高中英語語法定語從句總復(fù)習(xí)Word版

1、高中英語語法定語從句總復(fù)習(xí)定義：用來說明主句中某一名詞或代詞（有時也可說明整個主句或主句中一部分）而起定語作用的句子叫作定語從句。一、關(guān)系帶詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1. 關(guān)系代詞用來指代先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞 句子成分 用于限制從句或非限制性從句 只用于限制性從句  代替人代替物代替人或物主語Whowhich 主語Whomwhichthat賓語Whose (=of whom)Whose (=of which)that 例：This is the detective who came from London.例：The book

2、which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.關(guān)系代詞的用法(1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞，關(guān)系代詞一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are burst into tears.（所有人都迸出眼淚。）(2) 如果先行詞被形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only, few, most, no, some, very等詞修飾，關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which

3、, who，或whom。    (3) 非限制性定語從句中，不能用關(guān)系代詞that,作賓語用的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.(4) which還有一種特殊用法，它可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語，也可以作賓語或表語，多數(shù)情況下意思是與and  this 相似，并可以指人。例如：He succeeded i

4、n the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that可指人或物，在從句中作表語，（指人作主語時多用who）僅用于限制性定語從句中。 (6) which可作表語，既可指人，以可指物。指人時，一般指從事某種職業(yè)或是有某種特征品性或才能的人。Which引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以是限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。(7) 如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體，關(guān)系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個成員，則用who。(8) 先行詞有兩個，一個指人，一個指物，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用that。(9) 如果先行詞是anyone, an

5、ybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?（在這的所有人中誰和你一起去？）關(guān)系代詞which重要用法說明關(guān)系代詞which只用于指事或物，不用于指人，它在定語從句中主要用作主語或賓語。如：She was not on the train which arrived just now. 她不在剛才到達的那列火車上。(關(guān)系代詞which指train，在從句中用作主語)He never got back th

6、e money which he had lent him. 他從未收回他曾借給他的那筆錢。(關(guān)系代詞which指money，在從句中用作賓語) which用于引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句外，還可以引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句。如：The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side. 船碰在一座冰山上，船幫被撞出一個大洞。She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself. 她送給我這件羊毛衫，這是她親手織的。This machine, which I have looked aft

7、er for twenty years, is still working perfectly. 這臺機器我已經(jīng)照管了20年，現(xiàn)在仍然沒一點兒毛病。which有時也可用作定語，尤其用于“介詞+which+名詞”這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，此時的which含有this或that的意味。如：He may be busy, in which case Ill call later. 他可能忙，如若如此，我以后再來拜訪。I may have to work late, in which case Ill telephone. 我可能得晚點下班，那樣我會打電話的。He lost his temper, at which

8、 point I decided to go home. 他發(fā)脾氣了，這時我就決定回家了。He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life. 他被任命為大法官，在這個職位上度過了他的后半生。The postman comes at 6.30 in the morning, at which time I am usually fast asleep. 郵遞員早晨6點30分來，這個時候我通常還睡著大覺呢。It was derived from Posidonius, for which re

9、ason much of its information may well have been out of date. 它源于鮑森杜尼爾斯。由于這個原因，它的大部分信息很可能已經(jīng)過時。有時其前也可以沒有介詞。如：He is studying economics, which knoweledge is very important today. 他學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)，這種知識現(xiàn)今很重要。He spoke in Greek, which language I could only follow with difficulty. 他說希臘語，我聽起來很吃力。 關(guān)系代詞which有時可用于指人。原則上說，w

10、hich用于指事物，不用于指人。但以下情況屬于例外：1. 用于在指人的名詞之后，指不強調(diào)性別的嬰兒：He was the last child which was born. 他是最后出生的孩子。(which指小孩) 2. 當不是指具體的某人，而是指人的屬性（如職業(yè)、身份、地位、職務(wù)、品質(zhì)、特征等）時，則也用關(guān)系代詞 which而不用 who。如：They accused him of being a traitor, which he was. 他們指控他是叛徒，他真是叛徒。She talked like a native, which she hardly was. 她說起話來像是個本地人

11、，其實她不見得是。 在非常正式的文體中，代詞that后可以接一個修飾它的定語從句，這個定語從句通常用which來引導(dǎo)。如：They say the only real knowledge is that which can be measured. 據(jù)說唯一真實的知識是可以檢驗的知識。在現(xiàn)代英語中，that which通常用what來代替。如：We have that which (=what) we need. 我們需要的東西都有了。That which (=What) many people say is not always true. 很多人說的話并不表示一定是真的。 “介詞關(guān)系代詞“

12、是一個普遍使用的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) “介詞關(guān)系代詞“可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句?！敖樵~關(guān)系代詞“結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，關(guān)系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。 (2) from where為“介詞關(guān)系副詞“結(jié)構(gòu)，但也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如：We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town. (3) 像listen to, look at, depend on,

