科技論文寫作必學(xué)技巧

1、科技論文寫作必學(xué)技巧 1寫科技論文，有基本功要求，主要是如何遣詞造句，如何用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如何用縮略語(yǔ)等。關(guān) 于這一方面的書有： The ACS Style Guide 和 The Elements of Style ?？梢哉f，這些都是科 技寫作的基本功，如果基本功不扎實(shí)，審稿人一眼就看出來了。但是，熟讀這些書，把用法 都背出來還是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。 除此之外還有一些高級(jí)的方法和高級(jí)的指導(dǎo)書。 曾經(jīng)讀到一些專 門介紹科技寫作的書，如 Wiley 出版社出版的 The Arts of Scientific Writing ，但是讀了以后 感到?jīng)]有什么收獲。 后來認(rèn)識(shí)到要學(xué)習(xí)到 “高級(jí) ”的寫作方法， 還是

2、要回歸到邏輯學(xué)、 修辭學(xué)、 市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)（廣告學(xué)） 、科學(xué)哲學(xué)上面來，從這些非化學(xué)的知識(shí)里面得到啟發(fā)。比如：寫文章初稿的時(shí)候，一般人是按照自己的思路來寫，想怎么寫就怎么寫?？墒?，高級(jí) 的方法就是首先要分析很多問題： Is this research new? Are the data important and interesting? What is the point here? Since there are already a lot of papers, then why should we report our current work? Can the data sufficien

3、tly support the conclusions? Are the conclusions consistent with what was reported in the literature?這些問題有點(diǎn)象市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)：既然市場(chǎng)上已經(jīng)有很多同類商品了， 為什么我們要生產(chǎn)我們的商品？我們的商品和別 人的商品有什么區(qū)別？怎么把 “市場(chǎng)細(xì)分原理 ”運(yùn)用到我們商品 （文章） 的銷售中去？有這種 critical thinking 很重要！ 記得讀博士的時(shí)候?qū)W習(xí)化學(xué)動(dòng)力學(xué)， 考試的形式之一是從文獻(xiàn)里拿 一篇文章來講解。 考官就會(huì)問： 既然別人已經(jīng)研究過這個(gè)體系， 那么為什么這篇文章還要研 究類似

4、的東西？是它的結(jié)論推翻了以前的結(jié)論， 還是它用了新的儀器方法， 還是它的數(shù)據(jù)更 加精確？如果只是數(shù)據(jù)更加精確，換湯不換藥，那么意義在什么地方？更重要的是，不是從自己的角度分析自己的文章如何如何好，而是從讀者角度分析： Why should the reader read my paper? Why should people care about our research? How can our research benefit others research? What can be done next by others based on our results? What questi

5、ons will the reader have? If so, then how can we better write our paper to make the points clearer to the reader?這種思維方法如同準(zhǔn)備做報(bào)告的思維方法一樣：做報(bào)告之前， 重要的不僅僅是想清楚自己要講什么重要思想， 而且還是要想清楚聽眾是哪些 人？他們來聽報(bào)告， 希望得到什么樣的信息？怎樣講才是對(duì)聽眾來說有價(jià)值的？怎樣建立起 自己的報(bào)告和聽眾的聯(lián)系？有的人做報(bào)告就是說這個(gè)催化劑效果比那個(gè)好， 聽眾睡著了。 要 提煉出更加有通用性的、方法學(xué)的東西，這樣聽眾才會(huì)有興趣。 （關(guān)于這方面的方法

6、學(xué)論述 見哈佛商學(xué)院出版的 Presentatios that Persuade and Motivate, 2004 年出版。）這也和廣告 學(xué)、消費(fèi)者心理學(xué)的原理類似，即要分析受眾關(guān)心什么、需要什么。這個(gè)要點(diǎn)（從讀者角度 分析），說起來很簡(jiǎn)單，但是做起來卻很難，因?yàn)檫@是一種很微妙的方法，一般人很難把握。Don Dunbar 寫的 What You Dont Know Can Keep You Out of College p. 29. For essays, showing your best self starts the same way as for interviews: You n

