句子成分和非謂語動詞

1、精品文檔句子成分：主語、謂語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語一、主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié) 構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動 詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主 語從句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and morepopular.（名詞）We often speak English in class.（ 代詞）One-third of the students in thi

2、s class are girls.（ 數(shù)詞）To swim in the rivers a great pleasure.（ 不定式短語）Smoking does harm to the health.（ 動名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（ 主語 從句）It is necessary to master a foreign language. （it 作形式主語，真正的主語為 后面的不定式）I! is report

3、ed that 5000 people were killed in the earthquake. （it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的主語從句）二、謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂 語,一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：He practices running every morning.（動詞或動詞短語）You may keep the book for two weeks.（情態(tài)動詞 +V 原）He has caught a bad cold.（助動詞 +V）精品文檔We are students.（系動詞 + 表語）三、表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征

4、和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如 ：Our teacher of English is an American.（ 名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（ 形容詞）The speech is exciting.（ 分詞）Three times seven is twenty one?（ 數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（ 不定式）Hi

5、s hobby （愛好）is playing football.（動名詞）The machine must be out of order.（ 介詞短語）Time is up. The class is over.（ 副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（ 表語從句）四、賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。They went to see an exhibition（ 展臨）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on tim

6、e.（ 代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（ 數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（ 不定式短語）精品文檔I enjoy listening to popular music.（ 動名詞短語）I think （that） he is not suitable for this post.（ 賓語從句）Lend me（間接賓語）your dictionary（直接賓語）,please. （雙

7、賓語）They elected him（賓語）their monitor（賓補(bǔ)）.（復(fù)合賓語）五、賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個 賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般是某些及物動詞（如see /watch/ observe/ notice/ hear/ feel/ make/ find/ name/ call/ elect/ have/ get /leave/ keep等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）和with+賓語+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副 詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。His father named him Dongming.（ 名詞）Th

8、ey painted their boat white.（ 形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（ 副詞）You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.（ 不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（ 現(xiàn)在分詞）I have to have my hair cut.（過去分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We w川 soon make our city what your city is now.（ 從旬）六、定語：修飾名詞

9、或代詞。Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（ 分詞）There are thirty women teachers is our school.（ 名詞）精品文檔His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（ 代詞）Our monitor is always the first to get to the school.（ 不定式短語）The teaching plan for next t

10、erm has been worked out.（動名詞）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）The building being repaired is our library.（ 現(xiàn)在分詞短語）The building completed last month is our library.（ 過去分詞短語）The news that you told me yesterday is really exciting.（從旬）七、狀語:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子 成分.Light

11、travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（ 介詞短語）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（ 不 定式短語）He is in the room, making a model plane.（ 分詞短語）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin, you must continue.（ 狀語從句）狀語種類如下：How about meeting again at six?（

12、 時間狀語）Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain.（- 原因狀語）I shall go there if it doesn't rain.（ 條件狀語）精品文檔Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（ 地點(diǎn)狀語）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）In order to catch up wi

13、th the others, I must work harder.（ 目 的狀語）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語）She works very hard though she is old.（ 讓步狀語）I am taller than he is.（ 比較狀語）八、同位語：解釋說明前面另一個名詞或代詞I'm Li Hua, president of Students ' Union of our university.（名詞短語）Mr Smith, our new teacher, is very

14、kind to us.（名詞短語）We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.（名詞短語）The news that he passed the driving test surprised us. （從旬）不定式（do/to do ）非謂語動詞分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞doing,過去分詞done ）動名詞（doing ）精品文檔考點(diǎn)1非謂語動詞作狀語1 .不定式作狀語功能用法原因狀語多用在某些表不喜、怒、哀、樂等的形容詞后目的狀語可與 so as to/in order to 替換，但 so as to 一般不叮置于 句首結(jié)果狀語常表示意想不到的結(jié)果，常用o

15、nly to doI was satisfied to hear the news.（ 原因狀語）To meet the movie star I got up very early.（ 目 的狀語）I rushed to school only to find nobody was there.（結(jié)果狀語）不定式表結(jié)果的固定結(jié)構(gòu)：only/just to. . . ; too. . . to. . . ; so/suchas to.;.enough（for sb. ）to.He was too scared to say a word.The girl was so kind as to h

