原因、結果、讓步狀語從句

1、高中英語狀語從句講解總匯一、原因從句和結果原因從句除了下面A2 , A3中所示各種類型外，這兩種從句均可由as或because來引導。但是用as引導原因從句較為穩(wěn)妥 (參見A);用because引導結果/原因從句較為穩(wěn)妥(參見B)。A 原因從句1由as/because/since引導的原因從句：We camped there as/ because/ since it was too dark to go on 我們在那里露宿是因為天太黑，不能再繼續(xù)往前走了。As/Because/Since it was too dark to go on ， we camped there 因為天太黑不能再

2、繼續(xù)往前走，我們就在那兒露宿了。2. in view of the fact that 可用 as/since/seeing that 來表示，但不能用because：As/Since/Seeing that you are here， you may as well give me a hand 既然你在這兒，你就幫我個忙吧。As/Since/Seeing that Tom knows French， he'd better do the talking 既然湯姆懂法語，最好讓他來談。3 .在as/ since/seeing that意指以前共知的或共知的陳述時，可用if來代替：As

3、/Since/Seeing that/If you don't like Bill ， why did you invite him ？既然/如果你不喜歡比爾，你為什么邀請了他？注意： if so 的用法：I hope Bill won 't comeIf so (= If you hope he won ' t come), why did you invite him ?我希望比爾別來。如果這樣( =如果你希望他不來) ，你為什么邀請了他？關于 ifso/not，so (not)可用來代替if后面的從句。如： Has the letter come ? If so,

4、 read it, please.來信了嗎？如果來了，請讀一讀。 Has the letter come? If not, please teleph onefor news . (= If the letter hasn't come .)來信了嗎？如果沒來，請打電話問問情況。 英語陷阱： unless 和 if not 能互換嗎I couldn't have got to Slough in time unless I'd had a helicopter.除非我有一架直升飛機，否則我是不可能在那個時候趕到S地的.一般的英語語法書和辭典都會談到，連接詞unless的

5、涵義和if.not相同,它們可以互換使 用. 例如 : I shan't go unless he asks me. 等于 I shan't go if he does not ask me. (Eckersley's A comprehensive English Grammar); You will fail unless you work harder. 等于 You will fail if you do not work harder. (A. S. Hornby's The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of C

6、urrent English).其實，這樣的提法是不夠全面的，因為存在著這么一個問題：unless和if.not是否在各 種場合下都能互換使用呢 ? 現(xiàn)以上例 -I couldn't have got to Slough in time unless I'd had a helicopter. 為例來探討一下這個問題 .此句引自國外報刊 . 說話人被控犯了謀殺罪 ， 在法庭他自辯說 ："發(fā)生此案時 ，我并不在 S 地， 而是在離 S 地幾十里外的另一個小鎮(zhèn)上 ， 關于這點我可以提供人證 ".接著他說道 ："Icouldn't have go

7、t to Slough in time unless I'd had a helicopter."如果遵照一般語法書所述的公式 ： unless=if.not， 將此句改作 I couldn't have got to Slough in time if I'd not had a helicopter， 那會產(chǎn)生怎樣的后果呢 ? 若改作 if.not， 其涵義是 ： I did have a helicopter and I did get to Slough in time to commit the murder.顯而易見，這并不是他所想說的話國此，un

8、i ess是在大多數(shù)場合下可與 if. not互換使 用, 但在某些場合里 (例如在某些謂語動詞用虛擬語氣的句子里)卻不能相互置換 ,否則它們會產(chǎn)生截然相反的涵義 .值得注意的是 ， uniess 用在虛擬語氣句中時 ， 存在著兩種可能性 . 在某些句子中 ， 它表 示 if.not 的涵義 ， 可以和 if.not 互換使用 . 例如 :Uniess you had ient me a hand， I shouid not have fuifiiied my task.= If you had not ient me a hand， I shouid not have fuifiiied m

