國(guó)際議會(huì)制辯論形式簡(jiǎn)介

1、國(guó)際議會(huì)制辯論形式簡(jiǎn)介（以下資料由吉林大學(xué)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)辯論賽組委會(huì)提供）PART ITHE FORMAT OF DEBATE辯論形式as1. A debate shall be adjudicated by a panel compris ing an odd nu mber of adjudicators, usually 3. One of these shall be desig nated as Chairpers on by the orga ni zers, andwill function as Sp eaker. It ' compulsory for the tutor

2、of each team to act adjudicator in the Competiti on.每場(chǎng)比賽評(píng)委人數(shù)為奇數(shù)，通常是 3個(gè)人。2. A debate shall be timed by a timekeeper.每場(chǎng)比賽都須安排人員計(jì)時(shí)。3. Each team will comprise the followi ng members.參賽隊(duì)伍由下列成員組成：3.1 GOVERNMENTa) Prime Mi nister.b) Member of the Government.正方1) 一辯2) 二辯3.2 OPPOSITIONa) Leader of the Opposi

3、ti on.b) Member of the Oppositi on.反方1) 一辯2) 二辯4. Debaters (or members) will speak in the followi ng order.i) Prime Min ister. (7 minu tes)ii) Leader of Opposition. (8 minutes)iii) Member of the Government. (8 minutes)iv) Member of the Opposition. (8 minutes)v) Leader of Opposition Rebuttal (4 minut

4、es)vi) Prime Minister Rebuttal (5 minutes) 辯手按照以下順序發(fā)言：1）正方一辯（7分鐘）2）反方一辯（8分鐘）3）正方二辯（8分鐘）4）反方二辯（8分鐘）5）反方一辯總結(jié)（4 分鐘）6）正方一辯總結(jié)（5 分鐘）5. Point of Information ( POI )5.1POIs are comments made by members directed at the speech of the member holding the floor; POI should be brief, pertinent and preferably witt

5、y. Points of order and points of personal privilege are prohibited.POI 指在對(duì)方發(fā)言時(shí)， 針對(duì)發(fā)言者正在申述的論點(diǎn)提出的本方觀點(diǎn)。 POI 要簡(jiǎn)短， 切題， 機(jī)智。嚴(yán)禁針對(duì)比賽規(guī)則和個(gè)人提出問(wèn)題。5.2A Point of Information' must be indicated by a member of an opposing team risingfrom his/her seat and extending one hand towards the member holding the floor. A

6、 member offering a Point of Information may draw attention tothe offer by saying“ onthat point Sir/Madam, ” or similar.提出 POI 時(shí)要從座位上起立， 將一只手指向發(fā)言的人。 提問(wèn)者可以用類似 on that point Sir/Madam 的話引起發(fā)言者的注意。5.3A member holding the floor must respond to an opposing member, or members offering Points of Information,

7、 in one of the following ways: 發(fā)言者可采取以下方式回應(yīng)對(duì)方提出的 POI ：A clear gesture or hand signal rejecting the offer 用清晰的手勢(shì)拒絕對(duì)方A verbal rejection of the offer語(yǔ)言拒絕A verbal acceptance of the offer接受提問(wèn)5.4If a Point of Information is accepted, the point should be phrased as clarification, or comment, and made in tw

8、o sentences (or less) within 15 seconds.如果提出 POI 的要求被發(fā)言者接受， 那么 POI 的陳述要以澄清事實(shí)或提出評(píng)論為形式， 用一兩句話在 15 秒內(nèi)表達(dá)出來(lái)。5.5If a Point of Information is accepted, the speaker accepting it must frame an answer or resp onse to it with in the con text of his/her speech.辯手如果接受POI，那么就應(yīng)圍繞自己的發(fā)言回答問(wèn)題。5.6Points of In formati o

9、n may be offered duri ng the first four con structive speeches, after the first single knock of the gavel and up to the second single knock of the gavel. Points of Information may not be offered during the first and last minutes of constructive speeches. Points of Information may not be offered duri

