國立臺北科技大學(xué)九十六學(xué)年度第一學(xué)期

1、國立臺北科技大學(xué)九十六學(xué)年度第一學(xué)期英檢教戰(zhàn)文法加強(qiáng)班講義2007.12.17教務(wù)處視聽教學(xué)中心閱讀字?。骸綰nit 10】社會新聞(二)sheltern. 避難所volunteern. 志工surroundingsn. 環(huán)境homelessn. 無家可歸者sympathyn. 同情indifferencen. 漠不關(guān)心alcoholicn. 酗酒者resentv. 對憤怒discriminationn. 歧視orphanagen. 孤兒院aboriginen. 原住民gendern. 性別residentn. 居民impactn. 衝擊migrantn. 移民;移居者oddsn. 差異imm

2、igrantn. （來自他國）移民pessimisticadj. 悲觀（主義）的raggedadj. 襤褸的optimisticadj. 樂觀的試題/第二部份：段落填空以下段落含7個空格。請從A, B, C, D四個選項中選出最適合題意的字或詞。A survey done among Taiwans 1. _ shows that most of them think there is still too much discrimination in the country. 70 percent of Taiwans original people believe that 2. _ are

3、 treated better, even though they were not born here. The survey was done among 3. _ of Hualien and Taichung. 50 percent feel that there is not enough 4. _ for them. Many of them lost a lot when people from Mainland China settled in Taiwan. The survey found that about 5 percent of the people questio

4、ned were 5. _. The reasons for their lack of shelter were not given. The survey also showed that more than 20 percent admitted to being 6. _. Again, the survey didnt indicate the reasons why they drink too much. Finally, the survey mentioned that most of the people were not pessimistic, and were gra

5、teful for the free work done by 7. _.1.(A) immigrants(B) aborigines(C) articles(D) dependants2.(A) immigrants(B) customers(C) superiors(D) portraits3.(A) symphonies(B) champions(C) residents(D) lifeguards4.(A) siblings(B) enemies(C) leisure(D) sympathy5.(A) governments(B) homeless(C) prisoners(D) em

6、ployees6.(A) parents(B) alcoholics(C) historians(D) gangsters7.(A) volunteers(B) supervisors(C) public officials(D) politiciansAnswer Key:1. B2. A3. C4. D5. B6. B7. A焦點文法：副詞子句（二） D. 表原因的副詞子句 (Reason Clause)表示原因副詞子句解答了”Why?” 通常由because, since, as等從屬連接詞所引導(dǎo)。Europeans are in some ways better environment

7、alists than North Americans because they are more used to conserving energy.Since many Europeans live, work, and shop in the same locale, they are quite accustomed to riding bicycles, trains, and streetcars to get around.As the price of gasoline has always been quite high in Europe, if a European ow

8、ns an automobile, it is likely to be a high-mileage model that uses diesel fuel.練習(xí)：將以下句子用適當(dāng)?shù)膹膶龠B接詞合併成一句。例如：Electricity is expensive. Europeans buy energy-saving household appliances such as washing machines that use less water.Since electricity is expensive, Europeans buy energy-saving household appl

9、iances such as washing machines that use less water.1. Europeans experienced hardship and deprivation（生活物資之缺乏）during and after World War II. They are used to conserving(自然資源的保護(hù)及保存).(Because) Europeans experienced hardship and deprivation during and after World War II, they are used to conserving.2.

10、European nations are trying to reduce the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes global warming.European nations are trying to reduce the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (because) Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes global warming.3. Coal pol

11、lutes the air and gives off a lot of carbon dioxide. Most European nations have switched to natural gas or nuclear power to produce electricity.(Since) coal pollutes the air and gives off a lot of carbon dioxide, most European nations have switched to natural gas or nuclear power to produce electric

12、ity.4. In the United States, in contrast, 56 percent of the nations electricity is generated by burning coal. Coal is cheap and plentiful.In the United States, in contrast, 56 percent of the nations electricity is generated by burning coal (because) coal is cheap and plentiful.5. The parliamentary s

