專業(yè)八級-155

1、專業(yè)八級-155(總分：100.05 ,做題時間：90分鐘)、LISTENING COMPREHENSIO,N題數(shù)：3,分數(shù)：100.00)Controlling Your Concentration1. The concerned information of concentrationA. Your attention span 1e.g. the ticking of a watch soundsas if it increases and fadesalthough the intensity of it is constantB. You pay attention to one t

2、hing at a timea(n) 2 : you attend to several concepts at a timeIn high concentration: the shift from focus of attention isa) of short 3b) 4_C. 5 of your attention vary to different degreeshigh level: long periods of attending; short distraction periodslow level: short periods of attending; long dist

3、raction periods moderate level: 6e.g. One can"t concentrate because 7 are toostrongn . Two sorts of distractorsA. Psychological distractors8are the most powerful distractorsa) angry man forgets the painb) fearful man is hard to be happyc) anxious man is uneasy about the smallest of matterspeopl

4、e act 9 under pressureB. 10traits: always present and rarely understoodphysical distractors on mental tasksa) background music could affectcomprehension and 11_b) distractors affect the ability to recall accuratelyc) 12 affects mental task adverselym. Routine and 13 are affected differently by distr

5、actorsA. Distraction may not affect (14) in some backgroundsB. Exceptional people do well under 14 becausemotivation plays importantlydifferences exist in individual spans of attentionControlling Your Concentration1. The concerned information o f concentrationA. Your attention span 1_e.g. the tickin

6、g of a watch soundsas if it increases and fadesalthough the intensity of it is constantB. You pay attention to one thing at a timea(n) 2 : you attend to several concepts at a timeIn high concentration: the shift from focus of attention isa) of short 3b) 4C. 5 of your attention vary to different degr

7、eeshigh level: long periods of attending; short distraction periods low level: short periods of attending; long distraction periods moderate level: 6e.g. One can"t concentrate because 7 are too strong n . Two sorts of distractorsA. Psychological distractors8 are the most powerful distractorsa)

8、angry man forgets the pain b) fearful man is hard to be happy c) anxious man is uneasy about the smallest of matters people act 9 under pressureB. 10_traits: always present and rarely understood physical distractors on mental tasks a) background music could affect comprehension and 11 b) distractors

9、 affect the ability to recall accurately c) 12 affects mental task adverselym. Routine and 13 are affected differently by distractorsA. Distraction may not affect (14) in some backgroundsB. Exceptional people do well under 14 because motivation plays importantly differences exist in individual spans

10、 of attention (分數(shù)：30.00 ) 解析：vanes/fluctuates 原力原文Controlling Your ConcentrationGood morning, everyone. Today our topic is on how to control your concentration. First of all, we have to look at definition of concentration. Psychologically defined, concentration is the process of centering one"s

11、 attention over a period of time. In practical application, however, concentration is not as simple to deal successfully with as the definition may imply. For this reason, it is helpful to keep the following points in mind.The first point, your attention span varies. Even with the greatest effort, o

12、ur span of attention fluctuates. You can demonstrate for yourself this fluctuationof attention. In a quiet room, placea watch so that it can just scarcely be heard. Listen carefullyand notice how the ticking increasesin apparent intensity, fades to a point where it cannot be heard, and then increase

13、s again. This phenomenon reveals how our span of attention fluctuates, for the intensity of the ticking is actually constant.Secondly, you pay attention to one thing at a time. Evidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time. It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly tha

14、t it seems that you attend to several concepts at once. But apparently this is only an illusion. In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent. Thirdly, we will talk about levels of high, moderate, and low attention. High-level attention h

15、as long periods of attending and short distraction periods. In low-level attention the periodsof attending are short and the distraction periods long. In moderate-level attention, there is a mixture of the extremes. Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of h

16、is attention centered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.Lack of concentration is a symptom, not a cause, of difficulty.Whena studentsays "I can"t concentrate", what he is really saying is, " I can"t attend to the task at hand beca

