高考英語復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解解題技巧主旨大意

1、08高考閱讀理解之高考閱讀理解之 主旨大意篇主旨大意篇云南省玉溪三中云南省玉溪三中白白 平平QQ.?e-mail:一 題型特點題型特點：這種題型要求考生能夠把握文章的全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析歸納文章的段落大意、重要情節(jié)、人物特征、環(huán)境特點的能力。這種試題要求能把握文章的總體，并真正理解主題和中心；要求能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法解題，難度較大，屬于高層次題。二 主旨大意題設(shè)問方式主旨大意題設(shè)問方式1常見的標題型題干常見的標題型題干：1) The best title/ headline for this passage might be_.2) The te

2、xt (passage) could be entitled _.3) What is the best title for the passage? 4) Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 主旨大意題設(shè)問方式主旨大意題設(shè)問方式2常見的主題型題干常見的主題型題干：5) This passage chiefly deals with_.6) Whats the topic of the article?7) What is the subject discussed in the text?8

3、) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?3 目的類主旨大意題目的類主旨大意題 The authors main purpose in writing the passage is_. The passage is meant to _ The purpose of this article is _1 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the m

4、ost serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smok

5、ing is harmful. Is it worth it?開門見山開門見山, 提出主題提出主題, 隨之用細節(jié)來解釋隨之用細節(jié)來解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達的主題思想主題句所表達的主題思想. 最常見的演繹法寫作方最常見的演繹法寫作方式式.Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.lPassage 1lThe panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important

6、features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. lToday the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crow

7、ded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.l Man has made great progress in environment protection. Governments of many countries have establish

8、ed laws to protect the forests and sea resources and waste water and poisonous gases have been also dealt with.lStill more measures should be taken to solve the problems. People should be further educated to realize the importance of the problem, to use modern methods of birth control and learn to r

9、ecycle our natural resources. We are sure that we shall have a better and cleaned planet in the future. 明顯引出細節(jié)的信息詞，常見的有：For example；An example of；The most important example；First；Second；Next；Then；Last；Finally；To begin with；Also；Besides that 等等。2). 首尾呼應(yīng)首尾呼應(yīng)為突出主題, 作者先提出主題, 結(jié)尾時再次點出主題, 這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式較為多見.

10、但前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復(fù), 后面的表述往往有進一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。（首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career. “ she said（尾段）“ The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. Shu said.E

11、g.6 Often no one looks more guilty than t he innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi- -onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance So, it is

12、foolish totry to judge a person only by his appearance在表述細節(jié)后, 歸納要點, 印象, 結(jié)論建議或結(jié)果, 以概括主題. 這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式 文章或段落的主題句常常會出現(xiàn)在一些標志性的提示后。如：so, on the whole, as a result, in short, therefore, thus.A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually su

13、rprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as

14、 skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. 3 If you were planning to buy a television set, the followi

15、ng advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hu- -rry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right f

16、or you” It costs 395. This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. The paragraph could be entitled _. A

17、. Buyer BewareB. Closeout(出清存貨) Sale C. Crime Pays D. Buying a TV Set This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. 通常前面只提出問題， 文中的主題由隨之陳述的細節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出, 而后又作進一步的解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展.Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afrai

18、d of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 4 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to lea

19、ve before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who

20、had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildeta

21、il 無主題句無主題句即主題句隱含在全文中即主題句隱含在全文中, 沒有明確的沒有明確的主題句主題句. 必須根據(jù)文篇中所提供的事必須根據(jù)文篇中所提供的事實細節(jié)，進行全面考慮，綜合分析，實細節(jié)，進行全面考慮，綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時過于寬泛，概全，也不能在概括時過于寬泛，要恰如其分。要恰如其分。 Types Of Paragraph StructurestypeThe position of the topicAt the beginningAt the endIn the

22、 middleNo clear topic sentence選項的特點選項的特點 正確選項的特點正確選項的特點：那些概括全文, 內(nèi)容全面, 含義深刻, 說明道理的選項一般是答案項。四個選項中, 內(nèi)容相近或完全相反的兩個選項中往往有一個是正確選項。l錯誤選項的特點錯誤選項的特點以偏概全. 只是局部信息, 或是一句沒有展開論述的評論.過于籠統(tǒng). 即歸納的主題太泛, 與細節(jié)脫節(jié)或是沒有對細節(jié)加以充分論述.把自己的觀點強加于作者. 讀者往往根據(jù)自己的常識對文章進行判斷而忽視了作者的見解.無關(guān)聯(lián)的信息, 既在文章中沒有提到或找不到語言依據(jù)的信息 Eg.2 Passage B(NMET2003) Read

