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1、專題二非謂語動詞考點(diǎn)分析與突破考點(diǎn)概要分析非謂語動詞是英語語法教學(xué)中的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)之一,同時也是歷屆高考考查的主要語法項(xiàng)目。高考對非 謂語動詞的考查側(cè)重于對非謂語動詞的基本用法的考查,即:1. 不定式與動名詞作主語或賓語,分詞與不定式作狀語、定語或賓語補(bǔ)足語;2. 非謂語動詞的省略式和否定結(jié)構(gòu);3. 非謂語動詞的復(fù)合形式:動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(sb.' doing sth.,with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(with +名詞/代詞+ 非謂語動 詞);4. 分詞作狀語和作定語時,其時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化與區(qū)別。下表呈現(xiàn)了湖北高考近年對非謂語動詞的考查內(nèi)容:年份考點(diǎn)2007with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)2008過去分詞作補(bǔ)語補(bǔ)足
2、語2009不定式作賓語;動詞-ing形式作主語2010動詞-ing形式作主語;不定式作定語2011過去分詞作定語;非謂語動詞作狀語;動詞不 定式完成式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)作補(bǔ)語2012with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu);過去分詞短語作狀語;動詞-ing 形式作賓語2013動詞-ing形式作狀語;過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語; 非謂語動詞作主語整。解答非謂語動詞試題時,可遵循以下解 題思路:1.分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),準(zhǔn)確識別非謂語動詞, 確定非謂語動詞在句中所作的成分;2.根據(jù)漢語和英語提示以及動詞的邏 輯主語來確定非謂語動詞的形式(不定式、 動名詞還是分詞)、語態(tài)(主動還是被動)、 時態(tài)(一般時、進(jìn)行時還是完成時),是肯定 形式還是否定
3、形式;3.注意提示詞與介詞、名詞以及非謂語 動詞等的搭配;4.檢查是否有信息遺漏,表達(dá)是否完高考真題展示1.(2010)(不會用)a computer makes it more difficult for him to do his academic research.(use)不會用電腦使他做學(xué)術(shù)研究更為困難。2. (2010)After she completes the project, she' II have(沒什么要擔(dān)心的).(worry)在她完成這個項(xiàng)目后,她將沒什么要擔(dān)心的。3. ( 2011) (把鑰匙握在手上),he looked for them everywh
4、ere. (hold)鑰匙握在手上,他卻到處尋找它們。4.( 2011)A number of paintings in this castle are believed (被毀掉)in a fire in 2009. (destroy)人們相信這座城堡里的一些油畫在2009年的一場大火中被毀掉了。5.( 2012) With , some animals are facing the danger of dying out. (cut)由于越來越多的森林被砍伐,一些動物正面臨著滅絕的危險。6.(2012) Pop ularly(regard)教父被普遍認(rèn)為是美國有史以來最好的影片之一,是電影
5、界的一個里程碑。American films ever made, The Godfather is a milestone of cinema.7.( 2012)The soldier was absent from his camp for three days without.(ask)這個士兵沒有請假就離開營地三天。8.(2013) Notmy p arents, I failed to go to a drama school, where my interest lay.(P ersuade)to a tree on the riverbank.由于沒有說服我父母,我沒能上戲劇學(xué)校
6、,而那才是我的興趣所在。9. (2013) When I work on the farmland in the daytime, I always (kee P)白天干農(nóng)活的時候,我總是把羊拴在河邊的樹上。10.(2013) As time is pressing, I think is the best way to get from here to the conference centre. (take) 由于時間緊迫,我認(rèn)為從這里去會議中心最好的辦法是乘出租車。 考點(diǎn)知識掃描非謂語動詞的用法是一個系統(tǒng)性、綜合性很強(qiáng)的語法點(diǎn),千萬別記住幾個條條框框就去亂套用。真正 領(lǐng)悟非謂語動詞的用法
7、要掌握以下熱點(diǎn)知識:1.考查非謂語動詞作主語考點(diǎn)1.考查非謂語動詞作主語2.考查非謂語動詞作賓語執(zhí)八、3.考查非謂語動詞作表語1.動詞-ing形式作主語通常表示抽象 的或一般性的概念,而不定式作主語則表示4.考查非謂語動詞作定語具體的、某一次的行為。5.考查非謂語動詞作狀語Smoking is forbidden in p ublic pl aces.6.考查非謂語動詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語7.考查with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(一般性概念)It is impossible to go swimming thisafternoon.(具體的)2.不定式短語作主語時可轉(zhuǎn)換成it作形式主語,而動名詞作主語用it代替的情況