17、use my distractors are too strong." Fourthly, we come to the two sorts of distractors psychological and physical. A distractor isanything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point. In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature

18、. Both types of distractors must be understood before the student can attempt to remedy his lack of concentration. It has been proven by scientists that emotions are the most powerful distractors. The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the

19、tense or anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters. In the student"s life there are many psychological pressures and tensions which block effective productivity. The fears about making the grade, the doubts of the friendliness of a friend"s behaviour and the pressures o

20、f limited finances these are only a few of the emotional forces which affect the student. Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person. Some persons gain goal and direction from their tensions and actually do better because of them. Others fall apart under pressure, while a few people do

21、well despite the pressure. Physical distractors are always present and rarely understood. Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think. Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks. One research report has shown that comprehen

22、sion and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music. However, rate of reading was not affected, so that many students were not aware that. they were affected by the background distractor. Another study found that the ability to recall accurately was affected by distra

23、cting conditions. Most of the evidence indicates that noise affects adversely higher mental task output. Still, the effect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by students. Next, we are going to talk about routine and reasoning tasks are affected differently bydistractors. Many routine tasks c

24、an be performed with distraction in the background with littleor no adverse effect on output. Most students have found this fact to be true from their own experience. They may have had high school homework which was drill or merely copying assignments. It was possible to do such work with the latest

25、 recordings or the television set playing in the background. In time such students began to feel certain that they could do all workroutine orproblem-solving in the same manner. The evidence indicates the contrary conclusion.Last but not least, we"ve got to remember that exceptions may mislead

26、you. Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin, friend, or classmate can study in "Grand Central Station." And he makes "all A"s" too! There is evidence, of course, that motivation plays an important role in ov

27、ercoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention. Either of these factors could account for someindividuals being able to do well using inefficient methods. The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely

28、 justifies your assuming that you are exceptional in the same manner. Your chances of success are higher if you avoid the distracters which are known to hinder the typical student.To sum up what we have discussed today. Generally speaking, today we mainly focused on concentrations and we have provid

29、ed with you six suggestions on how to control your concentration. We hope these suggestions will be helpful.解析整篇講座的主題是如何限制注意力.首先提出 concentration 的定義,接下來講述第一個要點“你的注意力范圍是變化(varies)的",接著又再次提到“即使付出最大努力,我們注意力的范圍還是波動 (fluctuates) 的".因止匕,此空可填入varies 或 fluctuates .解析：illusion/misconception解析錄音原文提到

30、,“你的注意力可能轉移得很快,似乎能馬上注意到幾個概念,但緊接著說這種現(xiàn)象“是錯覺(illusion).因此,此處應填入illusion 或misconception, 要點提示詞but表示轉折關系,其后的信息是?？贾?筆記中不可無視.解析：duration/period 解析針對上一題提到的illusion( 錯覺),此題說的是對注意力的正確熟悉,錄音提到“注意力的焦點轉移是在很短時間(duration)內,結合題目應填入duration或其同義詞period解析：relatively infrequent 解析這里考查的是注意力轉移的另一個情況：relatively infrequent

31、 ,解析：Levels解析錄音提至U了 attention 的三種 level ,即 high level , moderate level , low level .應填入Levels.如果筆記中沒有記下,還可以從題目后的分項內容中找到答案,level出現(xiàn)了三次！注意首字母大寫.解析：mixture of extremes解析錄音提到,中度的注意力,是兩者的結合.由于每個空格最多填入三個單詞,故用 mixture of extremes .解析：distractors解析錄音提到：“由于分散我的注意力的干擾物 (distractors) 太強,我不能專心手頭的工作.由此可知答案為distra