23、ing to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(讀寫能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (I

24、TA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read

25、below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the ma

26、in library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class. The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thu

27、mpowsky, public relations manager.What is mainly discussed in the text? eg.3 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(讀寫能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners

28、needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The S

29、alt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens depart

30、ment. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last cla

31、ss.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.Example and success of the program eg.4 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(讀寫能力). With their shining

32、 brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help devel

33、op literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower

34、self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half a

35、n hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.Example and success of the program59. What is mainly discussed in the

36、 text? A. Childrens reading difficulties. B. Advantages of raising dogs. C. Service in a public library. D. A special reading program.Eg.1(05全國全國I) MONTREAL (Reuters) Crossing the US-Canada border（邊界）（邊界）to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen 10,000 for breaking Washingtons strict new securit

37、y（安全）（安全）rules.The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to ch

38、urch.There are many such situations in these areas along the largely unguarded 5,530-mile border between Canada and the US-which in some cases actually runs down the middle of streets or through buildings.As a result, Albert says he did not expect any problems three weeks ago when he returned home t

39、o the US after attending church in Canada, as usual. The US customs（海關(guān)）（海關(guān)）station in thisarea is closed on Sundays, so be just drove around the locked gate, as he had done every weekend since the gate appeared last May, following a tightening of border security. Two days later. Albert was told to g

40、o to the customs office, where an officer told him be had been caught on camera crossing the border illegally（非法）（非法）.Ottawa has given out special passes to some 300 US citizens in that area so they can enter the country when Canadian customs stations are closed, but the US stopped a similar program

41、 last May. That forces the people to a 200-mile detour along hilly roads to get home through another border checkpoint.Albert has requested that the customs office change their decisions on the fine, but he has not attended a Sunday church since. “I feel like Im living in a prison,” he said.Details

42、for the “expensive tour”62What would be the best title for the text?AA Cross-country Trip BA Special Border PassCAn Unguarded Border DAn Expensive Church Visiteg.9 06湖南The coyote(叢林狼).that eleven animal of wide-open space .has come to the nations captial.In fact ,coyotes have spread to every comer o

43、f the United States, changing their behaviors to fit new environments and causing researchers to deal with a troublesome new kind of creature: the city coyote.The coyote originally lived in the middle of the continent. One of its most obvious characters is its smartness, which has made the animal a

44、notorious（臭名昭著的） pest. Hunters trapped, shot and poisoned more than a million coyotes in the 1900s.Its still one of Americas most hunted animals. Yet the coyote has survived. How has the coyote shown this extraordinary ability?” I guess if you wanted to use one wordlists be plasticity.” says Erie Ge

45、se,an expert at Utah State University. Coyotes can live along, in pairs, or in large packs like wolves, hunt at night or during the day , occupy a small region or an area up to 40 square miles, and live on all sorts of food, from lizards（蜥蜴）and shoes, to ants and melons.detaildetaildetailUnbelievabl

46、y people helped coyotes increase when they kilted most of the wolves in the United States. The shredding of coyotes into city areas,though.is rccent.They travel at night,crossing sidewalks and bridges. running along roads and ducking into coiners (鉆入 洞and underpasses .No one knows why coyotes are mo

47、ving into cities. but expertsexplaih that clevcter,more human-tolerant(不怕人的)coyotes are teaching urban survivalskills to new generations. Occasionally. coyotes might attack human beings. There have been about 160 attacks on people in recent years Therefore, people have bacon consistently told not fe

48、ed coyotes or leave pct food unseeurcd.That ,plus a large trapping program in the neighborhood. has cur down on the coyote population.detaildetail64.The aim of the passage is to_.A.tell pcople how to fight against coyotesB.tell us why the coyote is the most hunted animalC.supply the reason why the c

49、oyote is a kind of motorious pestD.explain how the coyote has spread to and survived in cities Eg.10 Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 15

50、19, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died

51、of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they

52、returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died. Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball. Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.Magellan

53、s voyage was the first trip around the world . Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very ofte

54、n they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued

55、their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.1. time2. ships and people3. route4. Sufferingsand difficultiesa. Lack of food and freshwate

56、rb. Hunger and diseases c. DeathsThe process of Magellans long difficult voyage5. success Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball. Magellans voyaged proved the earth is round. Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. I

57、t took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very o

58、ften they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continu

59、ed their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Goed Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died. Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a

60、 huge ball.Paragraph 1: Magellans voyage was the first trip around the world .Paragraph 2: The process of Magellans long difficult voyageParagraph 3: Magellans voyaged proved the earth is round.Magellans voyage10 Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than