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1、學位英語考試網(wǎng)上輔導 學位英語 第三部分閱讀理解序言:對幾個重要問題的回答一、題型介紹該部分考查應(yīng)試者對文章主旨和細節(jié)信息的理解能力。每篇文章300詞左右,每篇文章后有5道小題,要求應(yīng)試者根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容,從每題所給的4個選項中選擇1個最佳答案。閱讀理解考查的能力主要包括: 掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意;了解闡述主旨的事實和細節(jié);利用上下文猜測某些詞匯和短語的意義;根據(jù)所讀材料進行判斷、推論或做出結(jié)論;領(lǐng)會作者的觀點、意圖和態(tài)度。 二、考察目標應(yīng)試者應(yīng)能運用英語語言知識和閱讀技能來理解本專業(yè)或一般內(nèi)容的英語書面材料。三、閱讀理解題型分析及解題技巧與閱讀理解所考查的幾種能力相對應(yīng),閱讀理解設(shè)置的題型主
2、要包括以下幾種:考查的能力對應(yīng)的題型掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意主旨題了解闡述主旨的事實和細節(jié)細節(jié)題利用上下文猜測某些詞匯和短語的意義詞匯題根據(jù)所讀材料進行判斷、推論或做出結(jié)論推論題領(lǐng)會作者的觀點、意圖和態(tài)度態(tài)度題在解題時應(yīng)注意考試題型,對于不同的題型應(yīng)采取不同的解題思路和技巧。(一)主旨題主旨就是主題思想,主旨類題目考查的是學生對所給材料全文或某個段落中心思想的理解、概括能力。主題(中心思想)是作者在文章中要表達的主要內(nèi)容,是貫穿全文的核心。作者在文章中首先給出自己的寫作主題,然后努力通過各種Supporting Details來闡明中心議題,這是西方人寫作的基本思路。因此,把握主要思想對于全文
3、理解具有重要意義,這類題目針對的是大綱里所列出的考察理解文章中心和主題的能力。這類問題常被列為5題之首。針對此類問題,應(yīng)采用快速閱讀法(Skimming)瀏覽全文,理解文章主旨大意,閱讀時需要注意,表達中心思想的句子(即主題句)在文章中的位置,不同的文章可能會有所不同。但閱讀時,文章的開頭、結(jié)尾及段落的段首句和段尾句特別重要,因為它們往往包含文章的中心議題,根據(jù)統(tǒng)計大概百分之八十的閱讀文章,主題句出現(xiàn)在上述各個部分。根據(jù)內(nèi)容的不同,主題問題可分為主題型、標題型和目的型。主題型一目了然就是找中心(Main Idea);標題型是為文章選擇標題(Title);目的型就是推斷作者的寫作意圖(Purpo
4、se)。這類題常見的命題方式有: (1)What is the main idea (subject) of this passage? (2)What is this passage mainly (primarily) concerned? (3)The main theme of this passage is _. (4)The main point of the passage is _. (5)Which of the following is the best title for the passage? (6)The title that best expresses the
5、theme of the passage is _. (7)On which of the following subject would the passage most likely be found in a textbook? (8)The purpose of the writer in writing this passage _. (9)Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole? 文章的主旨一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭和文章的中間位置例1:(文章的主旨一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭)The passage is mai
6、nly about_. A.the agriculture revolution B.the invention of labor-saving machinery C.the development of scientific agriculture D.the farming machinery in America 原文:The agriculture revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development o
7、f scientific agriculture. Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. “In Europe”, said Thomas Jefferson, “the object is to make the most of their land, labor being sufficient; here it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant”. It was in America, therefore, t
8、hat the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came. At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude(粗糙的) plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural tools on their backs. By 1860,most of the machinery in use today had been de
9、signed in an early form. The most important of the early inventions was the iron plow. As early as 1890 Charles Newbolt of New Jersey had been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introducing his invention. The farmers, however, would home none of it, claiming that
10、 the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow. Nevertheless, many people devoted their attention to the plow, until in 1869, James Oliver of South Bend, Indiana, turned out the first chilled-steel plow.答疑編號500220210101正確答案B答案解析文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)如下:從文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)可以發(fā)現(xiàn),文章著重論述的是在美洲農(nóng)業(yè)機械的應(yīng)用的歷史,因此選項B是正確答案。例2:(文章的主旨一般
11、出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭)The best title for this passage may be _. A.Words and FeelingsB.Words, Gestures and FeelingsC.Gestures and FeelingsD.Culture and Understanding原文:We use both words and gestures to express our feelings, but the problem is that these words and gestures can be understood in different ways.It is
12、 true that a smile means the same thing in any language. So does laughter or crying. There are also a number of striking similarities in the way different animals show the same feelings. Dogs, tigers and humans, for example, often show their teeth when they are angry. This is probably because they a
13、re born with those behavior patterns.Fear is another emotion that is shown in much the same way all over the world. In Chinese and in English literature, a phrase like “he went pale and began to tremble” suggests that the man is either very afraid or he has just got a very big shock. However, “he op