32、ctors .錄音中屢次提到distractors 一詞,屢次提及的內容為?？继?筆記時需特別注意.解析：emotions解析錄音提到,科學家證實情緒(emotions)是造成分心的最大因素.由此可知填入 emotions o假設筆記中沒有記錄,還可根據(jù)題目中的angry , fearful , anxious進行推斷,這些詞分別表達了各種情緒.解析：differently/variedly解析錄音原文描述了情緒對注意力的影響后,緊接著提到“對情緒的反應因人而異",結合空格處前后的文字可以推斷答案為differently 或variedly .如果沒有聽清或聽懂varies grea

33、tly from person to person, 也可以從其后的 Some persons. Others.彳導知, 人們在壓力之下會有"不同的(different)"表現(xiàn).解析：Physical distractors 解析填入的詞與Psychological distractors 并列.結合錄音不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這 里填 Physical distractors .解析：retention 解析錄音提到“研究報告說明,在聽輕快的音樂時讀書的理解力和記憶力(retention)降低了.題目中已有了comprehension ,因此空白處填入 retention .解析：noi

34、se解析錄音提到,噪音影響思想的產(chǎn)出.缺少的是 noise.解析：reasoning tasks解析錄音最后提到了 distractors(干擾物)對于routine(日常工作)和reasoningtasks(推理性工作)的影響.題目中已有 routine ,所以應填入reasoning tasks .解析：routine tasks解析錄音提到,很多的日常工作在干擾的情況下讓人可以進行.空格所在句缺少的正是 routine task .解析：adverse conditions解析錄音原文提到“有些人能在不利條件下 (adverse conditions) 做得很好,此處講的是例外的情況.空

35、白處應填入adverse conditions .假設筆記沒有記錄,依據(jù)題目exceptional people do well 可推測,這些個別的人或者例外的情況應當是不常見的,即與正常情況相反,結合題目, 可推測答案應為 adverse conditions .Five Types of Books1. IntroductionA. Reading for information, hoping to improve our minds with the information acquired give us the means to improve our livesB. Readin

36、g prodigiously & reading 16 : two different thingsto read books that increase 17_to read books that helps improve our chances of a happy livingn . The first choice: books about18A. Including not only scientific text books, hut alsothe books that increase our understanding of the 19_B. The value

37、of these books:the development of 20the methods of learninghow to investigate our intuition and validate itwith evidenceinspiring wonder and respect for 21m. The second choice: philosophyA. Teaching us to understand 22B. Including:the classic philosophical worksthe great texts of 23IV. The third cho

38、ice: seriousfictionA. Great works of fiction: containing more truthB. Fiction: 24 experiencesC. Serious fiction: containing a lot of philosophy, psychology & historyD. Great fiction: being also 25 V. The fourth choice:26A. helping us to interpret our own timesB. recognizing modern prejudices and

39、 the nature of humanityC. Increasing our self understandingD. Teaching us that ideas and morality are 27VI. The last type: poetryA. Producing a feeling of 28 for the power of wordsB. Appreciation of poetry: essential for reading sharpening language skills29VH. ResourcesA. No formal set of 30_B. The

40、InternetFive Types of Booksl. IntroductionA. Reading for information, hoping to improve our minds with the information acquired give us the means to improve our livesB. Reading prodigiously & reading 16 : two different thingsto read books that increase 17_to read books that helps improve our cha

41、nces of a happy living n . The first choice: books about18C. Including not only scientific text books, hut alsothe books that increase our understanding of the 19_D. The value of these books:the development of 20 _the methods of learninghow to investigate our intuition and validate itwith evidencein

42、spiring wonder and respect for 21_m. The second choice: philosophy A. Teaching us to understand 22_8. Including:the classic philosophical worksthe great texts of 23IV. The third choice: serious fictionA. Great works of fiction: containing more truthB. Fiction: 24 experiencesC. Serious fiction: conta

43、ining a lot of philosophy, psychology & historyD. Great fiction: being also 25 V. The fourth choice:26A. helping us to interpret our own times B. recognizing modern prejudices and the nature of humanity C. Increasing our self understandingD. Teaching us that ideas and morality are 27VI. The last

