國(guó)際私法翻譯

1、國(guó)際私法翻譯1、Age nt ' s Duties （必讀）代理人的義務(wù)Gen erally, age nts owe the pr in cipal the duties as follows;一般來(lái)說(shuō)，代理人的義務(wù)如下：duty of performa nee: to perform the lawful duties expressedin the age nt con tract and to use reas on able care, skill, and dilige nee in the performa nee of these duties.履行的義務(wù)：在代理合同中

2、履行法定職責(zé)并且對(duì)這些職責(zé)給予適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)心、采用技巧和積極履行。(2)duty of notification: to notify the principal of anyin formatio n that is importa nt to the age nt.通知的義務(wù)：通知與代理有關(guān)的任何重要信息的委托人(3)duty of loyalty: not to actadversely to the in terests of the prin cipal.忠誠(chéng)義務(wù)：不能采取對(duì)委托人利益造成不利的行為。(4) duty of obedienee: to obey the lawful in

3、structionsof theprin cipal. The age nt owes to duty to en gage in crime, torts, orun ethical con duct on the pri ncipal' s behalf. 服從的義務(wù)：遵從委托人的合法指示，但代理人沒(méi)有義務(wù)從事有關(guān)犯罪侵權(quán)或者代表委 托人的不道德行為。(5) duty of accountability: to maintain accurate records of all transactions taken on the principal ' s behalf an

4、d not to commingle personal money or property with that of the principal.問(wèn)責(zé)的義務(wù)：維護(hù)所代表委托人進(jìn)行的交易細(xì)節(jié)記錄并且 不混同私人的和委托人的錢(qián)或財(cái)產(chǎn)。2、in ter nati onal in solve ncy（必讀）國(guó)際破產(chǎn)Busin ess en terprises en gaged in intern ati onal commerce willoften have assets - and creditors - in several countries and pote ntially face in

5、solve ncy proceedi ngs at home, or abroad, or in both places. And the "debtor" is defined as "a person that resides or has a domicile, a place of bus in ess, or property in the Un ited States.商業(yè)企業(yè)在從事國(guó)際貿(mào)易時(shí)往往在一些國(guó)家有資 產(chǎn)和債權(quán)人，并且在國(guó)內(nèi)或者在國(guó)外或者在兩個(gè)地方都面臨著破產(chǎn)程 序。而債務(wù)人的定義就是“一人居住或者有住所地營(yíng)業(yè)地或者在美國(guó) 有財(cái)產(chǎn)的人”An

6、overridingconcernin internationalbankruptcies is thejust and equal treatme nt of un securedcreditors. Theprotecti on of their in terests will depe nd on the effect give n to a local determ in ati on in the other jurisdicti on.Basically,twomodels may be envisioned.One is territorial;it restricts thee

7、ffect of a determ in ati on to the ren deri ng jurisdicti on.國(guó)際破產(chǎn)首要關(guān)注的是無(wú)擔(dān)保債權(quán)人交易的公正和公平。他們利益的保護(hù)取 決于提供給當(dāng)?shù)氐呐袥Q在其他司法管轄區(qū)域的影響。 基本上有兩種模式可以設(shè)想。一個(gè)是屬地的模式，這會(huì)限制判決對(duì)管轄權(quán)的影響 As aresult, creditors may pursue independentremedies in thesecond forum and, upon recovery, may not need to take a deduction for amounts recovere

8、d in the first proceeding. In such a race after assets, some creditors may thus recover a higher perce ntage of their claims tha n they would have if the estate had been considered as a unit or if the second forum provided a system of set-offs.因此在恢復(fù)后債權(quán)人可以第二次在法庭的時(shí)候提出獨(dú)立的補(bǔ)救措施，可能在第一次訴訟中不需要扣除收 回的金額。像這樣的資

9、產(chǎn)競(jìng)賽中一些債權(quán)人可能因此收回比他們要求 的有更高比例的債權(quán)，比房地產(chǎn)被認(rèn)為是一部分或者如果第二次法庭 提供抵銷還要高。 At the same time, debtors rema in free to shift assets, prior to in solve ncy, to the sec ond forum and to dispose of them there free from any effects of the first jurisdicti on'sdeterm in ati onun til a sec ond, local, proceed inghas

10、been comme need.與此同時(shí)相較于之前的破產(chǎn)，債務(wù)人仍可以自由的轉(zhuǎn)移資產(chǎn)直到第二次開(kāi)庭并且有自由處置由第一次管轄判決 產(chǎn)生的任何影響直到當(dāng)?shù)氐牡诙绦蛞呀?jīng)展開(kāi)。A sec ond model, followed only in Belgium, Luxembourg and,to some extent, in isolated treaties, adopts the "theory of un iversality (ubiquity)." 第二個(gè)模式只在比利時(shí)盧森堡并在一定 程度上是孤立的條約采取普遍性的理論。Un der such a system,th

11、eforum gives effect to all foreig n determ in ati on s, in cludi ng theright of the foreign administrator to claim title to the local property or to pursue other remedies provided by the foreig n law. Most legal systems will not surrender their control over local assets in this fashi on or leave loc

