英語高考閱讀微技能訓(xùn)練之專題一猜測詞義

1、21f6a740bb49b52efafc0bd106fcdef4.pdf高考英語閱讀微技能訓(xùn)練專題一 猜測詞義猜詞悟義是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考閱讀理解中必考的題型。同學(xué)們應(yīng)通過本專題鞏固并加強訓(xùn)練通過構(gòu)詞、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、同義、反義及語境等確定詞義的技能。一、命題特點及方式命題者著重考查考生利用同義或反義關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法、語法和語篇文脈等理解生詞的能力。1. 要求根據(jù)閱讀材料所提供信息，結(jié)合高中生應(yīng)有的常識和經(jīng)驗，正確判斷生詞、詞組的含義或成熟詞在特定語境中表達的具體含義以及一些句子的意思。 2. 代詞復(fù)指理解題也是猜測詞義的常考類型。用“邏輯關(guān)系梳理法”、逆向?qū)ほ櫡ā崩砬迦宋?/p>

2、及事物之間的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在?！驹O(shè)問形式】The underlined word “” in the second (third) paragraph refers to (means) _.By saying “” in the firs (second) paragraph, the author means that _.In paragraph , “” can be replaced by “_”.The meaning of “” in paragraph is related to _.Which of the following has the closest meaning

3、 to(paragraph)?The underlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that _.二、解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧 由于猜測詞義題涉及題材背景、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、文章主旨、作者的觀點態(tài)度等，因此聯(lián)系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答這類題的關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類題時慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，同學(xué)們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境主觀臆斷。我們必須熟練掌握的猜測詞義的方法有：（一）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法判斷詞義1. 三種構(gòu)詞法，即合成、轉(zhuǎn)化、派生，是我們猜測詞義需掌握的基本方法。合成法：通過構(gòu)成合成詞的每個單詞的含義猜測和領(lǐng)會其含義；轉(zhuǎn)化法：通過一個詞的本意猜測

4、出它轉(zhuǎn)化后的意思，常見的是名詞和動詞、形容詞和動詞以及形容詞和名詞之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)化；派生法：由一個詞根加前綴（prefix）或后綴（suffix）構(gòu)成詞的方法稱為派生法。一般來說，前綴改變詞義，后綴改變詞性。所以掌握了一些基本的詞匯和詞綴，我們就可以猜測出很多詞的意義。【試一試】1. 猜測下面合成詞的詞義：(1) underwear (2) he-goat (3) editor-in-chief (4) forget-me-not (5) well-designed(6) underdeveloped (7) end-of-term (8) mass-produced(9) serious-lo

5、oking (10) time-saving 2. 轉(zhuǎn)化法練習(xí)：(1) The road narrows gradually (2) To get there, they had to journey over a desert. (3) She clocked 23.5 seconds in the womens 200-meter finals. (4) These products show a new high in Chinas science and technology. (5) The dog nosed out a rat. 3. 派生法練習(xí)(1) 根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義u （05

6、江西卷E篇）Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools? 劃線詞義為：_u His anti-slavery policy had set millions of black free and his strength and wisdom had guided the nation through the war to peace and reunion.“reunion” here means_. A. coming back again B. becoming one again C. me

7、eting someone again D. seeing someone again(2) 根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義u （05 廣東卷E篇）Its a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point 劃線詞義為：_(3) 結(jié)合前綴和后綴猜測詞義u prehistoric _ unthinkable_。 (4) 有些詞根并不是單詞，如：coordinate; compose等，在這種情況下，詞

8、綴，尤其是前綴能幫助我們結(jié)合上下文猜到詞義。如：They made a journey through the extensive desert。其中extensive 是生詞，但我們知道 “ex- ”是 “向外的”意思，結(jié)合后面的desert, 我們可以猜到該詞是向外延伸的意思，進一步我們可以猜出它的確切含義是“一望無垠的”。 根據(jù)派生法猜測下列句子中劃線詞的含義。 1. Saddam is the deposed president of Iraq. A. welcomed everywhere B. hated by everybody C. removed from a high po

9、sition D. fit for his office 2. Can you understand the inscription on the tomb?A. words written by cutting into the surface B. names of famous peopleC. explanationD. main idea 3. A train is immobile when it _. A. speeds along B. doesnt move C. move silently D. goes backward 4. Because of the storm,