7、eed to interest both yourself and your reader . But when youre writing, you dont have the reader sitting across from you, showing with his or her reactions whether you are getting through. For this reason, its a good idea to make sure that the subject youre writing about is not just personal, but un

8、iversal. Universal doesnt mean very very big and important, it means that anyone-anyone in the universe, I suppose-can connect with it. Its universal the way type O blood is the universal doner: anyone can receive it.哈佛商學(xué)院出版的 Face-to-Face Communicaions for Clarity and ImpactDont recite the facts-int

9、erpret them! People dont want a recitation. What they want to know is, What sense do you make out of this data? What is the conclusion? Do you have a logical flow in your thought process? And can we see that?哈佛商學(xué)院出版的 Presentatios that Persuade and MotivateWe humans are at once nobel and selfish. If

10、you appeal soley to our self-interest, we will listen, and perhaps appreciate your words. But we wont respect you. To really get your audience on its feet-and rioting-you have to show them how self-interest and larger principles coincide, such that personal sacrifice is worth it if it becomes necess

11、ary.You need to find the way in which you and the audience are alike and make those clear early on. Your listeners will then be willing to open themselves to your message. It is way of building trust early on. Audiences want their speakers to have credibility, and they want to be able to trust them.

12、 You cant create the latter unless you find a way to conntect with your audience.In any communication task, you must understand what your audience needs to know, Your first step-long before you walk into the room-is to ask who the audience is and how they will use the information you provide. Then y

13、ou can structure your presentation around those needs.The audience arrives wondering: Why should we care? Why is this important? So rather than jumping straight into the history of federal housing on Indian reservations, start by describing the current housing crisis. You get your listeners minds wo

14、rking (How did this come about? How can we solve it?) in ways that give them context for the historical discussion.Timothy W. Crusius 和 Carolyn E. Channell 寫的 The Aims of Argument: A Brief RhetoricThe first step is to identify possible appeals to your readership. Keep in mind that good persuaders ar

15、e able to empathize and sympathize with other people, building bridges of commonality and solidarity. To aid in your audience analysis, ask these questions:- Who are my readers? How do I define them in terms of age, economic and social class, gender , education, and so forth?- What type of attitudes

16、 or stances toward my topic do they have?- What in their background or daily experiences helps explain their point of view?- What are they likely to know my topic?- How might they be uninformed or informed about it?- How would they they like to see the problem, question, or issue resolved, answered,

17、 orhandeled? Why?- In what larger framework-religious, political, economic-do they place my topic?在修改文章的時(shí)候，要走到紙頭的 “背面 ”去，用審稿人的眼光來挑剔地看自己的文章，給與 自己的文章無情的轟擊，指出這個(gè)不好，那個(gè)不清楚，還要做什么實(shí)驗(yàn)。帶著疑問，去做實(shí) 驗(yàn)，查文獻(xiàn)，進(jìn)行彌補(bǔ)漏洞。經(jīng)過幾次 “反饋回路 ”，把文章的水平提高。相反，如果對(duì)自己 的文章非常樂觀和自信， 有暈輪效應(yīng)，得到稻草也以為是得到黃金了， 那么就投不中。 有的 人自己做過很多回審稿人， 有一種奇妙的感覺， 知道投這個(gè)雜

18、志應(yīng)該達(dá)到什么樣的水平。 有 的書上說， 可以請(qǐng)懂行的人看一下文章， 提出尖銳意見， 然后進(jìn)行修改。這里要說的是修改 文章從審稿人的角度去修改，很有用處?？梢哉f，很多文章投某個(gè)雜志，遭到退稿，其實(shí)按 照審稿人的意見仔細(xì)修改以后， 質(zhì)量還是不錯(cuò)的， 但是就是因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)被退稿了， 所以只能投 其它雜志了。 讓我們想一想： 假設(shè)這樣的文章實(shí)現(xiàn)能得到懂行人的 “模擬審稿意見 ”，把把脈， 然后進(jìn)行補(bǔ)做實(shí)驗(yàn)、精心修改，本來就能一次命中高檔次雜志的！Timothy W. Crusius 和 Carolyn E. Channell 寫的 The Aims of Argument: A Brief Rhetor