9、y task. 要不是你們來幫忙 ， 我是不可能完成任務的 .然而,在另一些場合里,uni ess并不是表示if. not的涵義,而是表示近似于 but.if的涵 義. 這時候 ， 可以改寫為 but.if， 但決不能用 if.not 去替代 . 例如 ， 他在法庭上所說的那一句 可以改寫為 : I couid not have got to Siough, but I couid have got to Siough if I had had a heiicopter.還有一點應當注意的是，unless句型和if.not句型具有沒的倏色彩和表達風格 ，前者是 積極的說法 , 態(tài)度明朗 , 語

10、氣有力 ; 后者是退一步的說法 , 態(tài)度含糊 , 語氣軟弱無力 .現(xiàn)在 , 你能否說出下列兩個句子的不同涵義 ?I shouid not expect their heip uniess they were my friends.I Shouid not expect their heip if they were not my friends.B 結果從句結果狀語從句引導結果狀語從句的連詞有：so that, sothat, such that, suchthat, that等。當從句前面有逗號時， so that 中 that 可省略，如：It was dark, so (that) we

11、 couid see nothing in front of us.“ So +形容詞/副詞+ that ”是引導結果狀語從句的常用結構，如：He taiked so ioud that he annoyed the speaker. He was so briiiiant that he made a iot of inventions.“such+形容詞+名詞+ that”與“ sothat”的意義相同，如：It was such a hot day that peopie couid not go out.He painted such beautifui pictures that t

12、he visitors were iost in admiration.that可以單獨引導結果狀語從句，如：The question is of great importance that it cannot be negiected.由 because或 as弓丨導：The fuse biew because we had overioaded the circuit 保險絲燒斷了，因為我們使線路超載了。He was angry because we were iate他生氣是因為我們來晚了。As it froze hard that night there was ice everywh

13、ere next day 因為那天晚上冷得厲害，所以第二天到處都是冰。As the soup was very saity we were thirsty afterwards 因為這湯很咸，后來我們渴得厲害。C 這種組合也可用 so 連接兩個主句的形式來表示： It was too dark to go on ， so we camped there 天太黑了，不能繼續(xù)往前走了，所以我們就在那兒露宿了。You are here， so you may as weii give me a hand 你們既然在這兒，不如就幫我一下。It froze hard that night ， so th

14、ere was ice everywhere next day 那天夜里冷得厲害，所以第二天到處都是冰。也可以使用therefore，但只限用于非常正式的句子中：The Finnish delegate has not yet arrived We are therefore postponing We have therefore decided to postponeTherefore we are postponing the meeting 芬蘭代表還沒有到達。 我們因此要把會議推遲因此我們已決定把會議推遲因此我們要把 會議推遲。（注意 therefore 可以放在幾個不同的位置。 ）

15、such/ sothat引導的結果從句A such 是形容詞，用于形容詞 +名詞結構之前：They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house 他們有一條如此兇猛的狗，以致沒人敢靠近他們家。He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep 他說了這么長時間，以致在座的人都犯困了。B so 是副詞，用于副詞和不帶名詞的形容詞之前：The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were soon cover

16、ed up 雪下得這么快，以致我們的腳印很快就被雪蓋住了。His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep 他的講話這么長，以致在座的人都開始犯困了。Their dog was so fierce that no one dared come near it 他們的狗太兇猛了，所以沒人敢靠近它。但such不能用于 much和many之前，所以so可用于后跟名詞的 much和many之前： There was so much dust that we couldn't see what was happenin

17、g灰塵太大了，使得我們看不清發(fā)生了什么事。So many people complained that they took the programme off 抱怨的人太多，所以他們?nèi)∠四莻€節(jié)目。C注意：such+ a+形容詞+名詞可由so+形容詞+ a+名詞來代替，所以such a good man可由so good a man來代替。這只能在名詞前面有a/an的情況下使用。這種形式不常見，但有時出現(xiàn)在文學作品中。有時為了表示強調(diào)，so位于句首。這時后面跟動詞的倒裝形式：so/ neither/ nor表示前面所說的情況也適合于后者，其倒裝結構為"so/ neither / no