44、 type: poetryA. Producing a feeling of 28 for the power of wordsB. Appreciation of poetry: essential for reading sharpening language skills 29VH. Resour cesA. No formal set of 30B. The Internet分數(shù)：30.00 解析：profitably/usefully 原力原文Five Types of BooksGood morning. This lecture is going to introduce 5 t

45、ypes of books that can increase intelligence. As you know, we read for information, with the hope that information weacquire will improve ourminds, giving us the means to improve our lives. In the modern Age of Information, more reading material is available than ever, making it increasingly difficu

46、lt to allocate our reading time efficiently. All books are not created equal, and it follows that all readers are not equal either. To read prodigiously and to read profitably are two very differentthings. A great amount of timeis wasted reading books that are forgotten a short time after they"

47、re completed. But time spentreading books that cultivate intelligence and wisdom is a labor that yields continuous benefit over a lifetime. Although it is certainly necessary, for the purposes of business and everyday life, to read about the latest news and trends, that type of reading is outside th

48、e scope of this article.My aim is to encourage the reading of books that permanently increase intelligence and,as a result, improve our chances of leading prosperous and fulfilling lives.The first choice is books about science. Science is not restricted to scientific text books. It_includes all book

49、s that increase our understanding of the natural world. This includes books on commerce and society, with the unifying theme being the use of evidence to explain events. The great value of these books comes, not from the theories they prove which will likely be disproved in the future, but from the

50、development of curiosity and the methods of learning. Scientific books teach us how to investigate our intuition and validate it with evidence. They also inspirewonderand respect for the physical world and for our own intellect.Then, philosophy comes as our second choice. In ancient times, science a

51、nd philosophy grew from the seed of analytical thought. If science teaches us to understand the outside world, philosophy teaches us to understand ourselves. It could very well be called the science of human life. In_addition to the classic philosophical works, this category also includes the great

52、religious texts.The Bible, Koran, Bhagavad Gita, etc. are not universally valuable because of religious dogma, but because of the wisdom and beauty that has inspired billions to live loving, pious lives. It is an unfortunate modern bias that philosophy is considered irrelevant. Although we worship a

53、t the shrine of modem technology, this is still a very human world. Philosophy will increase your understanding of human needs and desires, knowledge that is essential for spreading ideas and predicting human behavior.The third one is serious fiction. I"d like to permanently discredit the belie

54、f that fictional works are inferior because they"re only "made up stories". Only a person totally devoid of imagination could believe that. Great works of fiction contain more truth than any other literary genre because they allow the reader to experience a new reality. Fiction create

55、s experiences that elevate your level of consciousness. Serious fiction also contains a great deal of philosophy, psychology, and history. Truman Capote said that a good novel is worth more than any scientific study. For the purpose of increasing individual humanintelligence, I"m inclined to ag

56、ree. Great fiction is also great language. And as I"ve written before, reading great language is the only way to become a better writer. It will also make you a better thinker, speaker, and conversationalist.Moreover, history books are also included.History feels boring because as childrenit me

57、ant dulltext books, memorizing dates, and tedious lectures. And who can blame us? The public schools have done their best to take the humanity out of history. But at its best, history is fascinating anecdotes, remarkable characters, and the evolution of ideas that have shaped civilization. By learni

58、ng about the past we are able to interpret our own times. We are able to recognize modem prejudices and the nature of humanity. Although history may not help us predict the future, it increases self understanding and awareness. It teaches us the timelessness of ideas and morality. The last type is p

59、oetry. I saved poetry for last because convincing you to take it seriously provides the greatest challenge. Poetryarouses images of Shakespearian actors reciting floweryrhymes. It"s no wonder most people think it lacks substance and applicability. But to maintain this opinion is to ignore one of the great joys of human intelligence and underestimate the mysteri