16、elp the old man off the bus.I ' m not such a fool as to believe that.I was lucky enough to be employed（ 雇傭）as a secretary（秘書）.2 .分詞作狀語功能用法現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，用來表時間、 條件、原因、伴隨、結(jié)果等現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與句子主 語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動關(guān)系， 且含有進(jìn)行之意精品文檔功能用法過去分詞作狀語，用來表時間、 條件、原因、伴隨等過去分詞所表示的動作與句子主 語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動關(guān)系， 且含有完成之意源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)的部分過去分詞作 狀語，不表不被動關(guān)系

17、，表小句子 主語所處的一種狀態(tài)常見的有：seated（坐在）、hidden（躲臧于 ）、located（位 于y buried in（埋頭于專心于 ）、devoted to（奉獻(xiàn) 于卜 lost/absorbed in（ 全神貫 注于，沆浸?。?、born in（出 身于）、dressed in（分著）、tired of（厭煩 了）、faced with （面 臨）、addicted to（沆溺于）、occupied in（忙于）accustomed to（習(xí)慣于）等Hearing (hear) the good news, he jumped with great joy.Not knowin

18、g (know) what to do, I had to wait here.The girls came in, following (follow) their parents.The teacher came in, followed (follow) by some students.Seen (see) from the hill, the city looks like a garden.Seeing (see) from the hill, we can enjoy the view of the city.Given (give) more attention, the ch

19、ildren could have grown better.Absorbed (absorb) in reading, we all didn' t hear the sound.Having driven (drive) all day, we were rather tired.精品文檔【點(diǎn)津】把握分詞與句子邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系，區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞與過 去分詞；不定式作結(jié)果狀語為主觀上意想不到的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在分詞作 結(jié)果狀語為客觀上、順其自然而產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果；The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.準(zhǔn)確理解形容詞化的過去分詞作

20、狀語的用法；如果分詞的動作和句子主語之間是主動關(guān)系，同時分詞動作發(fā)生在 謂語動詞之前時，則用完成式having done。Not having finished her work in time, she was fired by her boss.分詞短語作狀語時，通常與主句中的主語在邏輯上一致，但有時 它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié) 構(gòu)。Her father being ill (Because her father was ill), she had to stay at home to look after him.Weather permitting (=I

21、f weather permits), we are going to visit you tomorrow.3 .有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語，其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響。常見的有：generally speaking一般來說frankly speaking坦白地說judging from/by.根據(jù)來判斷considering. . . /taking. . . into consideration考慮至 U老實(shí)說to tell (you) the truth說實(shí)話to be honest精品文檔supposing / suppose that 假設(shè),如果assuming that 假使p

22、rovided/providing that. 如果考點(diǎn)2非謂語動詞作定語 定語形式功能1.現(xiàn)在分詞一般式doing表示動作是主動進(jìn)行的行為或者 正在進(jìn)行當(dāng)中2.現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動結(jié)構(gòu) being done表示動作是被動行為且正在進(jìn)行 當(dāng)中3.過去分詞一般式done表小劭作是被動兀成的仃為或者 單純表示已經(jīng)完成4.動詞不te式to do表示將要發(fā)生的動作5.動詞不定式一般式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)to be done表示將要被做的動作1. The boy sitting by the window is Tom.2. The matter being discussed now is of great i

23、mportance.3. So far nobody has claimed （ 認(rèn)領(lǐng)）the money discovered in the library.4. There is nothing to worry about.Please give me a knife to cut with.She is now looking for a room to live in.5. The conference to be held next yea門s about global environment.精品文檔【點(diǎn)津】準(zhǔn)確判定非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系還是被動關(guān)系；準(zhǔn)確判定非謂語

24、動詞表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，即是正在 進(jìn)行或已經(jīng)完成還是將要發(fā)生?？键c(diǎn)3非謂語動詞作補(bǔ)語1 .在看、聽、感覺”的感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, hear, feel等后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語常見的有三種非謂語動詞形式（do/doing/done） 。 do表主動和完成（被動句中要加to）, doing表主動 或正在進(jìn)行，done表被動或完成。He is often heard to sing the song.The missing boy was last seen playing near the river.They once heard the song su

25、ng in English.2 .動詞make, have, get, leave, keep, find后可接非謂語動詞形式作補(bǔ)語。即動詞+賓語+賓補(bǔ)To make himself heard by the students at the back of the classroom, he spoke as loudly as he could.Paul doesn t have to be made to learn. He always works hard.< What made him so frightened?have sb. do sth.讓某人做某事have sb./s