19、ic Have a dialogue with yourself about your own writing.1. Ask what you mean by the words that are central to the argument. Have you provided definations when they are needed?2. Find the reasons, and note their relation to the thesis. Be able to state the connection, ideally, with the word because:

20、thesis because of reason.3. Be able to state what assumptions lie behind your thesis and any of your reasons. Ask yourself, What else would someone have to believe to accept this as valid? If your audience is unlikely to share the assumption, then you must add an argument for it-or change your thesi

21、s.4. Look at your comparisons and analogies. Are they persuasive?5. Look at your evidence. Have you offered facts, expert opinion, illustrations, and so on? Have you presented these in a way that would not raise doubuts but eliminate them?6. Consider your own bias. What do you stand to gain from adv

22、ocating the position you take? Is your argument self-serving or truth-serving?Because it is hard to be objective about your own work, getting a reading from a friend, classmate, teacher , or family member is a good way o see where revision would help. An unfocused reading, however , usually isnt cri

23、tical enoughl casual readers may applaud the draft woo readily if they agree with the thesis and condemn it if they disagree. Therefore, have your readers use a revision checklist. 寫好科技論文， 除了滿足基本功要求和用讀者、 審稿人的角度來反思自己文章以外， 具體到 寫作方法來說，這里面也有很多 “戰(zhàn)法 ”。這正如拍電影、寫小說、下圍棋都是有一定方法的一樣。 關(guān)于段落的結(jié)構(gòu)和寫法可以見 Sheridan Baker

24、 的 The Practical Stylist 。這本書講到開 頭要從一個(gè)寬泛的事情或者概念收攏到本文具體到講的東西。 這本書還講了每一段都要有主 題句( topics sentence )，每一段話講一個(gè)意思，而每一段要有具體的功能！Timothy W. Crusius 和 Carolyn E. Channell 寫的 The Aims of Argument: A Brief Rhetoric Multiple paragraphs are generally required to develop and support a reason. The key thing to remem

25、ber about paragraphs is that each one is a unit that performs some function in presenting the case. You ought to be able to say what the function of a given paragraph is-and your reader ought to be able to sense it. Doe it introduce a reason? Does it define a term? Does it support a reason by settin

26、g up an analogy? Does another paragraph support the same reason by offering examples or some hard data or an illustrative case?Not all paragraphs need topic sentences to announce their main point. Worry instead about opening each paragraph with some hints that allow readers to recognize the function

27、 of the paragraph. For example, some transitional word or phrase could announce to readers that you are turning from one reason to a new one. When you introduce a new reason, be sure that readers can see how it relates to the thesis. Repeating a key word or offering a synonym for one of the words in

28、 the thesis is a good idea.我們經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)很多寫得不好科研論文的段落沒有功能， 或者一段話有兩個(gè)功能！ 現(xiàn)在我來舉 例說明段落的主題句和功能。 22. H.F. Yin, Z. Ma, S.H. Overbury, S. Dai*, Promotion of Au(en)2Cl3-Derived Au/Fumed SiO2 by Treatment with KMnO4, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, in press. /10.1021/jp800797t這篇文章 Introduction 的第三段寫

29、得很基本， 是白話文， 但是里面有起承轉(zhuǎn)合在里面： 第一 句是總起句。 接下去， 第二句和第三句的功能是舉例說明總起句總結(jié)的內(nèi)容： 第二句指出在 文獻(xiàn)中，別人做了什么。 這句話用了一個(gè) For one. ，表示這句話的功能是舉例；第三句指 出我們小組和別人以前還報(bào)道了什么。 既然別人和我們小組做了這個(gè)， 做了那個(gè)， 那么為什 么發(fā)表本文有必要呢？第四句筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，說： Nevertheless, even though. 其功能是指出 文獻(xiàn)(或者說 “市場(chǎng) ”)中缺乏的東西(或者說 “產(chǎn)品 ”)，為第五句埋下伏筆。第五句 Hence, the promotional effect based o