8、(It is no use doing sth.為特定句式)則多見于特定句式中。It was no use sending him to a hos pital.It 'very hard to learn an art.3.動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句首時,只可在動名詞前加上物主代詞或名詞的所有格。而動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不在句首時,則還可用名詞的普通格或代詞賓格作動名詞的邏輯主語。Jack's suddenly disappearing made them worried.(不可用 Jack)They were worried about Jack ' s / Jack sudde
9、nly disappearing.4.帶邏輯主語的動詞-ing形式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時,可以和主語從句相互轉(zhuǎn)換。His being elected our team leader made us all very excited. = That he was elected our team leader made us all very excited.他被選為我們的隊(duì)長,使我們都很興奮。即時鞏固1. It is imp ossible for my question他不在,我的問題就答復(fù)不了。in his absence. (answer)in the exam made his head tea
10、cher very angry. (catch)他考試作弊被抓令班主任很生氣。2.3. go hiking with her friends made Jane a little unhappy all day. (allow)不準(zhǔn)和朋友們一起去遠(yuǎn)足讓簡一整天都不太高興。4. different languages and cultures does a lot of good to children. (expose)接觸不同的語言和文化對孩子們大有裨益??键c(diǎn)2.考查非謂語動詞作賓語1.動詞-ing形式作賓語時,其邏輯主語既可以是物主代詞或名詞的所有格,也可以是人稱代詞賓格或名詞的普通格。如
11、:She doesn ' t like Mary / Mary' s talking that way.2. 作賓語的動詞 -ing 形式和不定式的完成式表示該動作在謂語動詞動作之前發(fā)生。如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. 3. 接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞及短語巧記如下: 想要干: want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim,claim, would like / love, desire, swear早打算:同
12、意否:問問看:決定了:盡力干:努力做:plan, prepare, mean, arrange agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse ask, begdecide, determine, make up one' s mind, be determined try, manage (反義詞 fail), struggle, strive make an effort別裝蒜:4. 接動詞 -ing 形式作賓語的動詞及短語巧記如下: 考慮建議盼原諒:pretendconsider, suggest / advise, look f
13、orward to, excuse, pardon承認(rèn)推遲沒的想: 避免錯過繼續(xù)練: 否認(rèn)完成停止賞: 不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡: 不準(zhǔn)冒險憑想象:admit, delay / put off, fancy avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise deny, finish, stop, enjoy / appreciate can' t help, mind, allow / permit, escape forbid, risk, imagine5. 后接動詞 -ing 形式和動詞不定式意義有別的動詞: (1)2)3)4)5)6)7)forget to do
14、 忘記要去做某事 (此事未做 ) forget doing 忘記做過某事 (此事已做過或已發(fā)生 ) stop to do 停止、中斷 (某件事 ),目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 remember to do 記住去做某事 ( 未做 ) remember doing 記得做過某事 (已做 )regret to do 對要做的事遺憾 (后常跟動詞 say, tell, inform 等 ) regret doing 對做過的事后悔 try to do 努力、企圖做某事 try doing 試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法mean to do打算,有意要mean doing 意味著
15、go on to do 繼而 (去做另外一件事情 ) go on doing 繼續(xù) (原先沒有做完的事情 )6. 動詞 advise / allow / permit / forbid 后要跟 doing 作賓語,跟 to do 作賓補(bǔ)。如:We don't allow people to smoke here.The teacher advised taking a different approach.7. need, require, want, deserve作“需要”理解時,其后必須用動詞-ing形式的主動形式或不定式的被動式作賓語,表示“某事需要被做”。be worth后須
16、用動詞-ing形式的主動形式表示被動含義。如:The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing / to be removed immediately. 8. 固定句型1) There is no good / point / sense / harm( in )doing sth. 做某事不好 (沒用/沒意義/沒有害處 )(2)have difficulty / trouble / problem / a hard time / a good time / fun + (in) + doing 做某事有困難 /