26、th. doing讓某人或某物一直做某事（使 處于某種狀態(tài)）L have sth. done/ get sth. done請人做某事；主語遭遇到某事Peter had the computer fixed, because he doesn t know much about computers.We had the fire burning all day. 我們讓火燃燒了一整天。Don t forget to have Mr. Brown come to our party.精品文檔get sb. to do sth.get sth.done.Can you get us to do th

27、e experiment?I must get my bike repaired.leave sth.done.、使某人/某物處于某種狀態(tài)leave sb./sth.doing sth.He hurried to school, leaving the breakfast untouched.Don t leave her waiting outside in the rain.k keep sb./sth. doing 讓某人/某物一直一 keep sb./sth. done（adj.）Im sorry to have kept you waiting. 不好意思讓你久等了。Lucy has

28、 a great sense of humor and always keeps her friends amused with her stories. She found a wallet lying on the ground.They found the street lined with people. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)大街兩側(cè)站著 '人。3 .固定短語,如 advise/ ask/ tell/ order/ force/ allow/ encourage/ request/ would like/ want/ require/ warn sb. to do sth. 等。4 . w

29、ith復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)常用形式：'sb./sth. doing （表主動且進(jìn)行，或表特征）with sth. done（表被動且完成，或表狀態(tài)）sth. to do（表將來）John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.精品文檔With a 10t of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.With the little boy leadin

30、g the way, we had no difficulty finding the village.【點(diǎn)津】注意作補(bǔ)足語的三種非謂語動詞形式to do, doing,done之間的區(qū)別，把握動作是主動、被動還是進(jìn)行。具體分析作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞與邏輯主語即句子賓語之間的邏 輯關(guān)系，再結(jié)合動作發(fā)生的時間（未發(fā)生、正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生）來 選擇合適的形式?？键c(diǎn)4非謂語動詞作賓語非謂語動詞中能作賓語的有動名詞和不定式：1 .只能跟動名詞作賓語的動詞和短語：suggest, imagine （想象）， mind （介意）,admit （承認(rèn)）,resist （抵制）practice, allow, a

31、dvise, risk （冒險）,keep, avoid （避免）,escape （逃脫）, enjoy, consider （考慮）,appreciate（感激），excuse （原諒）, finish, miss （錯過）,give up dong sth.（放棄）,be worth doing（值 得做某事），delay doing sth.（延遲），put off doing sth.（推遲）， deny doing（否認(rèn)）,insist on doing sth. （堅(jiān)持）,keep on doingsth.（不斷做某事），look forward to doing sth., fe

32、el like doing sth.（想做做事），get down to doing sth.,（著手做某事）object todoing sth.（反對做某事）,can t help doing sth., can 't stand doing, lead to doing, have trouble/difficulty in doing sth.（做某事有困難），be fond of 等。2 .只能跟不定式作賓語的動詞：afford, wish, hope, decide, refuse, promise, pretend, manage, plan, fail, choose,

33、 would like, want, expect, learn, offer, agree 等3 .既可用動名詞作賓語、又可跟不定式作賓語的動詞和短語精品文檔 like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, begin, start, continue 后面接 doing或to do都行，意思無太大差別。表示一種傾向用doing,表示某一特定的或具體的行為用to do.©remember, forget, regret, stop, go on, mean, try 后面接 to do 或doing意思不同。rforget to do sth.忘記要去做某事

34、（此事未做）forget doing sth.忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is.I forgot giving it to you yesterday.stop to do sth. 停下來去做某事 （另外一件事）stop doing sth.停止做某事 （正在做的事）He stopped to listen to her talking.It has stopped raining.remember to do sth. 記住去做某事（未做）*、remember doing sth.記得做過某事（已做

35、）Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed.I remember seeing her once somewhere.<regret to do sth.對將要做白事抱歉/感到遺憾（常跟 say, tell, inform 等）“egret doing sth.對做過的事后悔We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful.我很遺憾地告知你你的申請沒有成功。I regret not having worked hard.我后悔沒努力學(xué)習(xí)

36、精品文檔try to do sth.設(shè)法做某事try doing sth.嘗試做某事We must try to get everything done.He tried changing his unhealthy lifestyle.'mean to do sth. 打算做某事工 mean doing sth. 意味著I had meant to go on Monday.That will mean flooding some farmland.go on to do sth.繼續(xù)做某事(去做另外一件事)g go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做(原來沒有做完的事)After t

