定語從句翻譯方法的整理

1、定語從句的翻譯英語中，定語從句分成限制性從句與非限制性從句兩種。他們在英語中的位置一般是在其所修飾的先行詞后面。限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句的其別只是在于限制意義的強弱。而漢語中定語作為修飾語通常在其所修飾的詞前面，并且沒有限制意義的強弱之分，因此，限制與非限制在翻譯中并不起十分重要的作用。英語中多用結(jié)構(gòu)復雜的定語從句， 而漢語中修飾語則不宜臃腫。所以，在翻譯定語從句時，一定要考慮到漢語的表達習慣。從結(jié)構(gòu)上分析，常見的定語從句翻譯方法：一、 前置法：把定語從句翻譯到所修飾的先行詞前面，可以用“的”來連接。既然定語從句的意義是作定語修飾語，所以在翻譯的時候，通常把較短的定語從句譯成帶“的”的

2、前置定語，翻譯在定語從句的先行詞前面。He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.沒有吃過苦的人不知道什么是甜。Space and ocea ns are the new world which scie ntists are tryi ng to explore.太空和海洋是科學家們努力探索的新領(lǐng)域。His laughter, which was in fectious, broke the sile nee.他那富有感染力的笑聲打破了沉寂。Harmonious interpersonal relati

3、onship is the primary reason why I enjoy working here. 同事之間關(guān)系融洽是我喜歡在這工作的主要原因。二、后置法：把定語從句翻譯在所修飾的先行詞后面，翻譯為并列分句。英語的英語從句結(jié)構(gòu)常常比較復雜，如果翻譯在其修飾的先行詞前面的話，會顯得定語太臃腫，而無法敘述清楚。這時，可以把定語從句翻譯在先行詞后面，譯成并列分句。翻譯 時可以用兩種方法來處理：（一）重復先行詞由于定語從句的先行詞通常在定語從句中充當句子成分，如果單獨把定語從句翻譯出來的話，常常需要重復先行詞，還可以用代詞代替先行詞來重復。China and Japa n reached a

4、greeme nt on the issue of agriculture which was a major barrier for their bilateral relatio n since 1996.中日兩國最終就農(nóng)業(yè)問題達成了協(xié)議，而農(nóng)業(yè)問題自一九九六年起就是兩國關(guān)系發(fā)展的主要障礙。We wish to express our satisfacti on at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged在我們對特別委員會表示滿意，特別委員會的工作應該受到鼓勵。You, whose

5、predecessors scored in itial success in astro no mical research, have acquired a greater accomplishme nt in this respect.你們的先輩在天文學研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你們現(xiàn)在則在這一方面獲得了更大的成就。Although he is a green hand, he has enterprise and creativity which are decisive in winning success in the field.他雖然經(jīng)驗不足，但很有進取心和創(chuàng)造力，而這正是在

6、這一領(lǐng)域獲得成功的關(guān)鍵。（二）省略先行詞如果把定語從句翻譯在先行詞后面，在“通順、完整”的前提下，有時候可以不用重復 先行詞。It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle. 是他接到那封信，說你的叔叔去世了。They worked out a new method by which product ion has now bee n rapidly in creased.他們制定出一種新方案，采用之后生產(chǎn)已迅速得到提高。After dinner, the four key n egotiators

7、 resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 飯后，四個主要談判人物繼續(xù)進行會談，一直談到深夜。They worked out a new method by which efficie ncy has now bee n dramatically improved. 他們制訂出一種新方案，采用之后工作效率大大提高。三、融合法：把定語從句和它所修飾的先行詞結(jié)合在一起翻譯。融合法是指翻譯時把主句和定語從句融合成一句簡單句，其中的定語從句譯成單句中的謂語部分。由于限制性定語從句與主句關(guān)系較緊密，所以，融合法多用于翻譯限制性定語

8、從句。A. 定語從句的主句里有“ therdoe ”、 “ tcbe "等動詞時，可以把原句中的主語和定語從句融合在一起，譯成簡單句。例如：There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.樓下有人要見你。（原句中的主句部分 there is a man翻譯成“有人”，然后將定語從句譯 成句子的謂語部分。）There are some students in the class who dislike studying.在班上總有一些學生不愛學習。This is the very knife which he used to murder

9、the victim.他就是用這把刀謀殺了受害人。This was the period whe n Newt on bega n the research which resulted in the creati on of his famous Theory of Gravity.就在這期間，牛頓開始了一項研究。經(jīng)過這項研究，他創(chuàng)立了著名的重力理論。B. 定語從句的動詞在整個復合句中分量較重，可將其主句壓縮成詞組譯作主語，而把定 語從句的動詞譯作其謂語。例如：He had great success in football which made him an idol in the eye

10、s of every football player. 他在足球領(lǐng)域取得的成就使他成為每一個足球運動員的偶像。_四、分譯法：分譯法是指將主句和從句分開翻譯的一種方法，主要用于較長的非限制性定語從句里。采用這種方法可避免句子的冗長和累贅。有些定語從句在修飾關(guān)系上與先行詞之間關(guān)系顯得較為疏遠，這時，我們通常會將定語從句譯成獨立的句子。One was a viole nt thun derstorm, the worst I had ever see n, which obscured my objective. 有一次暴風驟雨，猛烈的程度實在是我平生所鮮見的。這場暴風雨遮住了我的目標。Nevert

