jù)聯(lián)系。如果登記中在上次訪問里將一個(gè)女人列為懷孕，那么采訪者就會(huì)知道要去調(diào)查她是否仍是懷孕、或是否生產(chǎn)、或流產(chǎn)發(fā)生。由于事件數(shù)據(jù)與個(gè)人風(fēng)險(xiǎn)數(shù)據(jù)是一起記錄的，因此工人數(shù)據(jù)采集登記方式結(jié)構(gòu)在概念上類似于計(jì)算機(jī)中的鏈接和檢查數(shù)據(jù)庫記錄的操作。數(shù)據(jù)錄入包括在數(shù)據(jù)錄入系統(tǒng)中傳輸家庭中的主要人員信息以及發(fā)生的事件，然后在數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行必要的改變。戶籍登記系統(tǒng)與其

5、余的面向批量系統(tǒng)的最基本的區(qū)別是：前者僅僅錄入那些影響一個(gè)家庭的結(jié)構(gòu)（出生，死亡，婚姻，遷移）的相關(guān)事件，而后者并非如此。戶籍登記制度并不是通過完全再調(diào)查樣本人口以確保準(zhǔn)確，而是通過創(chuàng)造每家每戶的新紀(jì)錄，然后用電腦把之前采訪的這些記錄（一個(gè)易錯(cuò)的過程）聯(lián)系起來，而研究中的個(gè)人則可通過進(jìn)行的相關(guān)采訪記錄（反映關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫中的聯(lián)系）來與家庭以及過去事件歷史相聯(lián)系起來。這大大降低了數(shù)據(jù)錄入的數(shù)量和一致性檢查的后續(xù)成本。大多數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)的不一致都可以在數(shù)據(jù)錄入中發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨之這些不一致的報(bào)告將會(huì)印制出來以便進(jìn)行監(jiān)督行動(dòng)。在這一點(diǎn)上，這些現(xiàn)場作業(yè)確實(shí)得到了充分發(fā)展，從而通用于所有的人口動(dòng)態(tài)的縱向研究之中。The H

6、ousehold Registration System: Computer Software for the Rapid Dissemination of Demographic Surveillance SystemsDEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCHVOLUME 2, ARTICLE 6PUBLISHED 27 JUNE 2000James F. PhillipsBruce B. MacLeodBrian Pence The HRS data management system operates in conjunction with a field system for coll

7、ecting data on household members. The HRS requires an integrated field operation and data management system, as shown in Figure 1. No particular requirement for the duration of the work interval is specified in the HRS. However, 90 days has been selected for most HRS applications because this interv

8、al is short enough to ensure that all pregnancies can be seen by interviewers within a round, but long enough to ensure that all data can be entered, checked, processed, and reported in the work cycle. The central management task in HRS operations involves ensuring that field operations are linked t

9、o computer operations so that errors and problems are noted, fed back to interviewers, and corrected within the routine work cycle. Transactions with paper “Household Registration Book” (HRB) registers are designed to match computer database transactions. In a typical HRS application, detailed instr

10、uctions are issued to ensure standardized interviewing and recording, with registers designed to maintain four rounds of interviews to facilitate probing and data checking at the time of visitation (Item a, Figure 1). Supervisors check a random sub-sample of the study population. This re-interview i

11、s used to detect problems to be discussed in monthly staff meetings. The HRB is arranged by household in the order that households are contacted.Features of the HRS help streamline the reconciliation of migration movements. The system generates reports of all in-migrants in a round who are not recog

12、nized as previous members of the study population and all out-migrants who have not been recorded as an in-migrant elsewhere in the same round. These reports can be generated for specific subsets of the population such as men, children, or residents of particular geographic areas, in order to facili

13、tate the matching process. Plans for subsequent versions of the HRS include features to further simplify this process. Even with these features and personal identification information (such as names and dates of birth), resolving migration remains a difficult problem. It is essential that the softwa

14、re operate in conjunction with well-designed and effective field procedures to follow up and resolve migration inconsistencies. The design of data collection procedures has been informed by database concepts. Workers are equipped with a register, printed from the population database, that is designe

15、d to facilitate data management. Pages are arranged in the order that households are visited. Rows in the register correspond to individuals in the households, and page headings include the name of the household head and information about characteristics that household members share as a group, such

16、 as primary family religion and household wealth and size. Rows for individuals list names, ages, relationships, and other basic information. Each column in the worker register corresponds to a visit cycle, and space is provided in each column for workers to enter codes corresponding to vital events

17、 or household status changes observed during that round (births, deaths, marriages, migrations, and pregnancies). This procedure limits the flow of loose paper and enforces data linkage between observed and past events at the time of the visit. If the register lists a woman as being pregnant at the

18、last visit, the interviewer will know to probe whether she is still pregnant or whether a birth or miscarriage occurred. Since event data are recorded together with data on the individuals at risk, the workers register structures data collection in a manner that is conceptually similar to computer o

19、perations for linking and checking records in the database. Data entry involves passing registers to the data entry clerks who key in the household numbers and event codes and perform other requisite transactions with the database Note 11. The entry of only the events that affect the structure of a household (births, deaths, marriages, migrations) represents one of the fundamental differences between the HRS and other batch-oriented systems. Rather than completely reinterview the sample population, create a new record for each household, an