Part 1 Unit 11 Lathe and Turning

1、Lathe and TurningThe Lathe and Its ConstructionLathe Cutting ToolsLathe OperationsCutting Speeds and Feeds1. turning n. 車削車削2. 2. lathe n. 車床車床3. mount v. 安裝安裝4. turret n. 轉(zhuǎn)塔轉(zhuǎn)塔5. boring n. 鏜削加工鏜削加工6. diversity v. 使多樣性，使變化使多樣性，使變化7. damp v. 使減振，緩沖使減振，緩沖8. guideway n. 導軌導軌9. carriage n. ( 機床的機床的)拖板拖板,

2、床鞍床鞍10. spindle n. 主軸主軸11. hydraulic a. 液壓的液壓的12. lengthwise a. & ad.縱向，縱長的縱向，縱長的13. gearbox n. 齒輪齒輪(變速，傳動變速，傳動)箱箱14. headstock n. 車頭箱，主軸箱車頭箱，主軸箱15. hollow a. 空的，中空的空的，中空的16. taper n. 圓錐圓錐 v. 錐形的錐形的17. thread n. 螺紋螺紋18. chuck n. 卡盤，夾頭卡盤，夾頭19. tailstock n. 尾架尾架20. quill n. 活動套筒，襯套活動套筒，襯套21. longi

3、tudinally ad. 縱向地縱向地22. screw n. 螺桿螺桿23. nut n. 螺帽（母）螺帽（母）24. apron n. 拖板箱拖板箱25. keyway n. 鍵槽鍵槽26. rear n. 后部后部27. triangular a. 三角形的三角形的28. trapezoidal a. 梯形的梯形的29. clamp n. 夾緊裝置夾緊裝置 Vt. 夾（緊，持，?。A（緊，持，?。?0. identical a. 同一的，相等的同一的，相等的31. groove n.凹槽凹槽32. pad n. 墊片墊片33. washer n. 襯墊，墊圈襯墊，墊圈34. chip

4、n. 薄片，金屬屑薄片，金屬屑35. borne a. 有局限的有局限的36. contour n. 輪廓，外形輪廓，外形37. cylindrical a. 圓柱（體，形）的圓柱（體，形）的38. helix n. 螺旋線螺旋線39. pitch n. 齒節(jié)，螺距齒節(jié)，螺距40. periphery n. 邊緣，外圍邊緣，外圍41. spiral n. 螺旋線螺旋線42. apex n. 頂頂, ,頂點頂點43. cone n. 錐面，錐體錐面，錐體44. handle n. 柄，把手柄，把手45. conical a. 圓錐的圓錐的46. kinematic a. 運動學的運動學的47.

5、profile n. 縱剖面縱剖面48. knurl n. V. 滾花，壓花滾花，壓花49. circumferential a. 環(huán)繞的，圓周的環(huán)繞的，圓周的50. optimal a. 最佳（優(yōu)）的最佳（優(yōu)）的51. coolant n. 冷卻劑冷卻劑The lathe and its construction 車床及其結(jié)構(gòu)車床及其結(jié)構(gòu)A lathe is a machine tool used primarily for producing surfaces of revolution and flat edges.車床主要是用來加工回轉(zhuǎn)表面和端面的機車床主要是用來加工回轉(zhuǎn)表面和端面的機

6、床。床。 Based on their purpose, construction, number of tools that can simultaneously be mounted, and degree of automation, lathes-or, more accurately,lathe-type machine tools-can be classified as follows:基于各種車床的用途基于各種車床的用途、結(jié)構(gòu)、可同時安裝的刀結(jié)構(gòu)、可同時安裝的刀具的數(shù)目和自動化程度，車床，或者更精確地具的數(shù)目和自動化程度，車床，或者更精確地說，車削類型的機床，可分為下列類型：說