17、 無 困難/有趣(3)(4)(5)即時鞏固spend / waste / lose time (in) doing sth. 花費(fèi)時間做某事cannot help but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice / alternative but to do 表示 "不得不”。 "would rather / had better + (not) +動詞原形"意為“寧愿 /最好(不)做某事”。1.(2013 武昌區(qū)期末考) Having spent some time in the city, he had no tro
18、ubleHistory Museum. (find)他在這個城市已經(jīng)呆了一段時間,因此毫不費(fèi)力就找到了去歷史博物館的路。the2. (2013 武漢市部分中學(xué) 11 月聯(lián)考) When she heard her mother' s steps on the stairs, she pretendedher comp osition. (write)聽到媽媽上樓梯的腳步聲,她假裝在寫作文。3. (2013 襄陽市第二次聯(lián)考)Ever since her childhood, she has dreamed ofto goabroad for further study. (there)
19、自從孩童時代起她就夢想有機(jī)會出國深造。4.(2013 龍泉中學(xué) 10 月統(tǒng)考)I really appreciatesuch a good opportunity. I won' t let you down. (give)我十分感激給我這么好的機(jī)會。我不會讓你失望的??键c(diǎn)3.考查非謂語動詞作表語1.不定式作表語一般表示具體動作,特別是表示將來的動作。動詞 般性的行為。-ing形式作表語,表示抽象的、一2. 表心理狀態(tài)的 interesting, exciting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying,
20、surprising, pleasing等現(xiàn)在分詞式形容詞作表語時,強(qiáng)調(diào)外在的表象,意為“令人的” interested, excited, disappointed,encouraged, worried, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, p leased等過去分詞作形容詞作表語時,強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀的感受,意為“感到的”。3. get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系動詞后都可跟過去分詞,表示主語的被動狀態(tài)。女口: remainseated /hidden, get paid / dressed / changed / stuc
21、k / hurt / injured / burnt 等。即時鞏固1. What he wanted to suggest is他想建議的是降價促銷。and increase the sales. (cut)2. In Ap ril, thousands of holidaymakers remained due to the volcanic ash cloud. ( stick)在4月,由于火山灰云成千名度假者被困在國外。whether they will3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it
22、 enjoy it. (see)去國外度次假對這對老夫婦很有益處,但他們是否會喜歡它仍有待觀察??键c(diǎn)4.考查非謂語動詞作定語1.不定式、動詞-ing形式和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別:to do / to be done作定語一般表示未來動作;過 去分詞作定語表示已經(jīng)完成的或表被動完成的動作;being done表示被動的、進(jìn)行的動作;doing表示正在進(jìn)行的動作或者經(jīng)常性的動作或現(xiàn)在(或當(dāng)時)的狀態(tài);現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式一般不作定語。2. 使用不定式作定語的情況(1)下列詞語后常接不定式作定語:chance,wish,right,courage, need, promise,time,opportuni
23、ty,way,the first,the second, the last,the only 等。如:Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday?(2)不定式作定語和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。如:There is no one to look after her.(3)不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動賓關(guān)系。如:I have a lot of work to do.注意: 如果不定式是不及物動詞,后面應(yīng)有必要的介詞。如:He is looking for a room to live in.如果不定式的邏輯主
24、語和邏輯賓語都出現(xiàn)在不定式前面,不定式則用主動形式;若在句中找不到 不定式的邏輯主語,則用不定式的被動形式。注意這兩句話的區(qū)別:Do you have anything to wash today? (to wash 的邏輯主語為句子的主語you)Do you have anything to be washed ? (to be washed動作不由 you完成,而是由 “我” 或其他人來完成。)3. 一些形容詞化的過去分詞表示已完成的動作或所處的狀態(tài),意為“已經(jīng)的”。這類過去分詞均為不及物動詞變化而來。如:a fallen leaf落葉(已經(jīng)落在地上)宀a falling leaf飄零的落