37、hey read the text, the students went on to do the exercises.After having a rest, I went on doing my homework.4 . it作形式賓語，代替真正作賓語的動詞不定式或動名詞。I think it. important to learn English well.5 .有些動詞(teach, decide, wonder, show, learn, forget, know, ask等)后可以接 疑問詞+不定式”.Yao Ming learnt how to play basketball w

38、hen he was young.We haven t decided where to go this weekend.考點(diǎn)5非謂語動詞作主語、表語或其他 1 .非謂語動詞中能作主語的有動名詞和不定式。(1)動名詞作主語表示一般的、抽象的或習(xí)慣性動作，不定式作主 語表示具體的、一次性的或尚未做的動作。精品文檔（2）it作形式主語，代替真正作主語的動詞不定式或動名詞。常見句 型有:It is+ adj./n. +to do sth. It takes sb. some time to do sth. It is no use/good + doing sth.（做某事沒有用/沒有好處）等。2

39、.非謂語動詞中能作表語的有現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動名詞和不 定式。注意現(xiàn)在分詞作表語意為令人感到的”而過去分詞作表語意為本身感到的”。My job is to teach English.His hobby is playing basketball.The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night.3 .動詞不定式在but （表“除了”）后面時，如果前面謂語動詞 有行為動詞do的各種形式時，后面不定式不帶to.否則要帶to.He could do nothing but cry.What can you do but take

40、back what you said?除了收回你的話外，你還能做什么？幾個含but的句型：can t help but do sth. 只能做某事，不得不做 When a close friend dies, we can t help but feel sad.（ 不能不難過）can t choose but do sth. 只能做某事I can't choose but obey.我無從選擇只能服從。have no choice but to do sth. 除了 做外別無選擇She had no choice but to wait.精品文檔非謂語形式習(xí)題1. (2014 天津高

41、考)Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only (find)it didn ' t fit.2. (2014 福建高考)(spend)the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.3. (2014 湖南高考)(free)ourselves from the physical and mental tensions, we each need

42、 deep thought and inner quietness.4. (2014 天津高考)Clearly and thoughtfully(write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.5. (2014 四川高考)I hope to take the computer course.Good idea.(find)out more about it, visit this website.6. (2014 重慶高考)Group activities will be o

43、rganized after class (help) children develop team spirit.7. (2012 四川高考)Tom took a taxi to the airport, only (find)his plane high up in the sky.8. (2014 山東高考)There ' s a note pinned to the door (say)when the shop will open again.9. (2014 d匕京高考)There are still many problems (solve) before we are r

44、eady for a long stay on the Moon.10. (2014 大綱版全國卷)Today there are more airplanes (carry)more people than ever before in the skies.11. (2014 浙江高考)Annie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse(appoint)to guard her.12. (2014 北京高考)Last night, there were millions of people (wa

45、tch)the opening ceremony live on TV.精品文檔13. (2014 重慶高考)The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras(return)to our shop for quality problems.14. (2013 遼寧高考)Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail(wait)for her.15. (2013 天津高考)In some languages, 100 wo

46、rds make up half of all words(use)in daily conversations.16. (2013 陜西高考)The witnesses(question)by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.17. (2014 江西高考)He is thought (act)foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.18. (2014 四川高考)The manager was sa

47、tisfied to see many new products(develop)after great effort.19. (2013 陜西高考)Let those in need(understand) that we will go all out to help them.20. (2013 北京高考)When we saw the road(block)with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.21. (2012 遼寧高考)The old couple often take a walk after supper in t

48、he park with their pet dog(follow)them.22. (2014 陜西高考)It ' s quite hot today. Do you feel like (go)for a swim?23. (2014 新課標(biāo)全國卷 H )One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about(be)late for school.24. (2014 北京高考)The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without(reco

49、gnize).25. (2014 遼寧高考)Keep(hold)your position for a while.It helps develop your strength and flexibility.精品文檔26. (2014 江西高考)When it comes to(speak)in public, no one can match him.27. (2013 上海高考)Young people may risk(go) deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.28. (2013 江蘇高考)Shortly aft

50、er suffering from a massive earthquake and(reduce)to ruins, the city took on a new look.29. (2012 安徽高考)I remembered(lock)the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.30. (2014 福建高考)For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying (connect).31. (2014 廣東高考)We got a little(sunburn), but the day had been so relaxing that we didn' t mil32. (2014 湖南高考)(understand)your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.33. (2014 新課標(biāo)全國卷 I )It took years of work(