Discovering useful structures

1、Unit 1Women of achievementDiscovring useful structures兩個或兩個以上做主語的單數(shù)名詞用兩個或兩個以上做主語的單數(shù)名詞用and連接，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。連接，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。Tom and Dick _ (be) good friends.但若表示一個集合體時(shí)則用單數(shù)。A singer and dancer _ (be) present at the party.The worker and writer _ (be) talking to the students.Bread and butter _ (taste) good.(a needle an

2、d thread, a horse and cart, a watch and chain, a coat and tie, truth and honesty, medical help and cure)arewasistastes2用用 and 連接的兩個名詞若被連接的兩個名詞若被 no, each, every, many a 修飾，則謂語動詞用單數(shù)。修飾，則謂語動詞用單數(shù)。No bird and no beast _ (be) seen in the bare island.Many a boy and many a girl _ (have) made such a funny e

3、xperiment.At Christmas each boy and each girl _(be) given a present.ishasis3兩個主語由兩個主語由not onlybut also, or, eitheror, neithernor等連接時(shí)，謂語動等連接時(shí)，謂語動詞與第二個主語保持一致詞與第二個主語保持一致Either he or I _ (be) to go there._ (be) either you or he going to attend the meeting?amAre4.主語后有主語后有as well as, like, with, together

4、with, but, except, besides,等，謂語應(yīng)于等，謂語應(yīng)于前面主語保持一致A professor, together with some students, _ (be) sent to help in the work.No one but the teachers _ (be) allowed to use the room.wasis5一些集合名詞做主語，如果看作一個一些集合名詞做主語，如果看作一個整體整體，謂語動詞用謂語動詞用單數(shù)單數(shù)；如果指其中的如果指其中的成員成員，謂語用謂語用復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)如如audience, committee，class(班級班級),crew（

5、全體船員或機(jī)組人員（全體船員或機(jī)組人員), family, government, public(公眾公眾)等，等，但people, police, cattle等只能用復(fù)數(shù)My family _ (be) a big family.My family _ (be) listening to the radio.The police _ (be) trying to catch the thief.isareare6.通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞 有些集體名詞，如police, people, cattle, militia, poultry(家禽)等，通常作復(fù)數(shù)，用復(fù)數(shù)動詞。例如：Domestic

6、cattle _(provide) us with milk, beef and vide 7.通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞 有一些集體名詞，如machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise (商品)，clothing 通常作不可數(shù)名詞，隨后的動詞用單數(shù)。例如：The merchandise _(have) arrived undamaged.All the machinery in the factory _ (be) made in China.hasis8表示時(shí)間、重量、長度等名詞，盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式，但作為一個整體看，謂語還是用單數(shù)

7、。Five minutes _ (be) enough.One dollar and seventy eight cents _ (be) what she has. isis9. all 作為主語，代表人物時(shí)，一般用作復(fù)數(shù)；代表整個事件或情況時(shí)，一般用作單數(shù)。All that I want _ (be) a good dictionary.All _ (be) silent. 人人都緘口無言。萬籟俱寂。All _ (be) out of danger.iswerewere10 形容詞加定冠詞 the 表示一類人時(shí)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 What a life the poor were livi

8、ng! The young _happy to give their seats to the old.are11who, which, that 作定語從句的主語時(shí)，其謂語取決于先行詞。 Those who want to go should sign your names here. He is one of the students who have passed the exam. He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam. 12. 以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱 某些以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，如physics(物理

9、學(xué))、mathematics(數(shù)學(xué))、mechanics(機(jī)械學(xué))、politics(政治學(xué))、statistics(統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué))、economics(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué))、linguistics(語言學(xué)）athlet-ics(體育學(xué))、等，通常作單數(shù)用。例如： 13.其他以-s結(jié)尾的名詞英語中有一些由兩個部分組成的物體名稱通常是以-s結(jié)尾，如scissors(剪子)，pincers(鉗子)，glasses(眼鏡），shorts(短褲)，trousers(褲子)，suspenders(吊褲帶)等。這一類名詞，如果不帶“一把”、“一副”、“一條”等單位詞而單獨(dú)使用，通常作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：如果帶有單位詞，則由單位詞的