25、葉(尚在空中)a developed country 發(fā)達(dá)國家 宀 a developing country 發(fā)展中國家a risen sun升起的太陽 宀 a rising sun冉冉升起的太陽即時鞏固;we cannotby? (put)1. ( 2012 黃岡市 9 月調(diào)考) Every one of us has many responsibilities avoid them and must do our best to undertake them. (attach)我們每個人都有依附于我們的責(zé)任。我們不能回避這些責(zé)任,我們得盡力去承擔(dān)。2. ( 2013 武漢市 4 月調(diào)考)H
26、ave you got ready for the coming job interviewKFC next week? (give)你為下周KFC舉行的求職面試作好了準(zhǔn)備嗎?3.(2013 襄陽市部分中學(xué) 11 月聯(lián)考)Are you in favor of the suggestion你同意彼得提出的建議嗎?考點(diǎn)5.考查非謂語動詞作狀語1.不定式和分詞作狀語,有一般式和完成式,也有主動式和被動式。完成式表示該動作比謂語動詞動 作先發(fā)生。當(dāng)前后主語一致時,可以按照下列形式選擇使用:(1)to do表示目的或結(jié)果 (to do = in order to do / so as to do, 其
27、中 so as to do不能放在句首 表示意想不到的結(jié)果;thus doing表示自然而然的結(jié)果。如:We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.(意想不至U的結(jié)果 )A terrible storm hit the area, thus causing great damage to the crops.(自然而然的結(jié)果 )(2) doing sth.表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的動作(主動關(guān)系);being + adj. / n.常表示原因;(“因?yàn)檎诒弧保?。如:?qiáng)調(diào)與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的被動動作);only to dobeing d
28、oneHearing the news, they got excited.Being blind, how could they see an ele phant?Being rep aired, the car cannot be used today.having been(3)done表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的被動動作;having done先于謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作(主動關(guān)系); done先于謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作(被動關(guān)系)。如:Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.Given ( = Having been
29、 given) a wrong number, I couldn ' t contact him over the phone.2. too.to do表示肯定的情況(1) 當(dāng)only too和all too與動詞不定式連用時,表示肯定意義。如:I'm only too pleased to help you.我很高興能幫助你。(2) too ready / anxious / eager / glad / willing (多為表“高興”“易于” “急于"和“樂于”之意的形容詞)+ to do,其后的動詞不定式具有肯定意義。這時too相當(dāng)于very。(3) neve
30、r (not) + too.to.意為“不會太所以能”之意。如:One is never too old to learn. (諺)活至 U老,學(xué)至 U老。(4) cannot.too / enough.意為"再也不過分”之意。如:You can never be careful enough while driving.駕車時越小心越好。3.有些非謂語動詞短語已經(jīng)游離出來,成為固定短語,當(dāng)作插入語使用。此時,句子的主語與它們不 存在邏輯上的一致關(guān)系。如:(1) to tell you the truth 實(shí)話說, needless to say不用說,to be honest /
31、frank 老實(shí)說,坦白說,to bemore exact 更確切地說,to make things worse 更糟的是,say that.假設(shè), not to mention.更不用說(2) generally / frankly / roughly speaking 一般說來 / 坦白說 / 粗略地說,considering.鑒于 / 考慮 ,judging by / from.從 來看,依據(jù) 來判斷, supposing / suppose that.假定 ,providing that.假定 ,according to.依據(jù) ,including.包括 ,owing to.由于 ,t
32、alking / speaking of 談及p rovided that.女口果(3) given.考慮到4.連詞+分詞(短語)有時,為了使非謂語動詞短語與主句的邏輯關(guān)系更清楚,可在非謂語動詞前加連詞。連詞有when, while,if, unless, though, after, before等。但分詞的邏輯主語和主句的主語必須一致。如:While waiting there, he saw two p retty girls come out of the building.即時鞏固1.(2012黃岡中學(xué)11月月考)the builder several times, he signe
33、d the contract atlength. (negotiate)與建筑商協(xié)商了幾次后,他最終簽了這個合同。2. (2013 湖北部分中學(xué)聯(lián)考I)When his mother came home from work, he was lying on the sofa, his book. (absorb)母親下班回家的時候,他正躺在沙發(fā)上專心致志地看書。a sign onmy study.3. (2013 武漢市部分中學(xué) 11 月聯(lián)考)We rushed to the football court,which was written“ Periodic Maintenance ” .