7、，車削類型的機床，可分為下列類型：1）Engine lathes 動力車床，普通車床動力車床，普通車床2）Toolroom lathes （萬能）工具車床（萬能）工具車床3）Turret lathes 轉(zhuǎn)塔車床，或六角車床轉(zhuǎn)塔車床，或六角車床4）Vertical turning and boring mills 立式鏜車床立式鏜車床5）Automatic lathes 自動車床自動車床6）Special-purpose lathes 專用車床專用車床In spite of that diversity of lathe-type machine tools, they all have com

8、mon features with respect to construction and principle of operation.These features can best be illustrated by considering the commonly used representative type, the engine lathe. 雖然車床類的機床多種多樣，但它們在結(jié)構(gòu)雖然車床類的機床多種多樣，但它們在結(jié)構(gòu)和操作原理上具有共同特性。和操作原理上具有共同特性。這些特性可以通過普通車床這一最常用的代這些特性可以通過普通車床這一最常用的代表性類型來最好地說明。表性類型來最好

9、地說明。Following is a description of each of the main elements of an engine lathe, which is shown in Fig.11.1. 下面是關(guān)于圖下面是關(guān)于圖11.1所示普通車床的主要部分所示普通車床的主要部分的描述。的描述。 Lathe bed 床身床身The lathe bed is the main frame，involving a horizontal beam on two vertical supports.床身是車床的主要框架，包括支撐在兩床身是車床的主要框架，包括支撐在兩根立柱上的一根橫梁。根立

10、柱上的一根橫梁。 horizontal a. 水平的水平的 horizontal beam 橫梁橫梁 vertical a. 垂直的垂直的It is usually made of grey or nodular cast iron to damp vibrations and is made by casting.它通常是由吸收振動的灰口鑄鐵和球墨它通常是由吸收振動的灰口鑄鐵和球墨鑄鐵鑄制而成鑄鐵鑄制而成。It has guideways to allow the carriage to slide easily lengthwise.The height of the lathe bed

11、should be appropriate to enable the technician to do his or her job easily and comfortably. 它上面有能讓大拖板輕易縱向滑動的導軌。車床床身的高度應(yīng)適當以讓技師容易而舒適地工作。 Headstock 主軸箱主軸箱The headstock is fixed at the left hand side of the lathe bed and includes the spindle whose axis is paralled to the guideways(the slide surface of t

12、he bed.The spindle is driven through the gearbox, which is housed within the headstock. 主軸箱安裝在床身的左端主軸箱安裝在床身的左端, 它包括主軸它包括主軸,其其軸線與導軌軸線與導軌(床身的滑動表面床身的滑動表面)平行。平行。主軸通過裝在主軸箱內(nèi)的齒輪箱驅(qū)動。主軸通過裝在主軸箱內(nèi)的齒輪箱驅(qū)動。 Headstock 主軸箱主軸箱The function of the gearbox is to provide a number of different spindle speeds (usually 6 up

13、 to 18 speeds).Some modern lathes have headstocks with infinitely variable spindle speeds, which employfrictional, electrical, or hydraulic drives.齒輪箱的功能是給主軸提供若干不同的速齒輪箱的功能是給主軸提供若干不同的速度度(通常是通常是6到到18速速)。 一些現(xiàn)代車床的主軸箱采用無級變速，采一些現(xiàn)代車床的主軸箱采用無級變速，采用摩擦傳動、電力傳動或液壓傳動。用摩擦傳動、電力傳動或液壓傳動。Headstock 主軸箱主軸箱The spindle is

14、 always hollow, i. e., it has a through hole extending lengthwise. Bar stocks can be fed through that hole if continuous production is adopted.主軸往往是中空的，即縱向有一通孔。如主軸往往是中空的，即縱向有一通孔。如果采取連續(xù)生產(chǎn)，棒料能通過此孔進給。果采取連續(xù)生產(chǎn)，棒料能通過此孔進給。Headstock 主軸箱主軸箱Also, that hole has a tapered surface to allow mounting a plain lathe

15、 center. The outer surface of the spindle is threaded to allow mounting of a chuck, a face plate, or the like.同時，此孔為錐形表面可以安裝普通車床同時，此孔為錐形表面可以安裝普通車床頂尖。主軸外表面是螺紋可以安裝卡盤、花盤頂尖。主軸外表面是螺紋可以安裝卡盤、花盤或類似的裝置?；蝾愃频难b置。 Tailstock 尾架尾架The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts, its lower base, an intermed