18、r+助動詞/系動詞/情態(tài)動詞主語” （so 表示肯定意義， neither/nor 表示否定意義） 。如： She has finished her homework , so has her brother. She hasn' t gone there, neither/nor has he.但 如果so表示強調(diào)，即強調(diào)前面所說的情況的真實性時，其結構是“ S0 +主語+助動詞/系動詞/情態(tài)動詞” ，這里的主語同前一個句子的主語指的是同一人或物。如：She knowslittle English ， so she does. 她英語懂得不多。她的確如此。So terrible wa

19、s the storm that whole roofs were ripped off . 暴風真可怕，把整個的屋頂全都刮飛了。" 倒裝 " 六大命題熱點透析 近年來試題對倒裝的考查一般結合其它語法現(xiàn)象和習慣句型進行。如虛擬語氣中條件從句的倒裝； no sooner. than， not until 等引起的倒裝等。熱點之一：含有否定意義的副詞放在句首引起的部分倒裝此類副詞有： not， never， seldom， hardly， rarely， little 等。例如： Not a single word did he say at the meeting .（在會上

20、，他什么也沒說。 ）【原題重現(xiàn)】 1 The old couple have been married for 40years and never once with eachother（NMET 2003 ）Athey had quarreledB they have quarreledC have they quarreledDhad they quarreled（ key： C ）【簡析】本題中關鍵詞是 never 這一副詞，與現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)連用引起部分倒裝。 【原題重現(xiàn)】 2Not a single song at yesterday's party （2001 上海）Ashe

21、sangB sang sheCdid she singDshe did sing （key：C）【簡析】本題是否定副詞 not 與一般過去時態(tài)共同形成的部分倒裝。 熱點之二：含有否定意義的連接詞置于句首引起的部分倒裝 此類連接詞有： not only but also，neithernor ，no soonerthan，scarcelywhen， hardly when 等。請看例句：No sooner had she gone out than the telephone rang.（她一出門電話就響了。）【原題重現(xiàn)】 3Not only interested in football but

22、 beginning to show an interest in it. （2002 上海春）A. the teacher himself is；all his students areB. the teacher himself is ； are all his studentsC. is the teacher himself ； are all his studentsD. is the teacher himself ；all his students are（ key： D）【簡析】包含n ot only . but （also）結構的句子，如果not only置于句首，not o

23、nly所在句子要形成部分倒裝，but（also）后面的句子不要倒裝。熱點之三：搞清 so （nor ， neither） +助動詞+主語與so （nor , neither）+主語+助動詞之間的區(qū)別 前者表示重復前句部分的內(nèi)容，譯為“也是如此” 。而后者表示對前句內(nèi)容的進一步肯定或 證實，譯為“確實如此” 。例如：Lily can't answer the question . Neither can I .（莉莉不能回答這個問題。我也不能。 ） Tom was late for school yesterday . So he was.（湯姆昨天上學遲到了。他確實如此。）【原題重現(xiàn)】

24、 4 David has made great progress recently ， and （ 1997 上海）ASo he has； so you haveC So has he； so have you【簡析】前半部分意為“他的確如此” 此”，屬于部分倒裝。熱點之四：省略 if 的虛擬條件句以B So he has； so have youD So has he； so you have（ key： B），對以上事實進一步肯定；后半部分意為“你也是如had were should 開頭引起的部分倒裝這是虛擬語氣中比較特殊的一種，其實質(zhì)就是省略 if 后引起的變化。如：Had he wo

25、rked harder ， he would have got through the exams （要是他努力學習的話，他是會 通過考試的。 ）【原題重現(xiàn)】 5 for the free tickets ， I would not have gone to see the films so often （ 1995上海）A If it is notB Were it notCHad it not beenDIf they were not（key： C）【簡析】在虛擬語氣中表達與過去事實相反的假設，主句用would have 過去分詞，從句用had +過去分詞，省略If后就將助動詞had提前