14、ened his eyes wide” is used to suggest anger in Chinese whereas in English it means surprise. In Chinese “surprise” can be described in a phrase like “they stretched out their tongues!” Sticking out your tongue in English is an insulting gesture or expresses strong dislike.Even in the same culture,
15、people differ in ability to understand and express feelings. Experiments in America have shown that women are usually better than men at recognizing fear, anger, love and happiness on people's faces. Other studies show that older people usually find it easier to recognize or understand body lang
16、uage than younger people do.答疑編號500220210102正確答案B答案解析文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)如下:從文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出,文章運用了兩段的篇幅在論述情感和語言以及肢體動作的關(guān)系,因此,選項B是正確答案。 例3:(文章的主旨一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭)A good title for this passage is _.A.Sleep B.Good HealthC.DreamsD.Work and Rest原文:After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for
17、 good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the previous day. The rest that you get while sleeping enables your body to prepare itself for the next day.There are four levels of sleep, each being a little deeper than the one before. As you sleep, your muscles relax little
18、 by little. Your heart beats more slowly, and your brain slows down. After you reach the fourth level, your body shifts back and forth from one level of sleep to the other.Although your mind slows down, from time to time you will dream. Scientists who study sleep state that when dreaming occurs, you
19、r eyeballs begin to move more quickly (although your eyelids are closed). This stage of sleep is called REM, which stands for rapid eye movement.If you have trouble falling asleep, some people recommend breathing very slowly and very deeply. Other people believe that drinking warm milk will help mak
20、e you drowsy. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep!答疑編號500220210201正確答案A。文章第一段講人為什么睡覺,第二段講睡眠的四個階段,第三段講睡眠時要做夢,最后一段講怎樣使人入睡。所以說整篇文章是圍繞“睡眠”這一主題。 例4:(文章的主旨一般出現(xiàn)在文章中間或者第一段的后面:先舉例后說明觀點)What is the main idea of this passage? A.Many people work long hours but do not always
21、 do a lot of work.B.Most people can get more work done by working longer hours.C.Most Americans work 80 hours a week, and some work even longer.D.People can make more money by working longer hours.According to a recent survey, employees in many companies today work longer hours than employees did in
22、 1979. They also take shorter vacations than employees in 1979. It seems that Americans are working harder today than ever before. Or are they? A management consultant, Bill Meyer, decided to find out. For three days, he observed an investment banker hard at work. Meyer wrote down everything the ban
23、ker did during his long workday. At the end of the three-day period, Meyer reviewed the banker's activities with him. What did they find out? They discovered that the man spent 80 percent of his time doing unnecessary work. For example, he attended unnecessary meetings, made redundant(多余的)teleph
24、one calls, and spent time packing and unpacking his two big briefcases.答疑編號500220210202正確答案A (二)事實和細節(jié)題考生不僅需要從宏觀上把握文章內(nèi)容,還應(yīng)該從微觀上了解短文透露的具體信息,如時間、地點、人物、物體、性格、特征、長度、距離、過程、原因、條件、結(jié)果等。反映在考題上,就是具體情景題,即對文中具體事實和細節(jié)(facts and details)進行提問。有時候,這類題目會進一步演化為是非判斷題(true or false),考查學生一定的辨別和排除能力。 解題技巧:在瀏覽文后問題、斷定是否細節(jié)類題目
25、并試圖進行解答的時候,首先要注意如下的提問詞:why、what、which、who、where、when、how、how many/much/long/often/soon,以及not、except、least等否定詞。有時否定詞大寫(NOT、EXCEPT等),有些考生反而忽視。其次,還要劃出或記住問題中直接涉及文中內(nèi)容的標志詞或關(guān)鍵詞,如具體的人名、地名、事物名稱以及題干中的名詞、名詞詞組、動詞、動詞詞組等。 然后,帶著問題中的標志詞或關(guān)鍵詞返回文章,采取查閱法(scanning)迅速查尋文中相關(guān)內(nèi)容,找出對應(yīng)部分,仔細閱讀。有些問題在文中可直接找出答案,大部分問題,尤其是數(shù)字類問題,須經(jīng)過
26、簡單的運算和推理,才能得出答案。所給的選項有三個屬于干擾項,有的是片面性的,有的是部分正確,有的雖屬文章相關(guān)內(nèi)容,但不切合問題,有的用同義詞、近義詞或形似詞進行干擾。因此,核對四個選項時,務(wù)必慎重,千萬不要粗心大意,千萬不要想當然。無論從數(shù)量還是分值上看,細節(jié)類問題都是至關(guān)重要的。因此,平時要多讀多練,熟悉并掌握細節(jié)類問題的解題步驟和技巧。事實和細節(jié)題的出題形式主要有:(1)具體情景題提問方式:According to the passage,when/where/why/who/what/which/how.?解題技巧:找到試題中的關(guān)鍵詞,對試題在文章中的位置進行精確定位。例4:The di
27、fference between the control group and the experimental group was _. A.the training that parents received B.the age of the children C.the books that were read D.the number of the children 原文: A study was done with 30 three-year-old children and their parents. Half of the children participated in the
28、 experimental study; the other half acted as the control group. In the experimental group, the parents were given a two-hour training session in which they were taught to ask open-ended questions rather than yes-or-no questions. For example, the parent should ask, “What is the doggie doing?” rather
