高中英語 Unit2《Cloning》學(xué)案1 新人教版選修8

1、Unit 2Cloning同位語從句和定語從句比較與區(qū)分由于同位語從句的先行詞多為fact, belief, news, idea, thought, question, reply, possibility, hope, problem, remark, report等名詞,引導(dǎo)詞常用that,所以有些同學(xué)干脆把這些名詞背得滾瓜爛熟,以為只要上述名詞后面出現(xiàn)的從句肯定是同位語從句,殊不知上述名詞后面出現(xiàn)的從句既有可能是同位語從句,也有可能是定語從句。例如: (1)We were greatly pleased at the news that the Chinese women's

2、volleyball team had won the match again.聽到中國(guó)女排再次獲勝的消息我們極為高興。(that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句) (2)We were greatly pleased at the news that our teacher had told us.聽到老師告訴我們的消息我們感到很高興。(that引導(dǎo)的是定語從句) 從上面的例句可以看出,僅僅只*先行詞就斷定有些名詞之后一定就是同位語從句顯然是片面的。那么,究竟應(yīng)當(dāng)如何來區(qū)分同位語從句和定語從句呢?一般來說,我們可以從以下幾個(gè)方面去區(qū)分同位語從句和定語從句: 1.從意義的角度來看,同位語從句與先行詞之間存在

3、的是同位或等同的關(guān)系,如例(1)中的news與其后的從句that the Chinese women's volleyball team had won the match again之間,"中國(guó)女排再次獲勝"表示"消息"的具體內(nèi)容。定語從句與先行詞之間存在的是所屬關(guān)系,表示"的",起修飾限定作用。如例(2)中的news與其后的that our teacher had told us"老師告訴我們的"是對(duì)"消息"進(jìn)行修飾限定,并不表示"消息"的具體內(nèi)容。2.從語法角度

4、來看,引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that是連詞,只起語法作用,用來連接同位語從句,在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,如例(1)中的that;而引導(dǎo)定語從句的that是關(guān)系代詞,它除了起引導(dǎo)從句的語法作用之外,還要在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,主要是作主語或賓語,如例(2)中的that在從句中作動(dòng)詞told的賓語。3.從先行詞的詞性來看,同位語從句的先行詞大都為抽象名詞,而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞,也可以是代詞。例如: (1)There is no doubt that the price of wheat will go up.毫無疑問,小麥的價(jià)格將會(huì)上漲。(doubt為抽象名詞,同位語從句) (2)Those who

5、 were against the plan raised their hands.那些反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃的人舉起了手。(Those為代詞,定語從句) 4.從可否省略來看,同位語從句的that一般不可以省略,但是定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞如果在從句中充當(dāng)賓語,在非正式用語中常?？梢詫㈥P(guān)系代詞that省略。5.從引導(dǎo)詞來看,同位語從句有時(shí)也可以用whether來引導(dǎo),但是定語從句則一般不用whether來引導(dǎo)。例如: The problem (of) whether they could finish the project is very important.他們是否能夠按期完成那個(gè)項(xiàng)目,這個(gè)問題非常重要

6、。6.who, which, what, when, why, how, where等詞都可以用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句,但它們的用法和用作關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞時(shí)引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法不同:引導(dǎo)同位語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞是對(duì)先行詞的具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的解釋說明,與先行詞不存在指代關(guān)系;而引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞不但在從句中充當(dāng)成分,而且與其修飾的先行詞指代的是同一個(gè)人或者事物。例如: 1)The reason why he was late for class is quite clear.他上課遲到的原因顯而易見。(why引導(dǎo)的是定語從句) (2)He has solved the problem why

7、 the radio was out of order.他解決了收音機(jī)為何出故障的問題。(why引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句) 同位語從句講解與練習(xí)1定義：用作同位語的從句叫做同位語從句。2.用法：同位語從句的先行詞多為fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞。如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.對(duì)你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。Where did you get the idea that I could not

8、 come?你在哪兒聽說我不能來？Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德國(guó)已對(duì)俄國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來了。注：同位語從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導(dǎo)。如：I have no idea whether hell come or not.我不知道他是否來。連接代詞who, which, what和連接副詞where,when, why, how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語從句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.誰該干這

9、項(xiàng)工作，這個(gè)問題需要考慮。We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪兒去度暑假，這個(gè)問題我們還沒有決定。It is a question how he did it.那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問題。1that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別?that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句that引導(dǎo)的定語從句句法功能上that只起連接從句的作用，無意義。在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。不可省。that替代先行詞在從句中不僅起連接作用，還充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。如在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí)可省略。意義上從句是被

10、修飾名詞的內(nèi)容。從句起限定作用，是定語如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位語從句，that不可省) 李先生將是我們的新英語老師這個(gè)消息是真的。The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定語從句，that在從句中作的賓語，可省)他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。2一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后所跟的同位語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬語氣should+動(dòng)詞原形表示。should可省。如：This is our only request that this (

11、should) be settled as soon as possible.這就是我們唯一的請(qǐng)求：盡快解決這個(gè)問題。?用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空：It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray.2.I have no idea _ we can do with these waste materials.3._the doctor really doubts is_my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.4.It is hoped_nature will never be destro

12、yed.5._do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?6.- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. - Is that _ you had a few days off?7. Word came_I was wanted at the office.8.Do you know _of them will be our new headmaster?9.The teacher didnt tell me _we were wrong.10. Its generally conside

13、red unwise to give a child _he or she wants.?B.單項(xiàng)選擇It was true _ Alice did surprised her mother.A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that2. Does _matter much _he cant come to the meeting.A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether3.-What are you anxious about? - _A. How can we succeed B.

14、 Whether we can succeed C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed 4.The reason _the little actress has been such a success is _she is both clever and hard-working.A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because5. _leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Who B. Whoever C.

15、Anyone D. The person 6.I really dont know _I had this photo taken.A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why 7.? Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I cant remember _.A. where B. there C. which D. that 8.-What do you think of China? -_different life is today from

16、_it used to be.A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that 9.Give this to _you think can do the work well. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever 10._troubles me is _I cant learn all these English idioms by heart. A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that?答案A. 1. that 2. what

17、3. what, whether 4. that 5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which 9. where 10. whatever B. 15 CABBB 610 ACACD 練 習(xí) 二1.The fact _ she works hard is well known to us all. A.that B.what C.why D.which 2.The fact _ he was successful proves his ability. A.that B.what C.which D.why 3.The news _ he was kidnapped surpr

18、ised us greatly. A.what B.that C.why D.when 4.His suggestion _ the meeting be delayed was turned down. A.which B.that C./D.it 5.I have no idea _ he will start. A.when B.that C.what D./ 6.I've come from the government with a message _ the meeting won't be held tomorrow. A.if B.that C.whether D.which 7.The thought _ he might fail in the exam worried him. A.when B.which C.what D.that 8.The order _ the prisoner be set free arrived too