10、ng final two rebuttal speeches.POI只能在前面四個(gè)建設(shè)性發(fā)言中提出，并僅限于兩次一下槌”之間，第一分鐘和最后一分鐘內(nèi)不可以提出 POI ;在總結(jié)陳詞階段不可以提出 POI。5.7'Poinout ofSpeakers not holdi ng the floor ' may not rise duri ng speech uni ess it is to offer a of Information' . Speakers doing so, or considered to be heckling, barracking or whos

11、ebehavior is interfering with the acceptable course of a debate will be declared order ' or will be called to order ' by the Chairperson.除非要提出POI，否則沒(méi)有輪到發(fā)言的辯手不得在別人發(fā)言時(shí)起立。如果辯手違反規(guī)則發(fā)言，或者有擾亂正常比賽的行為，那么此選手將被評(píng)委主席宣布犯規(guī)。5.8Poi nts of in formatio n should be assessed accord ing to the effect they have on

12、 both the cases of the offeri ng team and the resp onding speaker (speech and team).評(píng)價(jià)POI的提出是否得當(dāng)，應(yīng)該看它對(duì)于正反雙方接下來(lái)的辯論的影響如何。5.9Although not required to, each debater should attempt to take at least two points of information during a speech. The opposing side should attempt to rise at least four times for

13、 POIs in each con structive speech.Debaters who fail to seek opport un itiesto offer POIs or who fail to take POIs during their speech may be penalized by the adjudicatio n pan el.每次建設(shè)性發(fā)言，每個(gè)辯手須至少接受 2次POI，對(duì)方至少要站起4次提POI。辯手若 沒(méi)有抓住機(jī)會(huì)提POI或者在發(fā)言中沒(méi)有接受POI，評(píng)委可酌情扣分。PART IIDEFINITIONS AND CHALLENGE OF DEFINITION

14、定義以及對(duì)定義提出質(zhì)疑1. The definition is the interpretation of the motion as put forward by the Prime Minister in his ope ning remarks.定義就是正方一辯對(duì)辯題的解釋。2. The definition should be reasonable. 定義要合理。3. The definition should state the issue or issues arising out of the motion to be debated, state the meanings of

15、 any terms in the motion requiring clarification and display clear and logical links to the wording and spirit of the motion.做定義時(shí)， 應(yīng)該解釋清楚辯題中需要澄清的術(shù)語(yǔ)， 并將定義和辯題的中心內(nèi)容有機(jī)聯(lián)系 起來(lái)。4. The definition should not be4.1A truism (a matter stated as fact). This refers to any Definition that forces the Opposition to c

16、ounter an inarguable fact or truth, clearly an impossible task.4.2A tautology (a definition which, in development, proves itself). (Because neither allows any reasonable substantive case to be mounted in opposition).4.3Place set (setting an unnaturally restrictive geographical or spatial location as

17、 its major parameter).4.4Time set (setting an unnaturally restrictive chronological duration as its main parameter).(Because neither allows the opposition reasonable access to Matter). 4.5Wholly unreasonable (displaying no clear or logical links to the original motion) that any person would question

18、 the validity ， violates the principles of fairness, as it denies the opposition any reasonable ' access to Matter and preparation). 定義不應(yīng)該是： 真理(事實(shí)存在) 同義反復(fù)(即循環(huán)定義) 定位(人為限定特定的空間或地理位置) 設(shè)定時(shí)間(人為限制特定的時(shí)間跨度作為參照系)(以上這些將使反方無(wú)法準(zhǔn)備素材) 完全不合理(定義與所給辯題無(wú)清楚邏輯關(guān)系，使反方無(wú)法準(zhǔn)備素材，違背公平原則)5. The Opposition may only challenge t

19、he definition advanced by the Government on the basis of one of the conditions outlined in PART VII-4. The Opposition may not challenge a definition supplied by the Government on the basis that: 反方只有當(dāng)正方的定義發(fā)生了第七章第四點(diǎn)中提到的錯(cuò)誤的情況下， 才可以對(duì)正方的定 義提出質(zhì)疑，而不能在以下情況下質(zhì)疑正方所做的定義：5.1The Opposition ' s own definition