30、n a better starting point (i.e., highly active Au/SiO2 synthesized by advanced methods16-22) may be further considered, and new methodologies for the installation of appropriate promoters may be developed. 指出根據(jù) 以上邏輯分析，在 “市場(chǎng) ”上，什么樣的 “產(chǎn)品 ”是需要的。這句話的好處之一是用了 hence(therefore) 顯示邏輯關(guān)系。 好處之二是它 “預(yù)測(cè) ”了市場(chǎng)上什么樣的東

31、西是需要的。 這 當(dāng)然不能亂寫，胡亂預(yù)測(cè)，因?yàn)轭A(yù)測(cè)的東西，通過做實(shí)驗(yàn)，在本文中得到了實(shí)現(xiàn)。如果作者 不準(zhǔn)備報(bào)道什么東西，就不要在 Introduction 里面胡亂預(yù)測(cè)。 也就是說，預(yù)測(cè)的東西在后面 是要有 “呼應(yīng) ”的，如果沒有呼應(yīng)，審稿人就會(huì)說他被欺騙了。Attempts have been made to modify SiO2 supports before loading gold.28-35 For one, Nieuwenhuys and coworkers reported that the T50 (reaction temperature at which 50% of C

32、O molecules are converted to CO2) value of Au/SiO2 in CO oxidation is 240oC, but when SiO2 is modified by CoOx, LaOx, or CeOx and gold is loaded thereafter, the T50 values decrease to 185, 135, and 115oC, respectively, indicating the promotional effect of these additives.28 Our group29,31 and others

33、28,30,32-35 developed Au/TiO2/SiO229-33 and Au/CoOx/SiO234,35 catalysts for CO oxidation. Nevertheless, even though the addition of certain promoters may improve the activity, the promoted catalysts are still not particularly active due to the unadvantageous starting point: the deposition-precipitat

34、ion method does not work well for making active Au/SiO2 catalysts.29 Hence, the promotional effect based on a better starting point (i.e., highly active Au/SiO2 synthesized by advanced methods16-22) may be further considered, and new methodologies for the installation of appropriate promoters may be

35、 developed.學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作必看 2在 Results 部分， 每一段開頭都有一個(gè) topics sentence ，雖然這些句子很簡(jiǎn)單， 也很 “原始 ”， 但是至少讓審稿人一目了然地知道作者要說什么， 在每一段里面用了什么方法實(shí)現(xiàn)了什么功 能。3.1. Catalytic Activity in CO oxidationFigure 2A shows the CO light-off curves of Au/SiO2 synthesized using Au(en)2Cl3 as the precursor .Figure 2B shows the CO light-off cur

36、ves of KMnO4/Au/SiO2 (pH 7).The KMnO4/Au/SiO2 (pH 7) catalyst is greatly activated after treatment in O2-He at 220-600oC, and the optimal pretreatment temperature is 300oC (Figure 2B).Figure 3 shows the catalytic results when the H2-pretreated Au/SiO2 is treated by KMnO4 under acidic (pH 3) or basic

37、 (pH 11) conditions.3.2. Catalyst CharacterizationFigure 4 collects four sets of XRD patterns of Au/SiO2, KMnO4/Au/SiO2 (pH 3), KMnO4/Au/SiO2 (pH 7), and KMnO4/Au/SiO2 (pH 11).To know the gold particle sizes( 向讀者說明這么做的目的 ), we used TEM to probe different positions and recorded several images for eac