26、引起部分倒裝。熱點之五： not until 置于句首引起后面句子的部分倒裝not until意為"直到才”，位于句首時引起后面的主句倒裝。如:Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework (直到老師來了他才完成作業(yè)。 )【原題重現(xiàn)】6 Not untilall the fishdied in the river how serious the pollutionwas( NMET1995 )A did the villagers realizeBthe villagers realizeC the villagers d

27、id realizeDdidn't the villagers realize（ key：A ）【簡析】本題便是 not until 置于句首引起的部分倒裝。 熱點之六： only 短語置于句首引起的部分倒裝 only 放在句首，修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句，常引起后面句子部分倒裝。如：Only in this way can you learn English well （只有通過這種方式，你才能把英語學好。 ） 【原題重現(xiàn)】 7 can you expect to get a pay rise（ 2001 春）AWith hard workB Although work hardC

28、 Only with hard workDNow that he works hard （key：C）【簡析】 only 位于句首與介詞短語構成了部分倒裝，其他選項均不能引起倒裝?！驹}重現(xiàn)】 8Only in this way to make improvement in the operating system （ 2003 上海春）Ayou can hopeB you did hopeCcan you hopeDdid you hope （key：C）【簡析】本題中 only 置于句首修飾介詞短語，引起句子部分倒裝。因為句意表達的是一種 條件，所以使用助動詞 did 不合題意。鞏固練習：

29、選擇正確答案1 Only in this way progress in your English Ayou makeBcan you makeC you be able to make D will able to make2 Not until I began to work how much time I had wasted A didn't realize Bdid I realizeC I didn't realizeD I realize3Not only to stay at home ，but he was also forbidden to see his

30、friends A he was forcingB he was forcedC was he forcingDwas he forced4 Never before _ seen such a stupid man A am IB was IC have IDshall I5 No sooner asleep than she heard aknock at the doorA she had fallenB had she fallenC she had fallDhad she fell6 She did not do it well ， A did she doB nor did he

31、C neither did heDB or C7 ， they would certainly come and help us A Had they timeB Did they have timeCHad they have timeDDid they time8 It was hot yesterday AIt was so BSo was it C So it was DSo is itC. 讓步狀語從句它們由下列詞來引導： although ， though ，even though ，even if，no matter ，however 。有 時也可以使用 whatever。as也

32、可以，但是只限于形容詞+as+ be結構。Although ThoughEven thoughEven if you don't like him you can still be polite 盡管即使縱然即使你不喜歡他，你仍可有禮貌一些。No matter what you do ， don' t touch this switch 無論怎樣，都別碰這個按鈕。However rich people are ，they always seem anxious to make more mon ey 無論人們多么富有，他們似乎總還渴望賺到更多的錢。However careful

33、ly you drive ，you will probably have an accident eventual ly 無論你開車多小心，最后你大概還會出車禍。Whatever you do，don't tell him that I told you this 無論如何，別跟他說這件事是我告訴你的。Patient as he was， he had no intention of waiting for three hours 哪怕他再有耐心，也不打算等上三個小時。may+動詞原形可用于假設情況：However frightened you may be yourself ， yo

34、u must remain outwardly calm 無論你有多害怕，外表上你仍要保持冷靜。may 含有 I accept the fact that （我接受這一事實）的意思：But he's your brother！He may be my brother but I don ' t trust him ！可他是你的兄弟！盡管他是我的兄弟，可我不信任他！但may這樣用時，是另一主句的一部分， 并不屬于讓步從句之列。should +動詞原形結構可 用于even if之后，正如用于條件句的 if之后一樣，用來表示 should后面的動詞原形所指的 動作不太可能發(fā)生：Eve

35、n if he should find out he won 't do anything about it 即便他發(fā)現(xiàn)了，他也不會采取什么行動的。比較從句A 形容詞和限定動詞連用時的比較：It's darker today than it was yesterday今天比昨天天色昏暗。He doesn' t pay as much tax as we doas us他沒我們交的稅款多。He spends more than he earns他花的比掙的多。注意：that+形容詞是一種口語形式，表示“那么”:Will it cost £ 100?No， it

