河南省虞城縣第一初級(jí)中學(xué)2012-2013學(xué)年七年級(jí)英語(yǔ)下學(xué)期期末復(fù)習(xí) 動(dòng)詞講解與訓(xùn)練 人教新目標(biāo)版

1、動(dòng)詞講解與訓(xùn)練一、動(dòng)詞的分類： 根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動(dòng)詞可分為四類，分別是：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（行為動(dòng)詞）、連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有完整的詞義，能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)根據(jù)用法，可分為及物動(dòng)詞（vt.后面直接跟名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ)）和不及物動(dòng)詞（vi不能直接跟名詞或代詞，加賓語(yǔ)時(shí)必須加介詞）。同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。例如：She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物動(dòng)詞。）She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物動(dòng)詞。）但也有一些動(dòng)詞只能用做及物動(dòng)詞，如：visit,

2、ask, win, tell, answer, feel, serve, marry, discuss, beat, reach, kill, drop 等而下列一些動(dòng)詞通常情況下只能用做不及物動(dòng)詞：reply (to), return (to), point (to, at), knock (at, on, into), wait (for), listen (to), arrive (at, to), fall (down, off), look (at, after)2連系動(dòng)詞（Link Verb）它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ)，后邊必須跟表語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等

3、情況。常見的連系動(dòng)詞有：be, feel, become, look, smell, seem, taste, sound, keep, 其它一些可以和形容詞連用的動(dòng)詞也屬于連系動(dòng)詞：fall ill / asleep, grow worse, turn red, get lost, keep healthy等助動(dòng)詞：本身沒有詞義，不能單獨(dú)作句子的謂語(yǔ)，只能與主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)主要幫助句子構(gòu)成否定、疑問以及動(dòng)詞的不同時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)等語(yǔ)法特征。常見的助動(dòng)詞有：be, do (does, did), have / has, had, will, would 等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：本身有一定的詞義，單不能單獨(dú)

4、做謂語(yǔ)，后面必須跟其它動(dòng)詞的原形，表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和態(tài)度；常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can (could), may(might), must, need 等。(1) can *能，會(huì)（表示能力）；*請(qǐng)求許可 cant be 不可能could: can的過(guò)去式，但有時(shí)表示委婉的語(yǔ)氣。(2) may 可能（可能性）；*可以（請(qǐng)求許可，相當(dāng)于can）；表示祝愿May you be happy! May you succeed!might * may的過(guò)去式；表示可能性（但可能性比may?。?3) must 必須，應(yīng)該 mustnt 禁止 must be肯定, 一定(4) need 需要（一般用于否定句或疑

5、問句，肯定句中一般用做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）neednt(= dont have to)沒必要二、動(dòng)詞有五種形態(tài)，分別是：原形（Original Form）、第三人稱單數(shù)形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、過(guò)去式（Past Form）、過(guò)去分詞（Past Participle）、現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participle）。 三、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞原形（第三人稱單數(shù)）一般過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am / is / are動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was / were動(dòng)詞的一般將來(lái)時(shí)will 動(dòng)詞原形am/ is / are going to動(dòng)詞原形

6、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would動(dòng)詞原形was / were going to動(dòng)詞原形現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have / has 過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去完成時(shí)had過(guò)去分詞 各種時(shí)態(tài)的用法省略 go, come, arrive, leave, move, die等動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可以表示對(duì)應(yīng)的將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。 表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再做的事情用used to do 四、動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 用法：動(dòng)作的承受者作句子的主語(yǔ)。 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be + 過(guò)去分詞 掌握下列一些常見結(jié)構(gòu)：）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)：am / is / are 過(guò)去分詞）一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was / were過(guò)去分詞）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have / has been過(guò)去分詞）一般將來(lái)時(shí)：wil

7、l be 過(guò)去分詞或者be going to be 過(guò)去分詞 3.含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 過(guò)去分詞 4動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：to + be + 過(guò)去分詞 There are twenty more trees to be planted. 5. 下列動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。miss(丟失), sell well(銷路好), need / want doingMy bike is missing. This kind of food sells well. Your coat needs watering. 6. happen, take place發(fā)生, la