38、h sample.For comparison( 向讀者說明邏輯關(guān)系：對(duì)比 ), Figure 6 collects typical TEM images of KMnO4/Au/SiO2 (pH 7).Figure 8 compares TG/DTG data of Au/SiO2 and KMnO4/Au/SiO2 (pH 7).3.3. Catalyst Stability on StreamFinally, we tested the stability of 300oC-pretreated KMnO4/Au/SiO2 (pH 7).另外一本 Timothy W. Crusius 和

39、 Carolyn E. Channell 寫的 The Aims of Argument: A Brief Rhetoric 雖然是介紹怎么在報(bào)紙雜志寫議論文的， 但是對(duì)科研寫作 (特別是 Discussion 部分) 很有啟發(fā)，有助于寫出有條理、有邏輯性的文章。聯(lián)系到寫科研論文 Discussion 部分，好 比說你發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)現(xiàn)象， 如果你只是如癡如醉地用一種原因來解釋這種現(xiàn)象， 那么還不如逐個(gè) 分析三種不同的解釋， 用證據(jù)和論證來否定前面兩種， 然后正面證實(shí)第三種解釋。 這種方法 被運(yùn)用在下面兩篇文章的 Discussion 部分：22. H.F. Yin, Z. Ma, S.H. Over

40、bury, S. Dai*, Promotion of Au(en)2Cl3-Derived Au/Fumed SiO2 by Treatment with KMnO4, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, in press. /10.1021/jp800797t20. W.F. Yan, Z. Ma, S.M. Mahurin, J. Jiao, E.W. Hagaman, S.H. Overbury, S. Dai*, Novel Au/TiO2/Al2O3.xH2O Catalysts for CO Oxidation, Ca

41、talysis Letters 121 (2008) 209-218. /10.1007/s10562-007-9369-1哈佛商學(xué)院出版的 Presentatios that Persuade and Motivatep. 40. If its going to be controversial, lay out three alternatives and tell, in order , why each one wond work. Then, describe your favored solution-and describe its pitfall

42、s, too.The point is to walk them through the decesion-making process, after all, so if there are other obvious alternatives, and pitfalls to your own, dont avoid them. If you do, the audience will start creating them at the water cooler after the talk, and all your hard work will be for nothing.p. 4

43、0. Rhetorically, you should present the options you intend the audience to favor at the end of your list, because audiences tend to remember best things they hear last.還有種表現(xiàn)手法就是先詳細(xì)闡述自己的解釋， 然后筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)說也許有的人 (比如審稿人) 會(huì) 說 (提出不同的解釋) ，但是我們并不支持這個(gè)不同的解釋，這是因?yàn)?這兩種表現(xiàn)手法在 The Aims of Argument: A Brief Rhetoric 也有說明。道

44、理是：讀者心里當(dāng)然有不同的 解釋，作為作者，就應(yīng)該起到釋疑的作用，給讀者分析清楚每種解釋的利弊。再有，現(xiàn)代社 會(huì)召喚什么樣的人？思維活潑開放， 勇于接受新理論的人。 如果有的作者不分析其它的解釋， 只是一味強(qiáng)調(diào)、一口咬定自己的解釋是對(duì)的，那么這就是思維僵化。(證據(jù)見：What You Do ntKnow Can Keep You Out of College, Don Dunbar 著)Timothy W. Crusius 和 Carolyn E. Channell 寫的 The Aims of Argument: A Brief RhetoricA final-and optional-st

45、ep is to assess an argugers refutations. In a refutation a writer anticipitates potential objections to his or her position and tries to show why they do not undermine the basic argument. Refutations do not relate directly to claims, reasons, and evidence. A skilled arguer typically uses them not as

46、 part of the main logic of an argument but as a separate step to deal with any obvious objections a reader is likely to have.Don Dunbar 寫的 What You Dont Know Can Keep You Out of Collegep. 47. Students with passionate interests often hold strong views. They have perceptions about the things that inte

47、rest them, and theyve thought about them enough to express options. One counselee of mine had strong fellings on the issue if abortion and wrote the following:There are no circumstances that warrent the killing of a baby at any stage of development, no matter what the excuse. It is just plain murder. It amazes me that a