16、iate parts, and the quill.安裝好的尾架組件包括三個基本部分：安裝好的尾架組件包括三個基本部分：底板、中間體和尾架套筒。底板、中間體和尾架套筒。Tailstock 尾架尾架The lower base is a casting that can slide on lathe bed along the guideways, and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location, depending upon the length of the

17、 workpiece.底板是鑄件，能沿著導軌在床身上滑動，底板是鑄件，能沿著導軌在床身上滑動，且有一夾緊裝置，能根據(jù)工件的長度，在任且有一夾緊裝置，能根據(jù)工件的長度，在任何位置鎖緊整個尾架。何位置鎖緊整個尾架。Tailstock 尾架尾架The intermediate part is a casting that can be moved transversely to enable alignment of the axis of the tailstock with that of the headstock. 尾架體為一能橫向運動的鑄件，它可以尾架體為一能橫向運動的鑄件，它可以調(diào)整尾架

18、軸線與主軸箱軸線成一直線。調(diào)整尾架軸線與主軸箱軸線成一直線。 Tailstock 尾架尾架The third part, the quill, is a hardened steel tube, which can be moved longitudinally in and out of the intermediate part as required. 第三部分，套筒軸是一淬硬鋼管，它能第三部分，套筒軸是一淬硬鋼管，它能根據(jù)需要在尾架體中縱向進出移動。根據(jù)需要在尾架體中縱向進出移動。 Tailstock 尾架尾架This is achieved through the use of a

19、handwheel and a screw, around which a nut fixed to the quill is engaged. 這通過使用手輪和螺桿來達到，與螺桿這通過使用手輪和螺桿來達到，與螺桿嚙合的是一固接在套筒軸上的螺母。嚙合的是一固接在套筒軸上的螺母。 Tailstock 尾架尾架The hole in the open side of the quill is tapered to enable mounting of lathe centers or other tools like twist drills or boring bars.The quill ca

20、n be locked at any point along its travel path by means of a clamping device. 套筒軸開口端的孔是錐形的，能安裝車床套筒軸開口端的孔是錐形的，能安裝車床頂尖或諸如麻花鉆和鏜桿之類的工具。頂尖或諸如麻花鉆和鏜桿之類的工具。套筒軸通過定位裝置能沿著它的移動路徑套筒軸通過定位裝置能沿著它的移動路徑被鎖定在任何點。被鎖定在任何點。 The carriage 拖板拖板(溜板溜板)The main function of the carriage is mounting of the cutting tools and gener

21、ating longitudinal and /or cross feeds.拖板的主要作用是安裝切削刀具以及產(chǎn)生拖板的主要作用是安裝切削刀具以及產(chǎn)生縱向和（或）橫向進給運動?？v向和（或）橫向進給運動。The carriage 拖板拖板(溜板溜板)It is actually an H-shaped block that slides on the lathe bed between the headstock and tailstock while being guided by the V-shaped guideways of the bed.拖板實際上是一個拖板實際上是一個H形的滑車。

22、當由床身形的滑車。當由床身上的上的V形導軌引導時，能在床身上的主軸箱和尾形導軌引導時，能在床身上的主軸箱和尾架之間滑動。架之間滑動。The carriage 拖板拖板(溜板溜板)The carriage can be moved either manually or mechanically by means of the apron and either the feed rod or the lead screw. 拖板能手動或者通過溜板箱和光桿拖板能手動或者通過溜板箱和光桿(進給桿進給桿)或絲桿或絲桿(引導螺桿引導螺桿)機動。機動。 The carriage 拖板拖板(溜板溜板)When