8、st(持續(xù)), cost, hold(容納), have, like, feel, sound(聽起來(lái))等動(dòng)詞 沒有被動(dòng)形式。 Great changes have taken place in our school. The water can last three days. Silk feels soft and smooth. The cake looks nice. An accident happened to him.五、動(dòng)詞不定式：由to + 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，有時(shí)to可以省略。在句中除了不能做謂語(yǔ)外，能夠作其他一切成分。還能擁有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)

9、。1、動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能：*做主語(yǔ)。常用It + be + 形容詞+ ( of / for sb. ) + to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。 of: good, bad, polite, kind, nice, clever, right, careful等 for: important, necessary, difficult, possible, dangerous等*做表語(yǔ)。常用在等連系動(dòng)詞后面，若主語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)而表語(yǔ)很短，可以將兩者顛倒過(guò)來(lái)。 His job is to sell the computers. He seems to be interested in the detective

10、 stories.*做狀語(yǔ)。表目的：She was here to visit her daughter. 表原因：Im sorry to trouble you.表結(jié)果：The box is too heavy to carry. 表示程度：This room is big enough to hold 200 people.*做定語(yǔ)。放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后，若它與所修飾的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，這個(gè)不定式應(yīng)為及物的。如：I was the first to come. I have no pens to write with. (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)*做賓語(yǔ)。常見的動(dòng)詞有：want, agree, ch

11、oose, try, decide, hope, wish, learn, fail, would like to do sth.*做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 1）必須使用 to的動(dòng)詞有：ask, tell, order, take, invite, want, wish, follow, wait for, teach, would like, allow sb. to do sth. 2）不能使用to的動(dòng)詞有：have, make, let; see, watch, hear, notice sb. do sth注意：在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，to 要省略；而在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，to 必須加上 3）可以使用to，也可以

12、不用的動(dòng)詞：help*疑問詞（除why外） + 動(dòng)詞不定式 (what, when, how, where, which + to do sth.)2. 下列一些動(dòng)詞后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞（動(dòng)詞的 ing 形式）作賓語(yǔ): enjoy, finish, mind, excuse, practice, keep, miss, spend, cant help be busy, be worth, keep on, carry on3. 下列一些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟動(dòng)詞不定式也可以跟動(dòng)名詞。 1）意義相同或相近的有：begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, plan 2）意

13、思不同的有：forget, remember, stop, see, hear, go on 4. 注意： had better (not) do sth, would rather (not) do sth5. 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式直接在不定式前面加to 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的辨析ww.zk5u.ecom(1)be made in（在生產(chǎn)或制造），be made of(由組成或構(gòu)成)(2)come down(下來(lái);落)，come along(來(lái)；隨同)，come to oneself(蘇醒)，come true(實(shí)現(xiàn))，come out(花開；發(fā)芽；出現(xiàn)；出來(lái))，come over（過(guò)來(lái)；順便來(lái)訪），c

14、ome in(進(jìn)來(lái))，come on(來(lái)吧；跟著來(lái)；趕快), come up with(找到；提出)(3)do ones best(盡最大努力), do well in(在干得好), do ones homework(做作業(yè))，do some reading(閱讀)(4)fall asleep(入睡)，fall behind(落在.后面)，fall off(從掉下)，fall down(到下；跌倒)(5)get down(下來(lái)；落下)，get on(上車)，get to(到達(dá))，get up(起床)，get back(回來(lái)；取回)，get off(下來(lái))，get on well with(與相

15、處融洽)，get married(結(jié)婚)，get together(相聚)(6)give up(放棄)，givea hand(給與幫助)，give a concert(開音樂會(huì))(7)go back(回去)，go on(繼續(xù))，go home(回家)，go to bed(睡覺)，go over(過(guò)一遍；仔細(xì)檢查)，go out(外出；到外面)，go wrong(走錯(cuò)路)，go on doing(繼續(xù)做某事)，go shopping(買東西)，go boating(去劃船), go fishing(去釣魚)，go hiking(去徒步旅行)，go skating(去滑冰)，go straight