20、 is MORE reasonable. 認(rèn)為本身的定義更合理。5.2A better debate will result. Nor may the Opposition re-define terms or words contained in the motion so that a completely different debate is thereby set up. However, an Opposition may contend with the specific or general approach to term ino logy supplied by the d

21、efi niti on of the Gover nment.認(rèn)為將會(huì)產(chǎn)生更好的辯論效果。反方也不得為偷換辯題而重新定義辯題中的術(shù)語(yǔ)。但是，反方可以就正方在定義中使用的術(shù)語(yǔ)提出質(zhì)疑。6. If the defi niti on adva need by the Leader of the Government con trave nes any of the prohibiti ons set out in term PART VII-4, the Oppositi on has the right to challe nge the defi niti on.如果正方提出的定義違反第七章第四

22、節(jié)中的任何一個(gè)規(guī)定，則反方有權(quán)利質(zhì)疑正方的定義。7. The onus to prove that a defi niti on is un reas on able is on the Oppositi on.證明定義不合理的責(zé)任在反方這邊。8. Adjudicators will not indicate during the debate which definition they find to be (more) acceptable. But he/she can take the un reas on able defi niti on drew by the Governmen

23、t into con siderati on.在辯論過(guò)程中，評(píng)委不可以暗示哪個(gè)定義更加合理，或哪個(gè)定義可以接受。但是評(píng)委在打分時(shí)有權(quán)將正方的不合理定義考慮在內(nèi)。9. Defin iti ons should not require members of the house to have access to, or possess, specific or expert kno wledge.定義內(nèi)容不得涉及過(guò)于專業(yè)的知識(shí)。PART IIIMATTER素材1. Matter ' relates to the issues in debate, the case being presen

24、ted and the material used to substa ntiate argume ntati on.Matter指辯論過(guò)程中的素材，即用來(lái)支持定義的論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)。2. The issues un der debate should be correctly prioritized (by teams) and ordered (byin dividuals), deali ng with the most importa nt/pert inent first.素材應(yīng)該按照由主到次的順序提出，將最切題、最重要的素材放在前面。3. Matter should be logical

25、 and well reas on ed.素材要符合邏輯而且合理。4. Matter should be releva nt, both to the issue in conten ti on and the cases being advaneed.素材要與辯題密切相關(guān)。5. Matter should be persuasive.素材要有說(shuō)服力。6. Matter will be assessed from the viewpoi nt of theaverage reas on able pers on '. Adjudicators must disregard any sp

26、ecial kno wledge they have, even though pertinentto the issues un der debate.對(duì)素材的評(píng)價(jià)將以常人”的觀點(diǎn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。評(píng)委應(yīng)該忽略辯手提出的專業(yè)知識(shí)，即使這種知識(shí)很切題。7. Bias will not affect an adjudicator' s assessment (objective) or evaluation (subjective)of a debate. Debaters must not be discrim in ated aga inst on the basis of religi on

27、, sex,race, fame of their university, sexual preferenee, age, social status, accent or any disability.評(píng)委不應(yīng)被偏見(jiàn)所左右。辯手不能因?yàn)樽诮绦叛?、性別、種族、學(xué)校知名度、性取向、 年齡、社會(huì)地位、口音或殘疾等原因而受到歧視。8. No new matter ' is to be introduced during Rebuttal Speeches. The Rebuttal Speech prese nts teams with an opport un ity to focus o

28、n the major issue(s) in the debate andthe way in which both teams approach that pointf Clash ' The Rebuttal Speech should also give an optimistic overview ' of the gen eral approach to the debate andthe relative weak nesses in the case of the oppos ing team.在總結(jié)陳詞過(guò)程中不得提出新的素材。辯論雙方應(yīng)利用總結(jié)陳詞來(lái)重申主要論