12、al creditors without the protection of local law.在這種體系下法庭意在實(shí)施所有的外國(guó)裁決，包括外國(guó)管理人的權(quán)利，聲稱對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)刎?cái)產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)或者尋求其它 由外國(guó)法律規(guī)定的補(bǔ)救措施。大多數(shù)法律制度都不會(huì)放棄他們對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)?資產(chǎn)的控制權(quán)以這種方式或者在沒(méi)有當(dāng)?shù)胤杀Ｗo(hù)情況下離開(kāi)債權(quán) 人。Both models therefore have drawbacks. This has prompted some countries,includingthe UnitedStates, to explorein termediate approaches in ord

13、er to accommodate the in terest of local and foreign parties.因此兩種模式都有缺點(diǎn)。這促使一些國(guó)家包括美國(guó)在內(nèi)去探索適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)睾蛧?guó)外當(dāng)事人利益的中間的辦法。Americanbankruptcyjurisdictionextends to personswhohave "property" in the United States regardlessof theirn ati on ality, domicile,reside nee, or place of bus in ess. In thissense, th

14、e American approach is "territorial",and a foreignproceed ingof determ in ati ondoes not have any domesticeffects as such.美國(guó)的破產(chǎn)管轄權(quán)延伸到誰(shuí)在美國(guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)，無(wú)論國(guó) 籍住所居所或者營(yíng)業(yè)地。為此，美國(guó)是“屬地”這種做法，像一個(gè)外 國(guó)程序的判定是否和國(guó)內(nèi)有同樣的效力。3、general maritime law（必讀）一般海事法The traditional place-of-tort rule applies when a tort occurs ina

15、 state's or country'sterritorial waters. In the United States,con trary to some early case law, torts in n avigable waters are now gover ned exte nsively by gen eral maritime law.當(dāng)侵權(quán)行為發(fā)生在一個(gè)國(guó)家或者其領(lǐng)海內(nèi)，傳統(tǒng)的侵權(quán)地規(guī)則被適用。在美國(guó)， 與早期的判例法相反，在通航水域的侵權(quán)行為現(xiàn)在廣泛的被一般海事 法律管轄。However, when the tort is not one of a ma

16、ritime nature but is merely a tort which happens to have occurred in navigable waters, state choice-of-law rules will usually still be employed.When the case concerns injuries sustainedby amember of the crew, the initial question is the applicability of the federal Jones Act.，然而當(dāng)侵權(quán)不是發(fā)生在一個(gè)海域內(nèi)而 是偶然發(fā)生在

17、通航水域的侵權(quán)，該國(guó)的法律選擇規(guī)則仍然適用。當(dāng)案件涉及船員的持續(xù)傷害，最初的問(wèn)題是關(guān)于聯(lián)邦瓊斯法案 的適用性問(wèn)題。It provides a remedy for "a ny seama n who shall suffer personal injury in the course of his employment." Taking literally, the act would exte nd to foreig n seame n injured abroad and on foreign vessels. The case law has restricted

18、itsapplicationto cases involvingAmerican seamen or havingAmerican con tracts. 它提供了一個(gè)關(guān)于“任何在雇傭期間遭受人身 傷害的船員”的補(bǔ)救，僅從字面上看，該法案將擴(kuò)大范圍到國(guó)外受傷 的外國(guó)船員和外國(guó)船只。判例法限制了它適用于涉及美國(guó)船員或者有 美國(guó)合同的情況。It is important to distinguish between two different situations.The first is where the tort was committed within territorial waters

19、. The second is where the tort was committed on the high seas.對(duì)這兩種不同情況加以區(qū)分是很重要的，第一種情況是侵權(quán)行為發(fā)生在領(lǐng)海內(nèi)第二種情況是侵權(quán)行為發(fā)生在公海海域4、Tort committed on the high seas(必讀)致力于在公海上的侵權(quán)(1) Acts occurri ng on board a sin gle vessel發(fā)生在船舶甲板上的行為At com mon law the law of the flag was the decisive factor whe never the acts all oc

20、curred on board a sin gle vessel, for a ship was regarded for certain purpose as a floating island over which the n ati on al law prevailed. Where a flag is com mon to a political unit containing several different systems of law, as in the case of Canada or the USA, the law of the flag means the law

21、 of the port at which the ship is registered. 普通法系中侵權(quán) 行為發(fā)生在一艘船舶上時(shí)應(yīng)適用船旗國(guó)法律，船舶被視為適 用國(guó)內(nèi)法的漂浮的島嶼。 如幾種不同法系的政體公用同一旗 幟，如加拿大或美國(guó)情況下，船旗國(guó)法律指船舶注冊(cè)港口所 在地的法律。External acts對(duì)外侵權(quán)行為a) Collisi ons 碰撞There is no doubt that the com mon est ki nd of exter nal act, namely, one that causes a collision, was governed solely by

22、 the gen eral maritime law. This special tort choice of law rule is preserved, and the statutory tort choice of law rules will not apply to collisi ons on the high seas. This raises the questi on of what is meant by "general maritime law".毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)普通的 對(duì)外侵權(quán)行為，就是說(shuō)船舶碰撞單獨(dú)按照普通海事法管規(guī) 范。這種特殊的侵權(quán)法律選擇被保留下

23、來(lái)，并且法定侵權(quán)法 律選擇不會(huì)使用與公海上的碰撞。這就提出了一個(gè)問(wèn)題，何 為“普通海事法律”。The n atural in fere nee to draw from this expressi onis thatthere exists a body of law which is uni versally recog ni zed as binding on all nations in respect of acts occurringat sea.There is, however, no such body of law. The expression, intruth, means nothing more than that part of the forum lawwhich, either by statute