10、the valley was impassable. A. not beautiful to look at B. not easy to passC. full of water D. more beautiful5. Boiling water emits steams.A. has B. covers C. becomes D. gives off（二）根據(jù)語境判斷詞義這是提高閱讀速度和理解率必備的判斷斷詞義的能力。語境可能是一個句子、幾個句子、甚至一個段落或通篇文章。我們可分別將其稱為小語境、中語境和大語境。 1. 小語境(1) 定義式常用的詞有：be, mean, deal with

11、, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to 等。 例1：Mark Twain was not the authors real name; it was a pseudonym. 例2：Mechanized farming means the use of modern machinery on farms. (2) 例舉式常用詞有：for example, for instance, such as, like 等。 例1：Newly-married young people often spend some

12、of their money on appliances, for instance, washing-machines, refrigerators and televisions. 例2：Doctors suggest that everyone should exercise every day, especially those who do sedentary work like reading, typing and sewing. (3) 重述式 常用詞有：and, or, similarly, that is (to say), in other words, namely,

13、say, i.e. 等 例1：Red had the longest wavelength; that is, the distance between each wave is longest in red light than in any other color. 例2：The football player was penalized for his rudeness and the punishment was a good lesson for him. (4) 同位語 構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間常用逗號連接，有時也使用破折號，冒號，分號，引號和括號等。 例1：Dr. Baker i

14、s a member of an agricultural mission, a group of experts on better farming methods. 例2：（05浙江卷B篇）In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today. （5）修飾限定式 從定語從句或狀語從句提供的限定或修飾信息來猜測詞義。例1：The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 例2：The man is a tr

15、amp, who goes from place to place and does no regular work. 例3：The floor was so cluttered with many toys that Mom had difficulty walking to the door. 2. 中語境(1) 對比關(guān)系：有些表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞、介詞短語和副詞等使前后的意思構(gòu)成對比。我們可以利用這種對比關(guān)系，判斷生詞的含義。常用的詞有：although; even though/if; while; but; yet; however; instead; rather than; unl

16、ike; far from; on the other hand; unfortunately等。 例1：The main point of the plan is clear to me, but the details are still hazy. 例2：Unlike her gregarious sister, she is a shy, quiet person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. 例3：Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his

17、neck still remains grubby. 例4：If you agree, write “yes”; if you dissent, write “no”. (2) 同義關(guān)系和平行關(guān)系：作者在寫文章時，為避免重復(fù)，同一概念常用不同的同義詞。這種同義關(guān)系為我們猜詞帶來了方便。常用詞：and; or; not onlybut also; besides; similarly; likewise; in the same way, like, just as, also, as well as, in other words或用分號引出相同或類似的詞。另外在特定的情況下，作者經(jīng)常通過一連

18、串同一類型或同一范疇的詞語來表達其思想。如果有一生詞在這一系列的同一范疇的詞語中，可以通過這些詞語的特征和語義范圍推斷出生詞的詞義范圍。 例1：Doctors believe smoking detrimental to your health; they also regard drinking harmful. 例2：The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year. A. supervise B. reviewC. take the place of D. start to enfo

19、rce (3) 因果關(guān)系：在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測生詞詞義。常見的提示詞有：because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，therefore等。例1：When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colors turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective.The underlin

20、ed part “the colors turned the customers off” means that the colors_. A. attracted the customers strongly B. had weak effects on the customersC. tricked the customers into shopping D. caused the customers to lose interest例2：（05上海卷B篇）I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of

21、me to tell you what to do .”The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ”. A. full of respect B. too confident and rude C. lacking in experience D. too shy and quiet(4) 根據(jù)替代、說明、描述等關(guān)系猜測詞義:在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表示的關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。例1：（05 江蘇卷E篇）William Shakespeare said,

22、 “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線），good and ill together.”The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means . A. simpleB. mixedC. sad D. happy例2：He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfway. 例3：That museum is so immense

23、 that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. 3. 大語境 在閱讀中，如果通過小語境或中語境還不能猜出該詞的詞義，可擴大語境來理解該詞的詞義。 例1：Annies mother died when she was eight years old. Two years later, her father disappeared, never to be heard from again. Annie and her brother were sent to an orphanage. 例2：A very snobb