29、than “Is the doggie running away?” The parents in the experimental group were also instructed in how to help children find answers, how to suggest alternative possibilities and how to praise correct answers.答疑編號500220210203正確答案A。根據(jù)試題中的關(guān)鍵詞control group and the experimental group,找到文章中與本題相關(guān)的句子。仔細閱讀后可知
30、,學生們被分為兩組:實驗組和對照組,實驗組中父母要受到兩個小時的培訓。所以兩組的區(qū)別就在于其父母接受的培訓不同。因此選項A是正確答案。 例5:Bright children and not-bright children_. A.are two different types of childrenB.are different mainly in their degree of clevernessC.have difference only in their way of thinkingD.have different knowledge about the world原文:If you
31、 look at children, you'll see great difference between what we call "bright" children and "not-bright" children. They are actually two different kinds of people, not just the same kind with different amount of intelligence. For example, the bright child really wants to find o
32、ut about life, he tries to get in touch with everything around him. But, the unintelligent child keeps more to himself and his own dream-world; he seems to have a wall between him and life in general.答疑編號500220210204正確答案A。根據(jù)試題中的關(guān)鍵詞Bright children and not-bright children確定試題在文章的位置,以及與本題相關(guān)的句子。仔細閱讀后可知,
33、聰明孩子和不太聰明的孩子實際上是兩類不同的人,而并不是聰明程度不同的同一類人。故A與原文表述一致,B與原文相反。正確答案中的type是原文中的單詞kind的改寫。 例6:According to this passage, intelligence is_. A.the ability to study wellB.the ability to do well in schoolC.the ability to deal with lifeD.the ability to get high scores on some tests原文: When we talk about intellige
34、nce, we do not mean the ability to get good scores on certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in a new or upsetting situation. If we want to test intelligence, we need to find out how a person acts instead of h
35、ow much he knows what to do.答疑編號500220210205正確答案C。根據(jù)試題中的關(guān)鍵詞intelligence,找到文章中和本題對應(yīng)的句子,是在本段的第一句話和第二句話。通過對這兩句話的歸納總結(jié),選項C為正確答案。 (2)是非判斷題指出短文中未提及一項提問方式:According to the passage, which of the following is true?According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?According to the passage, which of
36、the following is mentioned?According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned?解題技巧:這種試題的選項在文中的分布分為兩種情況,一種是四個選項分布在文章的各個角落,可能四個選項對應(yīng)的原文分布在四個段落中;第二種是,這四個選項對應(yīng)著某一個段落中的句子。如果這樣的試題出現(xiàn)在五道試題的開頭或中間,一般說來,這道題對應(yīng)著文中的某一個段落。如果出現(xiàn)在第一題,那么,四個選項對應(yīng)的很可能是第一段,如果出現(xiàn)在五道試題的中間位置,則對應(yīng)的文中的某一個段落,對應(yīng)段落的位置可以根據(jù)前后兩道試題的位置來確定本試
37、題四個選項在文章中的大概位置。如果出現(xiàn)在最后一題,選項則可能對應(yīng)最后一段后者整篇文章。確定試題在文章中的位置后,查看四個選項,確定每一個選項的關(guān)鍵詞,根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,利用查讀的方式,確定每一個選項在文章中的位置,然后,對照原文,逐項排除。例7:According to a recent survey, employees in many companies today work longer hours than employees did in 1979. They also take shorter vacations than employees in 1979. (2)It seems t
38、hat Americans are working harder today than ever before. Or are they? A management consultant, Bill Meyer, decided to find out. For three days, he observed an investment banker hard at work. Meyer wrote down everything the banker did during his long workday. At the end of the three-day period, Meyer
39、 reviewed the banker's activities with him. What did they find out? (1)They discovered that the man spent 80 percent of his time doing unnecessary work. For example, he attended unnecessary meetings, made redundant (多余的) telephone calls, and spent time packing and unpacking his two big briefcase
40、s.(3)Apparently many people believe that the more time a person spends at work, the more he or she accomplishes. When employers evaluate employees, they often consider the amount of time on the job in addition to job performance. Employees know this. Although many working people can do their job eff
41、ectively during a regular 40-hour work week, they feel they have to spend more time on the job after normal working hours so that the people who can promote them see them.1.What is the main idea of this passage?A.Many people work long hours but do not always do a lot of work.B.Most people can get mo
42、re work done by working longer hours.C.Most Americans work 80 hours a week, and some work even longer.D.People can make more money by working longer hours.答疑編號500220210301正確答案C 2.The management consultant wanted to find out_.A.how hard the investment banker worked during his work hoursB.when people