10、單、復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。 例如：One pair of scissors isnt enough. 14.以-s結(jié)尾的地理名稱某些以-s結(jié)尾的地理名稱，如果是國名，如the United States, the United Nations, the Netherlands等，盡管帶有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾，但系單一政治實(shí)體，故作單數(shù)用。但若不是國名，而是群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等地理名稱、通常作復(fù)數(shù)用。例如：The West Indies, apart from the Bahamas, are commonly divided into two parts. The Himalayas（喜馬拉

11、雅山脈) have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance. 15.英語中還有一些以-s結(jié)尾的名詞，如:arms(武器), clothes(衣服), contents(內(nèi)容，目錄) fireworks(煙火), goods(貨物), minutes(記錄), morals(道德，品行), remains(遺體), stairs(樓梯), suburbs (郊區(qū)), thanks(謝意), wages(工資)等，

12、通常作復(fù)數(shù)。 16. 凡是由-ings結(jié)尾的名詞，如: clippings (剪下來的東西), diggings (掘出的東西), earnings (收入), filings (銼屑), lodgings (租住的房屋), surroundings (環(huán)境), sweepings (掃攏的垃圾) 等, 通常作復(fù)數(shù)用。例如： The clippings of the hedges are usually burnt.The sweepings of the godown (倉庫) have been disposed of. 17. 還有一些以-s接的單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，如: headquar

13、ters(總部), means(方法、手段), series(系列), species(種類), works(工廠)等，隨后動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于這些名稱是作單數(shù)，還是用作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：A headquarters was set up to direct the operation (指揮作戰(zhàn)). Their headquarters are in Paris.The only means to achieve success is to appeal to arms (訴諸武力). 18. remains用于“遺體”意義時(shí)，隨后的動詞通常作復(fù)數(shù)：His remains lie in the

14、 churchyard.The martyrs remains were buried at the foot of the hill.但作“遺跡”或“剩余物”解釋時(shí)，可作復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)用：Here is the remains of a temple.The remains of the meal were/was fed to the dog.19.如果作主語的名詞詞組由“分?jǐn)?shù)(或百分?jǐn)?shù))+of-詞組”構(gòu)成，其動詞形式依of-詞組中名詞類別而定。例如：Two thirds of the swampland(沼澤地) _ (have) been reclaimed (開墾).Over sixty

15、 per cent of the city _ (be) destroyed in the war.Thirty-five per cent of the doctors _ (be) women.has waswere 20.如果主語是all of ., some of ., none of ., half of ., most of .等表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組，其后的動詞形式依of-詞組中的名詞類別而定。例如：Most of the money _ recovered by Deputy Player.Most of the members _ there.All of the carg

16、o _ lost.All of the crew _ saved.waswerewaswere21. 兩數(shù)相減或相除，動詞用單數(shù)；兩數(shù)相加或相乘，動詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Forty minus fifteen (40-15) leaves twenty-five.Forty divided by eight (40/8) is five.Seven and five (7+5) makes/make twelve.Five times eight (5+8) is /are forty. 22.如果主語是由“a kind/sort/type of ,this kind/sort/typ

17、e of +名詞”構(gòu)成，動詞用單數(shù)。例如：This kind of man annoys me.但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定詞是these/those同時(shí)，of-詞組中的名詞又是復(fù)數(shù)，則動詞用復(fù)數(shù)：These kinds of men annoy me.Those types/sorts of machines are up to date. 23. 如果主語是由“many a+名詞”或“more than one +名詞”構(gòu)成，其意義雖屬多數(shù)，但隨后的動詞仍遵循“語法一致”原則，用單數(shù)。例如：Many a man has done his duty.More than one

18、 game was lost.24. 1)由who, why, how, whether等詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作主語，其后的動詞通常用單數(shù)。 2) 兩個由and連接的并列名詞性分句作主語，如果主語表示兩件事情，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.What she said is correct.3) 當(dāng)what-分句的謂語動詞及其補(bǔ)足語均為復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，或what分句是個帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，謂語動詞可用復(fù)數(shù)。 What are used as chief building materials today are steel and concrete. 25. 1) 在“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系分句動詞通常依照語法一致原則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Joan is one of those people who go out of thier way to be