13、pay attention to, take care of等固定短語動詞，在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of. （這是她曾今照顧的孩子。）二、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1關(guān)系副詞也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句關(guān)系副詞在從句中分別表示時間地點或原因。關(guān)系副詞when在從句中充當時間狀語，where 充當?shù)攸c狀語，why充當原因狀語。2. that可引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間地點或原因That有時可以代替關(guān)系副詞 when, where 或者why引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間地點或原因，在 that引導(dǎo)的這種定語從句中，t

14、hat也可以省去。三、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句1二者差異比較限制定語從句緊跟先行詞，引導(dǎo)詞同先行詞之間一般不加逗號，僅修飾先行詞，可以由關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞或that來引導(dǎo)。非限制性定語從句僅作補充或說明，用逗號與主句隔開，既可修飾先行詞，又可修飾整個主句，不可用that引導(dǎo)。2關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇依據(jù) (1) 弄清代替先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作什么成分,作狀語的應(yīng)選用關(guān)系副詞，作主語賓語或表語的可選用關(guān)系代詞。3. 先行詞與定語從句隔離定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后，但定語從句與先行詞之間有時也會插入別的成分，構(gòu)成先行詞與定語從句的隔離。例如：This is the

15、article written by him that Is poke to you about.四、As在定語從句中的用法1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句（）as多與such 或the same連用，可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。（）as 也可單獨使用，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，作用相當于which。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. (）the same that與 the same as在意思上是不同的。2As引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句的位置as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活，可以位于主句前面

16、中間或后面，一般用逗號與主句隔開，但which所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如：As is expected, the England team won the football match.定語從句專練習(xí)題講解1. Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, _ from east to west. Those _ run from north to south are called avenues. A. running; that        &

17、#160;          B. run; who C. running; who                 D. run; that2. This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen. A. when      

18、0;               B. where C. that                       D. on which3. Mr. Smith will pay a visit to Beijing this au

19、tumn, _ we will enjoy the Olympic Games in 2008. A. where                     B. when C. which                 

20、;   D. how4. The artist will not paint people or animals but he will paint anything _ . A. that the little girl asks him        B. the little girl asks him toC. for the little girl to ask him       D. what the little gir

21、l asks him5. How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin?Oh, thats easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one _ the telephonenumber is provided. A. which                     B. in

22、which C. of which                   D. whose6. October 15 th is my birthday, _ I will never forget. A. when               B. that C. wh

23、at              D. which7. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely. A. when                 

24、;      B. where C. which                     D. whose8. There are several research centers in China _ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied. A. which &#

25、160;                      B. where C. when                        D. what9.

26、 I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all. A. which                       B. what C. that           &

27、#160;             D. when10. The time is not far away _ modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside. A. as                 

28、;          B. when C. until                       D. before 五各種關(guān)系代詞的使用方法 a) 關(guān)系代詞who的用法 i. who 的前行詞必須是人，在從句中可以擔任主語，往往也可以代替在從句中擔任賓 語的whom

29、,但是它前邊不能有介詞，如果帶了介詞就必須用賓格的whom: （介詞+whom） This is the teacher who teaches us mathematics. She is the girl who (whom) I met at the party. （可以替代） She is the girl whom (who) I went there with. （可以替代） She is the girl with whom I went there. （不可替代） ii. who，that在很多情況下可以通用，但是有些情況只能用who: 1. 先行詞是one, ones, an

30、yone的時候宜用who. One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. The ones who flatter me dont please me. Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it. Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. 2. 先行詞為those的時候，宜用who為關(guān)系代詞 Those who were not fit for their w

31、ork could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth. Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. 3. 當先行詞有比較長的后置定語的時候 I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions in Chinese. 4. 一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞為that,另一個則用 who. The boy that you met last night

32、is the group leader who studies very hard. 5. 在there be 開頭的句子中 There is an old man who wants to see you. There are many young men who are against him. b) 關(guān)系代詞whose的用法 whose是代詞的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。當代物的時候，它相當于of which. I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Ill call a person whose father knows you. Which is

33、the car whose owner you know? (Which is the car the owner of which you know) Please show me the book whose cover is red. (Please show me the book the cover of which is red) c) 關(guān)系代詞that的用法 首先特別注意，that只能用在限定性定語從句中，在非限定性定語從句中永遠不能選用 that, 另外介詞后邊也不可用that, 而是跟which. 在限定性定語從句中，which和that在代替物的時候，一般可以通用。 The

34、 money that (which) is in the wallet is mine. d) 關(guān)系代詞which的用法 在非限定性定語從句中，只宜用which, 不宜用that. Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city. 在限定性定語從句中which和that在指代物的時候常?？梢酝ㄓ?，但是有時只宜用which 而不用that i. 關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞的時候 This is the hotel in which you will stay. ii. 如果有兩個定語從句，其中的一句的關(guān)系詞是that,

35、另一句宜用which. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。例如： There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。 Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born

36、. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？ that代替關(guān)系副詞，可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略。例如： His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place （that /