29、點(diǎn)及雙方立論方法?？偨Y(jié)陳詞要從總體上對(duì)己方的觀點(diǎn)給予肯定，同時(shí)指出對(duì)方的弱點(diǎn)?？偨Y(jié)陳詞不得繼續(xù)辯論，也不得將辯題引入新的方面。9. All speakers should develop positivematter 'in advancing their respective cases. While an Oppositi on team may win by dem on strati ng that the Government has notproved the motion true, they should not rely purely on their rebutta

30、l of the Government case and will likely ben efit from prese nti ng positive matter in oppositi on to the moti on.所有辯手在發(fā)展己方觀點(diǎn)時(shí)要從正面闡述觀點(diǎn)(不得一味反駁對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)或給對(duì)方指出錯(cuò)誤)。反方不可一味反駁正方觀點(diǎn)站不住腳，應(yīng)提出與正方觀點(diǎn)相反的論據(jù)以證明己方觀點(diǎn)。PART IVMANNER辯論風(fēng)格1. Manner refers to the prese ntati on and delivery style of a speaker.Mann er指辯手陳述己方觀點(diǎn)的風(fēng)格

31、。2. The followi ng list represe nts some of the eleme nts which are, or may be, subsumedun der Manner. The list is inten ded as a guide, rather tha n as a nu mber of markingcategories. It is the comb in ati on of these eleme nts (rather tha n the accomplishme ntof each), i n various proporti ons tha

32、t con tributes to an in dividual speaker' s style. Themajor in flue nee on an adjudicator mus t be:'Is the speaker ' s Manner EFFECTIVE inadva ncing the case?'以下僅是評(píng)判辯手風(fēng)格的一些指導(dǎo)性要素而非全部，評(píng)委須綜合評(píng)判辯手的辯論風(fēng)格。a) Vocal Style: Volume, clarity, pronun ciati on, pace, inton ati on, flue ncy, con fid

33、e nee, and authority.b) Lan guage: Con versati on al.c) Use of no tes: Should not distract, should not be read.d) Eye Con tact: With audie nee.e) Gesture: Natural, appropriate.f) Sin cerity: Believability.g) Pers onal Attacks: (derogatory comme nts are not to be tolerated).h) Humor: Effectiven ess,

34、appropriate ness.說(shuō)話方式：音量，清晰度，發(fā)音，節(jié)奏，語(yǔ)調(diào)，流利程度，自信心以及說(shuō)服力語(yǔ)言：口語(yǔ)化表達(dá)提示條的使用：不能照本宣科目光交流手勢(shì)：自然、恰當(dāng)真誠(chéng)：要有可信度不得使用貶低性的言語(yǔ)進(jìn)行個(gè)人攻擊幽默感：要有效、適度3. Participa nts in FLTRP CUP must be aware that they will experie nee many differe ntdebating styles from the different universities and experienee levels represented there in. Ther

35、e is no sin gle correct ' or right ' style to adopt in this competiti on.本比賽沒(méi)有一成不變的正確”風(fēng)格。4. Adjudicators of FLTRP CUP must be aware that for the participants, English is aforeign Ianguage. Considerationmust be given to the Manner in which a debaterprese nts his or her argume nts, but En glis

36、h Ian guage compete ncy should not be the exclusive or primary criteri on on which an assessme nt of Manner is made.評(píng)委應(yīng)該記住英語(yǔ)并非參賽辯手的母語(yǔ)，英語(yǔ)水平可以作為評(píng)分的一個(gè)依據(jù)，但是評(píng)委不能把英語(yǔ)水平作為主要的評(píng)分依據(jù)。5. As with Matter pers onal bias must not be allowed to in flue nee an adjudicator ' s assessme nt of Manner.評(píng)委不得受個(gè)人偏見(jiàn)的影響。PAR

37、T VMETHODand the teams辯論方法1. Method refers to the strategy and tactics employed by debaters they represent 。辯論方法指的是辯手及其辯論隊(duì)所采取的策略和方式。2. The following list represents some of the elements which are, or may be, subsumed under Method. The list is intended as a guide, rather than as a number of marking categories. It is the combination of these elements (rather than the accomplishment of each)