43、spent time doing unnecessary work in their officeC.if people needed vacation after working hard for a certain period of timeD.whether Americans were really working harder than they had done before答疑編號500220210302正確答案D 3.Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.The more time a person spends at wor
44、k, the more he or she accomplishes.B.Employers do not judge their employees' job performance according to the amount of working time.C.Some people work more than 40 hours a week in the hope of getting promotion.D.All employees are willing to spend extra time at work.答疑編號500220210303正確答案C 例8:Many
45、 private institutions of higher education around the country are in danger. Not all will be saved, and perhaps not all deserve to be saved. There are low-quality schools just as there are low-quality businesses. We have no obligation to save them simply because they exist. But many thriving institut
46、ions that deserve to continue are threatened. They are doing a fine job educationally, but they are caught in a financial difficulty, with no way to reduce rising costs or increase revenues (收入) significantly. Raising fees doesn't bring in more revenue, for each time fees go up, the, enrollment
47、(注冊人數(shù)) goes down, or the mount that must be given away in student aid goes up. Schools are bad businesses, whether public or private, not usually because of bad management but because of the nature of the business. They lose money on every customer, and they can go bankrupt either from too few stude
48、nts or too many students. Even a very good college is a very bad business.It is such colleges, thriving but threatened, that I worry about. Low enrollment is not their chief problem. (3)Even with full enrollments, they may go under. Efforts to save them, and preferably to keep them private, are a na
49、tional necessity. There is no basis for arguing that private schools are bound to be better than public schools. There are plentiful examples to the contrary. Anyone can name state universities and colleges that rank as the finest in the nation and the world. It is now inevitable that public institu
50、tions will be dominant, and therefore diversity (多樣性) is a national necessity. Diversity in the way we support schools tends to give us a healthy diversity in the forms of education. In an imperfect society such as ours, uniformity of education throughout the nation could be dangerous, in an imperfe
51、ct society, diversity is a positive good. Eager supporters of public higher education know the importance of keeping private higher education healthy.3.The phrase “go under” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to _.A.have low fees B.get into difficultiesC.do a bad job educationally D.have
52、low teaching standards答疑編號500220210304正確答案B 4.Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.There are many cases indicating that private schools are superior to public schools.B.The author thinks diversity of education is preferable to uniformity of education.C.A high-quality university is always a go
53、od business.D.Each time fees are raised, the enrollment goes up.答疑編號500220210305正確答案B 例9:How can we get rid of garbage(垃圾)? Do we have enough energy sources to meet our future energy needs? These are two important questions that many people are asking today. Some people think that man might be able
54、to solve both problems at the same time. They suggest using garbage as an energy source, and at the time it can save the land to hold garbage.For a long time, people buried garbage or dumped(傾倒)it on empty land. Now, empty land is scarce. (B)But more and more garbage is produced each year. However,
55、garbage can be a good fuel to use. The things in garbage do not look like coal, petroleum, or natural gas; but they are chemically similar to these fossil(化石) fuels. As we use up our fossil-fuel supplies, we might be able to use garbage as an energy source. Burning garbage is not a new idea. Some ci
56、ties in Europe and the United States have been burning garbage for years. The heat that is produced by burning garbage is used to boil water. The steam that is produced is used to make electricity or to heat nearby buildings. (A)In Paris, France, some power plants burn almost 2 million tons of the cities garbage each year. The amount of energy produced is about the same as would be produced by burning almost a half million barrels of oil. Our fossil fuel supplies are limited. (C)Burning garbage might be one kind of energy source that we can use
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