13、ystem in Europe is different. An European head of government has more power than an American president to force industry to make environment-friendly changes.The parliamentary system in Europe is different as an European head of government has more power than an American president to force industry

14、to make environment-friendly changes.E. 表結(jié)果的副詞子句 (Result Clause)so 形容詞/副詞thatsuch a(n) 名詞片語 thatso much/many 名詞片語 thatso little/few 名詞片語 that例句：New textbooks are so expensive that many students buy used ones.The cost of education is rising so rapidly that students are looking for ways to cut costs.T

15、he library is such a big place that I couldnt find the book I needed.There is always so much noise in the dormitory that I cant study there.There were so many students waiting in line to register for classes that I decided to come back later.練習(xí)：Anthropological museums have realistic displays. A visi

16、tor can gain insight into the life styles of ancient people.Anthropological museums have (such) realistic displays (that) a visitor can gain insight into the life styles of ancient people.1. The Ancient Peru exhibit was popular. It was held over for two weeks.The Ancient Peru exhibit was (so popular

17、 that) it was held over for two weeks.2. The artifacts were of historic value. Anthropologists from several universities came to study them.The artifacts were (such of historic value that) anthropologists from several universities came to study them.3. The exhibits were precious. A museum guard was

18、posted in every room.The exhibits were so precious that a museum guard was posted in every room.4. Computer graphics allowed the exhibits curators to present the lives of ancient Peruvians realistically. You felt that you were actually there.Computer graphics allowed the exhibits curators to present

19、 the lives of ancient Peruvians (so realistically that) you felt that you were actually there. 5. There were many exhibits. We couldnt see all of them.There were (so many exhibits that) we couldnt see all of them.F. 表目的的副詞子句 (Purpose Clause)由so that 或in order that 等從屬連接詞所引導(dǎo)。在這樣的子句中，常出現(xiàn)助動詞may/might,

20、can/could, will/would, 或have to等。例句：Farmers use chemical pesticides so that they can grow bigger harvests.Farmers also spray their fields in order that consumers might enjoy unblemished fruits and vegetables. （正式用法）練習(xí)：Chemists are constantly creating new products in the laboratory. People can have s

21、ubstitutes for scarce or unavailable products.Chemists are constantly creating new products in the laboratory (so that) people can have substitutes for scarce or unavailable products.1. Chemicals are used in many food products. They will stay fresh longer.Chemicals are used in many food products (so

22、 that) they will stay fresh longer.2. They can increase food crops. Most farmers use chemical fertilizers and pesticides.Most farmers use chemical fertilizers and pesticides (in order that) they can increase food crops.3. They can produce organic crops. Some farmers use only natural pest control met

23、hods.(In order that) they can produce organic crops, some farmers use only natural pest control methods.4. People pay more for organic farm produce. They can avoid food with chemicals.People pay more for organic farm produce (so that) they can avoid food with chemicals.5. They might avoid potential

24、health risks. They prefer eating organic food.They prefer eating organic food (in order that) they might avoid potential health risks.G. 表目的副詞子句讓步(Concession - unexpected result)讓步副詞子句由although, even though, 及though等從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)，用來表達(dá)出人意表的想法或動作。例如：Although I studied all night, I failed the test.I failed t

25、he test although I studied all night.Because the weather was cold, I didnt go swimming. (expected result)Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming. (unexpected result)練習(xí)：She is a famous movie star. She is unhappy.(Even though) she is a famous movie star, she is unhappy.1. Beethoven wrote som

26、e of the Western worlds greatest music. He became totally deaf in mid-life.Beethoven wrote some of the Western worlds greatest music (though) he became totally deaf in mid-life.2. Global warming is a real problem. Governments have been slow to take action.(Although) global warming is a real problem,

27、 governments have been slow to take action.3. Korea is becoming an economic superpower. It is a small country with few natural resources.(Even though) Korea is a small country with few natural resources, it is becoming an economic superpower.4. Abraham Lincoln became one of the greatest presidents o