34、(see)我們沖進(jìn)足球場,結(jié)果只看見球場上一塊牌子上寫著“定期維修” 。4. (2013襄陽市第二次聯(lián)考)When first , iP hone 5 was widely acce pted by consumers. (introduce)當(dāng)?shù)谝淮我胧袌?,iPhone 5就被消費(fèi)者廣泛接受。5. (2013 襄陽市 3 月聯(lián)考)The noise outside was extremely terrible, thus (concentrate)6.(2013荊州市質(zhì)檢n)外面的噪音太大,使我無法集中注意力學(xué)習(xí)。the p ossible snowstorm at hand, they
35、determined to stay athome for the holiday. (warn )得到告誡可能有暴風(fēng)雪即將到來,他們決定假期呆在家里??键c(diǎn)6.考查非謂語動詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語1. hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demanc不能跟 sb. to do sth.,即不能帶復(fù)合賓語。hope sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為t wish / expect sb. to do sth. welcome sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為t sb. be welcome to do sth. agree sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為t allow /
36、permit sb. to do sth.suggest sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為t advise sb. to do sth. / suggest sb. (should) do sth. demand sb. to do sth應(yīng)改為t require sb. to do sth. / demand sb. (should) do sth. 2.感官動詞帶賓補(bǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)構(gòu)公式(以 see 為例):see + 賓語 + do / doing / done (主動)t主語 + be seen to do / doing / done結(jié)構(gòu)意義:do, to do sth.表示動作的全過
37、程或經(jīng)常性動作;doing表示主動的、正在進(jìn)行的動作;done表示完成的、被動的動作(如果是不及物動詞則只表示完成的動作)。但在這些動詞的被動式(如果可以變?yōu)?被動式的話)后用作主語補(bǔ)足語的不定式要帶to。(1)(2)(3)A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.此類動詞及短語有:see, notice, watch, observe, catch (sight of), listen to, hear, feel, find 等。3. get / send帶賓補(bǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。get / send+
38、賓語+ doing表示 "使起來”,由靜止到運(yùn)動并持續(xù)下去。get+賓語+ to do = let / have sb. do表示"讓某人做某事”。get +賓語+ done= have sth. done表示“使某事被做”。(4)4. make帶賓補(bǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。使役動詞make+賓語+ do / done;賓語與do為主動關(guān)系,與done是被動關(guān)系;如果make在被動語 態(tài)中,作補(bǔ)語用的動詞原形前要加上to。5. have帶賓補(bǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。have+ sth.+ done 意為have+ sb.+ doing 意為(1)(2)“讓某事被(他人)做”。 “讓某人一直做某事”。sen
39、d+賓語+ to do表示"派某人去做某事”。(3)注意:要做”(主語本人做)。可參考定語用法。have + sb.+ do意為"讓某人做某事”?!坝心呈耯ave sth. to be done意為 "有要做的事情”(不是主語本人做);have sth. to do意為6. keep / leave+賓語+ doing (主動動作,且持續(xù)進(jìn)行)/ done (被動狀態(tài))。7. want / order / ask / wish / like +賓語+ (to be) done (賓語與 done 之間為被動關(guān)系)。8. be reported (said / be
40、lieved.)+ to do / to be doing / to have ( been) done 意為"據(jù)報道(說、認(rèn)為) 要 做(正在做、做過了)某事”。即時鞏固1. Mr. White was happy to find his pet dog at home when he was out. (take)懷特先生高興地發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)他外出時,他的寵物狗在家被照顧得很好。2. They urged the committee soon. (make)他們極力主張委員會盡快做出決定。3. (2012 黃岡市 9 月調(diào)考)Many farmers in the countryside
41、 have gone to cities to look for work and left theirchildren behind by their grand parents, (raise)all the很多農(nóng)村的農(nóng)民去大城市找工作,將他們的孩子留給祖父母撫養(yǎng)。4. (2013 武漢市部分中學(xué)12 月聯(lián)考) The girl under the tall tree was seen afternoon. (sit)有人看見大樹下的那個女孩閑坐在那里讀了一下午的書??键c(diǎn)7.考查with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)1. with +賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞表示該動作正在進(jìn)行)With so many peop
42、le communicating in English every day, it will become more and more imp ortant to have a good knowledge of English .有這么多人每天用英語交流,精通英語將會變得越來越重要。The day was fine, with a fresh breeze blowing . 天氣晴朗,和風(fēng)輕拂。有時也用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式表示“正在被做” 。如:With more and more forests being cut down, some animals are facing the dang
43、er of dying out.由于越來越多的森林正在被砍伐,一些動物正面臨著滅絕的危險。(2013湖北卷)2. with +賓語+過去分詞(過去分詞表示被動,完成)It was a p ity that the great writer died with his works unfinished.遺憾的是那位大作家去世了,留下未完成的作品。With the problem settled,we felt relieved . 問題解決了,我們感到很輕松。3. with +賓語+ to do (動詞不定式表示將要做的動作)The hurricane, with its power to si
44、nk ships and to destroy strong walls path.颶風(fēng)威力無比,它能顛覆船只、毀壞圍墻,一路風(fēng)馳電掣般來到小船前。With so many dishes to wash, I can not go with you . 有這么多盤子要洗,我不能跟你一起去。With so many p roblems to solve, the newly-elected p resident will have a hard time.有如此多的問題要解決,這位新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)日子難熬。即時鞏固had found this little shi p in its1. (2013 湖北部分中學(xué)期末聯(lián)考)lean' t get down to my work witharound.(play)有這么多的孩子在身邊玩耍,我不能開始認(rèn)真工作。2. (2013武漢武昌區(qū)期末聯(lián)考)With he didn 'know what to do next.(arise)隨著很多問題的出現(xiàn),他不知道下一步該做什么了。3.(2013
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