23、 cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw.In all other turning operations, it is the feed rod that drives the carriage. 在切削螺旋時，動力通過絲桿提供給溜板在切削螺旋時，動力通過絲桿提供給溜板箱上的齒輪箱。箱上的齒輪箱。在其余車削作業(yè)中，都由光桿驅(qū)動大拖板。在其余車削作業(yè)中，都由光桿驅(qū)動大拖板。 The carriage 拖板拖板(溜板溜板)The lead screw goes th

24、rough a pair of half nuts, which are fixed to the rear of the apron. 絲桿穿過一對固定在溜板箱后部的剖分螺絲桿穿過一對固定在溜板箱后部的剖分螺母。母。 The carriage 拖板拖板(溜板溜板)When actuating a certain lever, the half nuts are clamped together and engage with the rotating lead screw as a single nut, which is fed, together with the carriage, a

25、long the bed.When the lever is disengaged, the half nuts are released and the carriage stops. 當開動特定操作桿時，剖分螺母夾在一起當開動特定操作桿時，剖分螺母夾在一起作為單個螺母與旋轉(zhuǎn)的絲桿嚙合，并帶動拖板作為單個螺母與旋轉(zhuǎn)的絲桿嚙合，并帶動拖板沿著床身提供進給。沿著床身提供進給。當操作桿脫離時，剖分螺母釋放同時大拖當操作桿脫離時，剖分螺母釋放同時大拖板停止運動。板停止運動。 The carriage 拖板拖板(溜板溜板)On the other hand, when the feed rod is

26、used, it supplies power to the apron through a worm gear.The latter is keyed to the feed rod and travels with the apron along the feed rod, which has a keyway extending to cover its whole length. 另一方面，當使用光桿時則通過蝸輪給溜另一方面，當使用光桿時則通過蝸輪給溜板箱提供動力。板箱提供動力。蝸輪用鍵連接在光桿上，并與溜板箱一起蝸輪用鍵連接在光桿上，并與溜板箱一起沿光桿運動，光桿全長范圍開有鍵槽。沿

27、光桿運動，光桿全長范圍開有鍵槽。 The carriage 拖板拖板(溜板溜板)A modern lathe usually has a quick-change gearbox located under the headstock and driven from the spindle through a train of gears.It is connected to both the feed rod and the lead screw and enables selecting a variety of feeds easily and rapidly by simply shi

28、fting the appropriate levers. 現(xiàn)代車床一般在主軸箱下裝備快速變換齒現(xiàn)代車床一般在主軸箱下裝備快速變換齒輪箱，通過一系列齒輪由主軸驅(qū)動。輪箱，通過一系列齒輪由主軸驅(qū)動。它與光桿和絲桿連接，能容易并快速地通它與光桿和絲桿連接，能容易并快速地通過簡單轉(zhuǎn)換適當?shù)牟僮鳁U選擇各種進給。過簡單轉(zhuǎn)換適當?shù)牟僮鳁U選擇各種進給。 The carriage 拖板拖板(溜板溜板)The quick-change gearbox is employed in plain turning, facing and thread cutting operations.Since that gea

29、rbox is linked to the spindle, the distance that the apron (and the cutting tool) travels for each revolution of the spindle can be controlled and is referred to as the feed.快速變換齒輪箱可用于普通車削、端面切快速變換齒輪箱可用于普通車削、端面切削和螺旋切削作業(yè)中。削和螺旋切削作業(yè)中。由于這種齒輪箱與主軸相連，主軸每轉(zhuǎn)一由于這種齒輪箱與主軸相連，主軸每轉(zhuǎn)一圈溜板箱圈溜板箱(和切削刀具和切削刀具)運動的距離能被控制，這運動的

30、距離能被控制，這距離就可以被認為是進給。距離就可以被認為是進給。 Lathe cutting tools 車床切削刀具車床切削刀具 The shape and geometry of the lathe tools depend upon the purpose for which they are employed. 車刀的外形和幾何形狀取決于其用途。車刀的外形和幾何形狀取決于其用途。 Turning tools can be classified into two main groups, namely, external cutting tools and internal cuttin

