grammar and usage 1

1、Look at following sentences, pay attention to the words in red.Verb-ing form as an adjective or adverbHe told us the exciting news.The children went home, talking and laughing.The children playing outside are in Class Two.The present participleDefinition 現(xiàn)在分詞是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它由原形動(dòng)詞+ing構(gòu)成。它可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)態(tài)

2、及語(yǔ)態(tài)變化，它的一般式通常具有主動(dòng)意義。Functionsu AttributeThis will have a lasting effect.1.單個(gè)的現(xiàn)在分詞通常作前置定語(yǔ)。 The amusing story set us laughing.2.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)通常作后置定語(yǔ)。 People running these factories are very concerned about the environment.= people who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.They live in

3、the house facing the south.=they live in the house that faces the south.3.Use a verb-ing form to form a compound with an Adverb or a noun*The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems. A wood-burning stove is environmentally unfriendly.4.Put an adverb before the verb-ing formThat was an

4、 extremely interesting speech.4.現(xiàn)在分詞與動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別：動(dòng)名詞表示其修飾名詞的性質(zhì)，或用途，與它修飾的詞無(wú)邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)，表明被修飾名詞的動(dòng)作，與這個(gè)名詞構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。a sleeping car = a car for sleeping a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞a waiting taxi = a taxi which is waitinga waiting room = a room for waitingu Predica

5、tive This destruction is frightening.比較：Her job is looking after children.=Looking after children is her job. 在see, hear, notice, feel, find等動(dòng)詞的后面，用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行（即觀察到整體動(dòng)作的一部分）。u Object complement We all found his argument convincing and interestingI saw him working in the garden yesterday.I saw him w

6、ork in the garden yesterday.u Notice: 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)與過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)以及動(dòng)作的延續(xù)，過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)以及動(dòng)作的延續(xù)，過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作往往是完成和被動(dòng)所表示的動(dòng)作往往是完成和被動(dòng)He had the fire burning day and night.他讓火日夜燃燒著。（動(dòng)作延續(xù)動(dòng)作延續(xù)）Father had me swimming the whole summer vocation.(主動(dòng)主動(dòng)）Mary had her dress washed.Mary 叫別人洗了她的衣服。（動(dòng)作由別人完成，并與前動(dòng)作由別

7、人完成，并與前面的名詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系面的名詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系）uA verb-ing can be used after verbs like stand, sit and lie. These two actions are happening at the same time.*They stood talking to each other.=they stood when they were talking to each other.同學(xué)們說(shuō)說(shuō)笑笑地走進(jìn)教室。The students went into the classroom talking and laughing.u a verb

8、-ing has a perfect form, e.g. having workedHaving finished his homework, he left the school.時(shí)態(tài)/語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式 doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been doneBasic forms of verb-ingEx. _(study) hard, youll make your mark. _( live) in the city for 20 years,he knows it quite well. That building _( repair) is

9、our library.1) _ (heat) to high temperature, the metal was cooled in the air.Having livedStudyingbeing repairedHaving been heated ConsolidationTurn to page 29 ,complete the letter and the report.Retell the letter and the report to your partner, using your own language.Keys to A: shocking relaxing tiring disappointing interesting livingKey