16、 along(沿著一直往前走)(8)have a look(看一看), have a seat（坐下）, have supper（吃晚餐）, have a rest（休息）, have sports（進(jìn)行體育活動(dòng)）, have a cold（感冒）, have a cough（咳嗽）, have a good time（過(guò)得愉快）, have a headache（頭痛），have a try(嘗試；努力)(9)look for(尋找)，look out(留神; 注意)，look over(仔細(xì)檢查)，look up(向上看；抬頭看)，look after(照顧; 照看)，look at(看；

17、 觀看)，look like(看起來(lái)像)，look the same(看起來(lái)像)，(10)make friends(交朋友)，make phone calls(打電話)，make money(賺錢)，make the bed(整理床鋪)，make a noise(吵鬧)，make a faces(做鬼臉)，make ones way to(往走去)，make room for(給騰出地方)，make a decision(做出決定)，make a mistake(犯錯(cuò)誤)，make up ones mind(下決心)(11)put on(上演；穿上；戴上)，put up(掛起；舉起)，put

18、down(把某物放下來(lái))，put away(把某物收起來(lái)), put off(推遲)(12)take off(脫掉衣服)，take photos(照相)，take time(花費(fèi)時(shí)間)，take out(取出)，take a seat(坐下)，take an active part in(積極參加)，take care of(照顧；照料；注意)，take exercise(做運(yùn)動(dòng))，take ones place(坐某人的位置；代替某人的職務(wù))，take turn(輪流)(13)talk about(談話；交談)，talk with(和交談)(14)turn on(打開電燈，收音機(jī)，煤氣，自來(lái)

19、水等)，turn off(關(guān)上電燈，收音機(jī)，煤氣，自來(lái)水等)，turn down(關(guān)??；調(diào)低)，turnover(把.翻過(guò)來(lái))(15)think of(認(rèn)為；想起)，think about(考慮)【語(yǔ)法過(guò)關(guān)】ww.zk5u.ecom1-Do you like the music "the Moonlight Sonata"? -Yes, it _ really beautiful. A. feels B. sounds C. listens D. hears 2Bill might phone while I'm out this evening. If he _,

20、 could you take a message? A. does B. might C. phoned D. will 3.Alice, we are going to spend our holiday in Canada or, if you _, we can go to China instead. A. hope B. wish C. prefer D. agree 4.He is so careless that he always_ his school things at home. A. forgets B. forgot C. leaves D. left 5.I bo

21、ught a new dictionary and it _me 30 yuan, A. paid B. spent C. took D. cost 6.I have to go now. Please remember to_ the lights when you leave, A. turn off B. turn down C turn up D. turn on 7.- all your things, Tom! I hate them here and there. -OK, Mom. Put up B. Put on C. Put down D. Put away8.How do

22、 you go to work every day? I_ on my bicycle. A. ride B. drive C. take D. walk 9.Oh, you painted the walls yourself?  Yes. It was not hard. The whole work didn't_ much. A. want B. cost C. spend D. pay 10.One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May. Right. The government spoke _

23、 that. highly for B. high of C. well of D. highly of11.There is a ticket on the floor, is it yours? Oh, yes, it's mine. Let me_ for you. to pick up it B. to pick it up C. pick up it D. pick it up12.May I _ your Chinese- English dictionary? Sony, I_ it at home. borrow, forgot B. lend, left C. len

24、d, forgot D. borrow, left 13.Your sweater looks nice, is it_ wool? Yes, and it's_ Inner Mongolia. A. made of, made by B. made of, made in C. made by, made for D. made by, made from 14.Don't you think you should paint the wall? Who would _? A. see B. look C. watch D. notice 15. 1 don't_ w

25、hat to do at all. You can decide yourself. want B. mind C. like D. have 16. It's really not easy to catch up with my classmates. Whenever I wanted to_, my teacher always encouraged me to work harder. go on B. turn down C. give back D. give up 17. The doctor _ the child carefully and found that t