31、g tools . 車刀可分為兩大類，即外車刀和內(nèi)車刀。車刀可分為兩大類，即外車刀和內(nèi)車刀。Turning tools 外圓車刀外圓車刀Facing tools 端面車刀端面車刀Cutoff tools 切斷刀切斷刀Thread-cutting tools 螺紋車刀螺紋車刀 Thread-cutting tools have either triangular, square, or trapezoidal cutting edges, depending upon the cross section of the disired thread. 根據(jù)所要求車削螺紋的橫斷面形狀，螺根據(jù)所要求車

32、削螺紋的橫斷面形狀，螺紋車刀不僅有三角形、方形刀刃還有梯形紋車刀不僅有三角形、方形刀刃還有梯形刀刃。刀刃。Form tools 樣板刀，成形刀樣板刀，成形刀Form tools have edges especially manufacturedto take a certain form, which is opposite to the desired shape of the machined workpiece. 成形刀的刃口專門加工成一特定的形狀，成形刀的刃口專門加工成一特定的形狀，其形狀與加工工件的理想形狀相反。其形狀與加工工件的理想形狀相反。Fig.11.2 indicates

33、an arrangement of this latter type, which includes the carbide tip, the chip breaker, thepad, the clamping screw(with a washer and a nut),andthe shank. 圖圖11.2表示了機械緊固安裝形式，其中包括硬質(zhì)表示了機械緊固安裝形式，其中包括硬質(zhì)合金刀頭、斷屑器、墊片、緊定螺釘（以及墊圈合金刀頭、斷屑器、墊片、緊定螺釘（以及墊圈和螺母），還有刀桿。和螺母），還有刀桿。 the carbide tip 硬質(zhì)合金刀頭硬質(zhì)合金刀頭 the chip break

34、er 斷屑器斷屑器 the pad 墊片墊片 the clamping screw 緊定螺釘緊定螺釘 washer 墊圈墊圈 nut 螺母螺母As the name suggests, the function of the chipbreaker is to break long chips every now and then,thus preventing the formation of very long twisted ribbons that may cause problems during the machining operation. 正如名稱所示，斷屑器的功用是不時地將

35、長正如名稱所示，斷屑器的功用是不時地將長切屑斷開，這樣可防止形成很長的切屑扭轉(zhuǎn)帶，切屑斷開，這樣可防止形成很長的切屑扭轉(zhuǎn)帶，因為長扭轉(zhuǎn)帶可能會在機加工中引發(fā)問題。因為長扭轉(zhuǎn)帶可能會在機加工中引發(fā)問題。 long twisted ribbons 長（切屑）扭轉(zhuǎn)帶長（切屑）扭轉(zhuǎn)帶 every now and then 常常，不時地常常，不時地Lathe operations 車床操作車床操作 Cylindrical turning 外圓車削外圓車削 A single full turn of the workpiece generates a Circle whose center falls o

36、n the lathe axis; this motion is then reproduced numerous times as a result of the axial feed motion of the tool. 對工件進行的一次簡單完整的車削產(chǎn)生了一個對工件進行的一次簡單完整的車削產(chǎn)生了一個以車床軸線為中心的圓；這個運動接著重復進行以車床軸線為中心的圓；這個運動接著重復進行了很多次，形成了刀具的軸向進給運動。了很多次，形成了刀具的軸向進給運動。 the lathe axis 車床軸線車床軸線 the axial feed motion 軸向進給運動軸向進給運動The resul

37、ting machining marks are, therefore, ahelix having a very small pitch, which is equal to the feed. 因而，產(chǎn)生的機加工痕跡是一根螺旋線，螺因而，產(chǎn)生的機加工痕跡是一根螺旋線，螺旋線的螺距很小，其值與進給量相等。旋線的螺距很小，其值與進給量相等。 The axial feed is provided by the carriage or the compound rest, either manually or automatically,whereas the depth of cut is controlled by the crossslide. 軸向進給是由拖板或復式刀架，既可通過手動軸向進給是由拖板或復式刀架，既可通過手動走刀也可自動走刀進行，而切削深度是由橫拖走刀也可自動走刀進行，而切削深度是由橫拖板控制的。板控制的。 compound rest