28、f the United States. He came from humble origins. (humble origins: low class or social position)Abraham Lincoln became one of the greatest presidents of the United States (though) he came from humble origins.5. Scientists know why earthquakes happen. They are still not able to predict them.(Although

29、) scientists know why earthquakes happen, they are still not able to predict them.H. 對比副詞子句（Contrast Direct Opposition）對比副詞子句由while 或 whereas 所引介，表達(dá)與前面子句絕然不同對比的狀況。例如：San Francisco is very cool during the summer, whereas San Juan is extremely hot.While San Juan is extremely hot during the summer, San

30、 Francisco is very cool.The West Coast suffered a severe drought. The East Coast had heavy rainfall.(While) the West Coast suffered a severe drought, the East Coast had heavy rainfall.1. The Northwest rainfall averages hundreds of inches annually. The Southwest averages less than twelve inches per y

31、ear.The Northwest rainfall averages hundreds of inches annually, (whereas) the Southwest averages less than twelve inches per year.2. The air is polluted in industrial areas. The air is clean in many rural areas.The air is polluted in industrial areas (while) the air is clean in many rural areas.3.

32、Smokers claim the right to smoke in public places. Nonsmokers claim the right to clean air.(Whereas) smokers claim the right to smoke in public places, nonsmokers claim the right to clean air.4. College graduates with degrees in technology are in demand. Graduates with degrees in music are not.Colle

33、ge graduates with degrees in technology are in demand, (while) graduates with degrees in music are not.5. The most recent spacecraft landed in the desert. Earlier spaceships splashed down in the ocean.The most recent spacecraft landed in the desert, (while) earlier spaceships splashed down in the oc

34、ean.三種子句的複習(xí)1. 名詞子句的種類Types of Noun Clausesthat-clauses:l formed from statementsl introduced by subordinator thatl that can be omittedThe Russian president and his wife told the press (that) they were enjoying their visit.subjunctive noun clauses:l verb in simple forml occur after verbs and adjective

35、s of urgency, advisability, necessity, and desirabilityThe president of the United States suggested that Russia open its doors to American business.wh-word clauses:l formed from wh-questions; wh-words are the subordinators; who, where, which, how, etc.l use of SV statement word orderl do, does, did

36、disappearDo you know who the interpreter for the Russian leader was?The reporter asked which companies planned to do business in Russia.if/weather clauses:l formed from yes/no questionsl introduced by subordinator if or whether. Whether is more formal than if.l or not may be addedl use of SV stateme

37、nt word orderl do, does, did disappearThe question is whether (or not) American and European companies understand the Russian business environment (or not)No one knows if the experiment will succeed (or not)2. 從屬副詞連接詞 (Adverbial Subordinators)Timewhen, whenever, while, as soon as, after, since, as,

38、before, untilWhenever I had to speak in front of people, I was paralyzed by fear.Placewhere, wherever, everywhere, anywhereI saw unfriendly, critical faces everywhere I looked.Manner Distance Frequencyasasadverbasas if/ as thoughI tried as hard as I could to calm myself.I tried to act as if I were n

39、ot afraid.Reasonbecause, since, asSince I need to make speeches for career advancement, I enrolled in a speech class.Purposeso that, in order thatI took a speech class so that I could overcome my fear of public speaking.Resultsoadjective/adverbthatsuch a(n)nounthatso much/littlenounthatso many/fewno

40、unthatAt first, making a speech made me so nervous that I got a stomachache before every class.During the semester, I made so many speeches that I lost some of my fear.Concession (unexpected result)although, even though, thoughEven though I am a politician, I still dont enjoy speaking in public.Cont

41、rast (direct opposition)While, whereasAs a child, I never tried out for school plays, whereas my best friend usually got a starring role.3. 關(guān)係子句Relative ClausesRELATIVE PRONOUNSwhorefers to humanssubject in its own clauserestrictive or nonrestrictiveThe professor who teaches my biology class won a Nobel Prize two years ago.Professor Jones, who teaches my biology class, won a Nobel Prize two ye