37、 where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。 一.定義：1.定語從句：修飾一個名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞成為關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有3個作用：1，引導(dǎo)定語從句。2，代替先行詞。3，在定語從句中擔當一個成分。3結(jié)構(gòu)：先行詞+關(guān)系詞+從句二.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.who指人，在從句中做主語(1) T

38、he boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，在定語從句中充當賓語，?？墒÷?。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met

39、just now is my friend.3. which指物，在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that指人時，相當于who 或者whom；指物時，相當于which。在賓語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one millio

40、n.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物時，常用限定詞 名詞+of which或 of which+ 限定詞 名詞結(jié)構(gòu)來代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) The class

41、room the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.三.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時，從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow

42、I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.注意：1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom，不可用who或者that，不可以省略；指物時用which，不能用that，不可以省略；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose(1)

43、 The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with who/that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等

44、代詞或者數(shù)詞(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of  which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.4.限制性定語從句只能用that 的幾種情況 1當先行詞是some (something 除外),anything,

45、 everything, nothing,/ few, little,/all, none, 等代詞時，或者是由some, any, every, no,/ few, little,/ all, much /the very, the only，one of等修飾時 (1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be

46、done has been done. (4) There is little that I can do for you. (5) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy, (6) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. (7) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting注意：當先行詞指人時，偶爾也

47、可以用who (4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.2.  當先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾或本身是序數(shù)詞 (1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3.  當先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾或本身是形容詞最高級 (1) This is the best film that I have seen.4.   當先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時 

48、;(1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?5. 當先行詞既有人，也有物時 (1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?6.  在There be句型中7.先行詞在主句中做表語，或關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語。經(jīng)典習(xí)題：1. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day?   

49、  A. that        B. where     C. in which    D. the one 2. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday?     A. that         B. where  &

50、#160; C. which      D. the one 3. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago?     A. that         B. where     C. which      D. the one 四關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1. when指時間，在定語從句中做時

51、間狀語(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地點，在定語從句中做地點狀語(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語(1) Please tell me the reason why you mi

52、ssed the plane.(2) I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have

53、taken place in the city in which/where I was born.五限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句1.區(qū)別：1) 形式：非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間通常有逗號，而限制性定語從句與先行詞之間則無逗號。The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.2) 關(guān)系：限制性定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系非常密切，是先行詞不可缺少的部分；而非限制

54、性定語從句在意義上只是先行詞的一個附加修飾語，對先行詞只起進一步補充說明的作用。3) 先行詞：限制性定語從句的先行詞一般為單個的名詞或代詞，非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以是整個句子或其中的一部分。2.非限制性定語從句的“四個不能”1) 非限制性定語從句通常不能用that引導(dǎo)。2) 非限制性定語從句不能用why引導(dǎo)，要用for which 代替。I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting.3) 由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”時，關(guān)系代詞不能用as。4) 指人的關(guān)系代詞作賓語時用whom，不能省略。注意:區(qū)分以下幾個句子的不

55、同理解即可 (1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.  他那當醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵他要考上大學(xué)。（他還有其他的哥哥） (2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.   他的哥哥是當醫(yī)生的，常鼓勵他要考上大學(xué)。（他只有一個哥哥）難點分析    （一）關(guān)系代詞as和which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句 as

56、和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：1先行詞：As和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個句子。(1) He married her, as/which was natural.(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.2. 位置：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句或先行詞之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing coun

57、try. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don't believe. 注意：當主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，常用which3. 當先行詞受such, the same，so, as修飾時，常用as (1) I have never heard such

58、 a story as he tells. (2) He is not such a fool as he looks. (3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：當先行次由the same修飾時，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as 所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同A. She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding. 她穿著她在Mary婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。B. She wore the same dress as her young siste

59、r wore.     她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。（二）以the way為先行詞的定語從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.（三）區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句1)從句和先行詞的關(guān)系：定語從句修飾先行詞，它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，是補充說明的關(guān)系 (1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. &

60、#160;   定語從句 (2) The fact that he has been dead is clear.     同位語從句2)關(guān)系詞：同位語從句的連詞that不能省略，而定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that，當其在從句中作賓語、表語時可省略，作主語也不可省略。Ive heard the news that he visited our factory.Ive heard the news that he told you the other day當when, why, where引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，它們?yōu)檫B接副詞。雖然它們

61、在從句中充當句子成分，但前面卻沒有與其意義相當?shù)南刃性~。I have no idea when he will be back.     。The problem where we got the machine needed has already been solved.引導(dǎo)定語從句的when, where, why是關(guān)系副詞， 在其前面分別有表示時間、地點、原因或方式意義的名詞作先先詞。I will never forget the day when I joined the League.The factory where I once worked has changed a lot.(四)定語從句的做題方法：一找出主句，確定先行詞；二.找出從句，判斷從句是否完整(是否符合簡單句的基本構(gòu)成)否，用關(guān)系代詞；是，用關(guān)系副詞。定語從句專項練習(xí)1.The place _interested me most was the C