24、ish woman met George Bernard Shaw, the famous English play writer, at a garden party one afternoon. She was the sort of woman who was only interested in people who were rich and famous, and she was very eager to have Shaw as a guest in her own home so she could show him off to her friends. 三、真題演練Pas

25、sage 1 2009江蘇 D篇 ks5Have you ever noticed the colour of the water in a river or stream after a heavy rainfall? What do you think caused this change in colour? It is soil that has been washed into the river from the riverbank or from thle nearby fields. ks5uComponents of Soil ks5uSoil is made up of a

26、 number of layers (層), each having its own distinctive colour and texture. The upper layer is known as the litter. It acts like a blanket, limiting temperature changes and reducing water loss. The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called hu

27、mus (腐殖質(zhì)), which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour. This layer is usually rich in nutrients，oxygen, and water. Below the topsoil is the subsoil, a layer that contains more stones mixed with only small amounts of organic matter. This layer is lighter in colour because of the lack of humu

28、s. Beneath the soil lies a layer of bedrock.ks5uSoil forms from the bottom up. Over time bedrock is attacked by rain, wind, frost, and snow. It is gradually broken down into smaller particles in a process called weathering. Plants begin to grow, and rotten materials enrich the topsoil. Most of the s

29、oil in Eastern Canada, for example, was formed from weathered rock that was exposed when the ice disappeared l2,000 years ago. ks5uWater Beneath the Soil ks5uSurface water collects and flows above the ground in lakes, ponds and rivers. Once in the soil or rock, it is called groundwater. Gravity pull

30、s groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation (滲透). Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table. Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate. ks5uAs water percolates downward, it dissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them to d

31、eeper layers. This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth. Soil pH ks5uSoil can be acidic, neutral or basic. The pH of the soil is determined by the nature of the rock from which it was formed and by the nature of the plants that grow and rot in it. ks5uThe acidit

32、y of rain and snow can lower the pH of the groundwater that enters the soil. By burning fossil fuels such as coal，oil and gasoline, humans have been contributing to higher levels of acidity in many soils. When fossil fuels are burned, gases are released into the air and then fall back to earth as ac

33、id rain. Acid soil increases the problem of carrying nutrients to lower soil levels. As nutrients are removed, soil is less fertile. Plants grow more slowly in acidic soil, and also become easily attacked by diseases. ks67. The layer of soil that provides necessary nutrients for plant growth is call

34、ed _.A. 1itter B. topsoil C. humus D. subsoil ks5u68. According to the text. which of the following is NOT true? ks5uA. Soil forms from weathered rock on the earth surface. ks5uB. The deeper layer of soil is darker in colour than the surface soil. ks5uC. Air pollution is partially responsible for ac

35、id soil. ks5uD. Groundwater tends to carry away nutrients for plant growth. ks5u69. We can infer from the passage that the water table lies . ks5uA. between the topsoil layer and the subsoil layer ks5uB. in the subsoil layer above bedrock ks5uC. between the subsoil layer and bedrock ks5uD. in the be

36、drock layer beneath the subsoil ks5u70. The underlined word “dissolve” is used to express the idea that organic matter and minerals from soil are . ks5uA. rushed away into the river ks5uB. cleaned and purified by water ks5uC. destroyed and carried away by water ks5uD. mixed with water and become par

37、t of it ks5uPassage 2 （2009廣東B篇）We once had a poster competition in our fifth grade art class. “You could win prizes,our teacher told us as she wrote the poster information on the blackboard. She passed out sheets of construction paper while continuing, “The first prize is ten dollars. You just have

38、 to make sure that the words on the blackboard appear somewhere on your poster. ”We studied the board critically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard, rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs. Others twisted their hair arou

39、nd their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought. We had plans for that tendollar grand prize, each and every one of us. I'm going to spend mine on candies, one hopeful would announce, while another practiced looking serious, wise and rich. Everyone in the class made a poster. Some

40、 of us used parts of those fancy paper napkins, while others used nothing but colored construction paper. Some of us used big designs, and some of us preferred to gather our art tidily down in one comer of our poster and let the space draw the viewers attention to it. Some of us would wander past th

41、e good students desks and then return to our own projects with a growing sense of hopelessness. It was yet another grown-up trick of the sort they seemed especially fond of, making all of us believe we had a fair chance, and then always always rewarding the same old winners. I believe I drew a sailb

42、oat, but I cant say that with any certainty. I made it. I admired it. I determined it to be the very best of all of the posters I had seen, and then I turned it in. Minutes passed. No one came along to give me the grand prize, and then someone distracted me，and I probably never would have thought ab

43、out that poster again. I was still sitting at my desk，thinking, What poster? When the teacher gave me an envelope with a ten-dollar bill in it and everyone in the class applauded for me. 46. What was the teacher's requirement for the poster?A. It must appear in time. B. It must be done in class.