36、won't cost as much as（all）thatIt won't be（all）that expen sive It won ' t be as expensive as that要花 100英鎊嗎?不，花不了那么多。沒那么貴。that+形容詞結構有時用于口語中表示very （很）的意思。B 副詞和限定動詞連用時的比較（參見第 31 節(jié)至第 34 節(jié)）：He didn't play as well as we expectedas well as you（did） 他打得不如我們預料的好你打得好。He sings more loudly than a

37、nyone I ' ve ever heard than anyone else （ does） 他唱得比我聽到的任何人唱得都響比任何人都聲音響。You work harder than he doesthan himthan I did at your age你比他干得賣勁我在你這個年齡時干得賣勁。C 形容詞和不定式或動名詞連用時的比較：通常兩者都可使用， 但動詞不定式常常用于特定的動作， 動名詞則用于一般情況 （參見下面E）：It's sometimes as cheap to buy a new one as（it is ）（ to） repair the old one

38、Buying a new one is sometimes as cheap as repairing the old one 有時買一個新的跟修理舊的一樣便宜。He found that lying on the beach was just as boring as sitting in his office He found lying on the beach just as boring as sitting etc 他發(fā)現(xiàn)躺在沙灘上和坐在辦公室里一樣沒趣煩人。He thinks it （is）safer to drive himself than （to）let me drive

39、He thinks that driving himself is safer than letting me drive 他認為自己開車要比讓我開車更安全些。It will soon be more difficult to get a visa than it is now Getting a visa will soon be more difficult than it is now 不久之后，簽證會比現(xiàn)在更難拿到。D 上面 C 所述的這種比較句式中，如as than 前面用的是動詞原形，則常在asthan 后面用動詞原形而不用動名詞。與此相同，如as than 前面用的是動名詞，則在

40、其后面一般也使用動名詞，而不用動詞原形，見前面的例子。位于asthan 之前的限定動詞 this thatwhich 后面多跟動名詞，雖也可跟動詞不定式：I'll deliver it by hand ； this will be cheaper than posting it 我自己送過去，這樣比郵寄要便宜。He cleaned his shoes， which was better than doing nothing 他把自己的鞋擦了，這總比無事可做好。E 動詞原形與 would rather sooner 連用（參見第 297 與第 298 節(jié)）：Most people wou

41、ld rather work than starve 多數(shù)人寧可工作也不愿挨餓。I would resign rather than accept him as a partner 我寧可辭職也不愿接受他為合伙人。時間從句A 時間從句由下列表示時間的連詞來引導：after immediately till untilas nosooner than whenas soon as since wheneverbefore the sooner whilehardly when時間從句也可由 the minute，the moment,when，as，while, before 來引導。B 請留意

42、，時間從句中不用將來時態(tài)或條件時態(tài)。1 如將下列將來時態(tài)放入時間從句中，須將它變?yōu)橐话銜r態(tài)。一般將來時：You' ll be back soon I' ll stay till then 你會很快回來，我一直等到那時。相當于：I 'll stay till you get back 我一直等到你回來。be going to 形式 ：The parachutist is going to jump Soon after he jumps his parachute will open 跳傘運動員要往下跳。他剛跳之后不久，降落傘就會打開。 現(xiàn)在進行時用做一般將來時和將來進行

43、時：He's arriving He'll be arriving at six 他將在 6 點到。但是：When he arrives he' ll tell us all about the match 等他到了，他會好好給我們講講那場比賽。Before he arrives I ' ll give the children their tea 在他來到之前，我會給孩子們吃茶點的。 如進行時態(tài)表示某一行動在繼續(xù)，則其完全可以用在表示時間的從句中：Peter and John will be playing are playing are going to play tennis tonight While they are playing （ during this time ）we'll go to the beach 今晚彼得和約翰要去打網(wǎng)球。他們打球時，我們將去海濱。2 在時間從句中，將來完成時變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在完成時，將來完成進行時變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在完成進行時：I 'll have finished in the bathroom in a few minutes 我一會兒就用完浴室了。The mom