11、heless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that the computati ons were accurate.不過問題還是圓滿地解決了，這說明計算是很精確的。從定語從句的性質(zhì)和功能分析，翻譯方法：A .表原因The man ager was givi ng a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.經(jīng)理只宴請了幾個人，因為他特別想和這些人談談，聽聽他們的意見。No one in the compa ny

12、 likes their boss, who is sti ngy and bad-tempered.公司里沒人喜歡他們的老板，因為他脾氣暴躁、人又小氣。B. 表結(jié)果The two countries established formal diplomatic relation, which paved the way for the further com muni catio n.兩國正式建立了外交關(guān)系，從而為雙方進一步的交流鋪平了道路。They quarreled with each other everyday, which led to their divorce.他們夫妻二人天天吵

13、架，最終導致離婚。C. 表讓步He insisted on buying another car, which he actually didn' t need.他堅持要再買一輛車，盡管他并不需要。My father, who thought it might not work, supported me.盡管父親認為這個辦法可能不會起作用，但還是支持我。D. 表目的This company, which wants to get their new product sold well in the market, is trying hard to perfect its pack

14、ing and workma nship.為了使新產(chǎn)品在市場熱銷，這個公司正在全力改進工藝和外包裝。E. 表轉(zhuǎn)折She is quite con siderate and kind, which her youn ger sister n ever is.她非常善良，體貼，而她妹妹卻從不這樣。To succeed in this area, one n eeds profo und kno wledge and experie nee, which few has.要想在這一領(lǐng)域取得成功，需要淵博的知識及豐富的經(jīng)驗，而很少有人能具備這兩點。F. 表條件或假設(shè)A new product whic

15、h has beautiful pack ing, good quality and advertis ing may very likely be a hit in market一種新產(chǎn)品，只要包裝精美，質(zhì)量過硬，宣傳得力，就能在市場中熱銷。Any one who works hard and n ever gives up will succeed.任何人，只要努力工作永不放棄，就能夠成功。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當于一個狀語從句，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如：表示時間The meeting being over, all of us went

16、home. 開完會后我們都回家了。Her work done, she sat dow n for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下來喝茶。表示條件The condition being favourable , he may succeed.若條件有利，他或許能成功。表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk.沒有出租車，我們只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty . 夜又黑又冷，所以他把 她裹得嚴嚴實實的。表示伴隨情況Almost all

17、metals are good con ductors, silver being the best of all .幾乎所有的金屬都是良 導體，而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good con ductors, and silver is the best ofall.)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示 謂語動詞 發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當于一個 狀語從句或并列句。用作時間狀語The work done (=After the work had bee n don e), we went home.工作完成后，我們就回家了。用作條件狀語Weather p

18、ermitting (=lf weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。用作原因狀語An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.因為明天要發(fā)表一個重要的演講， 教授不得不熬 夜到很晚。用作伴隨狀語He was lying

19、 on the grass his hands crossed un der his head(=a nd his hands were crossed un der his head).他躺在草地上，將兩手交叉枕在腦后。用作補充說明We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two .我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的 活。*注：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時間、條件或原因時，相當于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當于一個并列句，通常放于句末。一般獨立主格形式與主句邏輯關(guān)系松散形式為：n. + -ed/-ing

20、形式；n. +不定式；n. +介詞短語；n. +形容詞；n. +副詞；名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞 之間是主動關(guān)系。如：The girl stari ng at him (= As the girl stared at him), he did n't know what to say.姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.女口果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間是被動關(guān)系。如：Th

21、e problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has bee n improved. 隨著 問題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。Her glasses broke n (= Because her glasses were broke n), she could n't see the words on the blackboard.由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。名詞/主格代詞+不定式名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主動關(guān)系，且強調(diào)的是一次具體性的動作。如：He is going to make a model

22、plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore . 他們道另U 后，一個回了家，一個去了書店。名詞/主格代詞+形容詞如：An air accide nt happe ned to the pla ne, no body alive.那架飛機遭遇了空難，無一人生還。So many people absent the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人

23、缺席，會議不得不取消。名詞/主格代詞+副詞如：He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了。名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語如：The boy goes to the classroom,book in ha nd .那男孩手里拿著書去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door .瑪麗靠近火爐 坐著，背對著門。名詞/主格代詞+名詞His first shot failure

24、, he fired again .他第一槍沒擊中，又打了一槍。Two hun dred people died in the accide nt, many of them childre n.兩百人死于事故，其中有許多兒童。-with引導的獨立主格：與主句邏輯關(guān)系緊密形式為：with + n. + -ed/-ing 形式；with + n. +adj.; with +n. + 介詞短語with （ without）+賓語（名詞/代詞）+賓語補足語，賓語通常由名詞或代詞充當，但代詞 一定要用賓格。上文的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況都適用于此結(jié)構(gòu)。The girl hid her box witho

25、ut anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。（without +名詞/代詞+動詞的-ing形式）Without a word more spoke n, she left the meeti ng room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。（without+名詞/代詞+動詞的-ed形式）The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動。（with+名詞/代詞+動詞不定式）The boy was walk ing, with his father ahead.父親在前，小孩在后走著。（with+名詞/代詞+副詞）He stood at the door, with a