44、 C. It must be done on a construction sheet. D. It must include the words on the blackboard. 47. The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 most probably means _.A. formed an idea forB. made an outline forC. made some space forD. chose some colors for48. After the teachers words, all the students in the c

45、lass _. A. 1ooked very seriousB. thought they would be richC. began to think about their designsD. began to play games49. After seeing the good students designs, some students _. A. 1oved their own designs moreB. thought they had a fair chanceC. put their own designs in a comerD. thought they would

46、not win the prize50. We can infer from the passage that the author _. A. enjoyed grown-up tricks very muchB. 1oved poster competitions very muchC. felt surprised to win the competitionD. became wise and rich after the competition Passage 3 2009山東C篇Few laws are so effective that you can see results j

47、ust days after they take effect. But in the nine days since the federal cigarette tax more than doubledto $1. 01 per packsmokers have jammed telephone “quit lines” across the country seeking to kick the habit. Ks5uThis is not a surprise to public health advocates. Theyve studied the effect of state

48、tax increases for years, finding that smokers, especially teens, are price sensitive. Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fiercely fights every tax increase. Ks5uThe only wonder is that so many states insist on closing their ears to the message. Tobacco taxes improve public health, health, they

49、 raise money and most particularly, they deter people from taking up the habit as teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate of taxation varies widely. Ks5uIn Manhattan, for instance, which has the highest tax in the nation, a pack of Marlboro Light Kings cost 10.06 at one dr

50、ugstore Wednesday. In Charleston, S.C., where the 7-cent-a-pack tax is the lowest in the nation, the price was $4. 78. Ks5uThe influence is obvious. Ks5uIn New York, high school smoking hit a new low in the latest surveys13.8%, far below the national average. By comparison, 26% of high school studen

51、ts smoke in Kentucky. Other low-tax states have similarly depressing teen-smoking records. Ks5uHal Rogers, Representative from Kentucky, like those who are against high tobacco taxes, argues that the burden of the tax falls on low-income Americans “who choose to smoke.” Ks5uThats true, but there is

52、more reason in keeping future generations of low-income workers from getting hooked in the first place. As for todays adults, if the new tax drives them to quit, they will have more to spend on their families, cut their risk of cancer and heart disease and feel better. Ks5u66. The text is mainly abo

53、ut_. Ks5uA. the price of cigarettes B. tie rate of teen smoking Ks5uC. the effect of tobacco tax increase D. the differences in tobacco tax rate Ks5u67. What does the author think is a surprise? Ks5uA. Teen smokers are price sensitive. B. Some states still keep the tobacco tax low. Ks5uC. Tobacco ta

54、xes improve public health. Ks5uD. Tobacco industry fiercely fights the tax rise. 68. The underlined word “deter” in Paragraph 3 most probably means .K.s5A. discourage B. remove C. benefit D. free Ks5u69. Rogers attitude towards the low-income smokers might be that of . KsA. tolerance B. unconcern C.

55、 doubt D. sympathy Ks5u70. What can we learn from the last paragraph? Ks5uA. The new tax will be beneficial in the long run. Ks5uB. Low-income Americans are more likely to fall ill. Ks5uC. Future generations will be hooked on smoking. Ks5uD. Adults will depend more on their families. Ks5uPassage 4 2

56、009湖北E篇Sunday is more like Monday than it used to be. Places of business that used to keep daytime “business hours” are now open late into the night. And on the Internet, the hour of the day and the day of the week have become irrelevant (不相關(guān)的). A half century ago in the United States, most people experienced strong and precise dividing lines between days of rest and days of work, school time and summer time. Today the boundaries still exist, but they seem not clear. Ks5uThe law in almost all states used to require stores to close on Sunday; in most, it no longer does.