26、here was nothing serious with him. looked over B. looked at C. looked after D. looked for18. It's too dark here . Please _ the light. A. turn back B. turn down C. turn on D. turn off 19. - Where can we get a football? - Let's _. A. lend Jim one B. lend one to Jim C. borrow one from Jim D. bo

27、rrow one of Jim 20. Tom, please help me _ the picture on the wall. A. put up B. put on C. put off D. put into 【語(yǔ)法回顧】在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫做先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句放在先行詞的后面。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫做關(guān)系代詞（that, which, who, whom, whose）或關(guān)系副詞(when, where)，關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間，起聯(lián)系的作用，同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成分。關(guān)系代詞、副詞作用先行詞例句that， who，

28、whom(只做賓語(yǔ))主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)人Do you know the girl whothat is standing under a tree?你知道站在樹下的女孩是誰(shuí)嗎?that，which主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因She got a computer whichthat her parents bought for her她有一臺(tái)她的父母買給她的電腦。whose定語(yǔ)人物The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard他的爸爸是醫(yī)生的男孩學(xué)習(xí)非?？炭?。The classroom whose window is open is m

29、ine窗戶開著的那個(gè)教室是我的教室。when狀語(yǔ)時(shí)間I still remember the day when you leave for Beijing我仍然記得你去北京的那一天。where狀語(yǔ)地點(diǎn)This is the school where my mother works這就是我媽媽工作的學(xué)校。why狀語(yǔ)原因Could you explain the reason why you were late?你能解釋一下你遲到的原因嗎?二、關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的用法(關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略)：1that指人或物，在定語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。This is the pen that you ar

30、e looking for. 這是你要找的那支鋼筆。(賓語(yǔ))The girl that has long hair is my sister.留著長(zhǎng)發(fā)的那個(gè)女孩是我妹妹。（主語(yǔ)）2which指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。The bike which is made in Tianjin sells well.天津產(chǎn)的自行車銷售很好。（主語(yǔ)）The fish which we bought were not fresh.我們買的魚不新鮮。(賓語(yǔ))3who, whom指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。The boy who broke the window is called Tom.打碎窗戶

31、的男孩叫Tom. （主語(yǔ)）The person to whom he is talking is my father.正在和他談話的那個(gè)人是我父親。(賓語(yǔ))4whose指人或物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。The girl whose bag is new is called Ann.新書包的那個(gè)女孩叫Ann。(指人)He lives in a house whose widows open to the south.他住在窗戶朝南的那所房子。(指物)三、只用which不用that的情況：1在介詞后只用which，不能用that。This is the bank in which the robber

32、y happened.這是那所發(fā)生搶劫案的銀行。2先行詞本身是that時(shí)，只能用which，不能用that。The clock is that which tells the time.鐘表是用來(lái)報(bào)時(shí)的。四、只用that不用which的情況：1先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)只能用that。This is the most beautiful mountain that I have seen. 這是我所見過(guò)的最美麗的山。2先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)只能用that。The first English novel that I read was Thirty-nine Steps.我讀的第一本英文小說(shuō)是39

33、級(jí)臺(tái)階。3. 先行詞前有all, any, no, little, much, many, the only, the very, the last等修飾詞時(shí)只能用that。Here are all the books that I have.這就是我所有的書。This is the only book that I like.這是我唯一喜歡的一本書。4先行詞是everything, something, anything, all, none, much, little, many, few等不定代詞時(shí)，只能用that。Finally, the thief handed in everyth

34、ing that he had stolen.最后小偷交出了他所偷的東西。5先行詞同時(shí)含有“人”和“物”的名詞時(shí)，只能用that。I can remember the people and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能記得我在房間里看到的人和一些圖畫。6先行詞是the one時(shí)，只能用that。This is the one that you want.這就是你想要的。7在以who引導(dǎo)的疑問句后，為了避免重復(fù)，只能用that。Who is the girl that is standing there? 站在那邊的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)？五、在介詞后只能

35、用whom，不能用who。The girl to whom I talked just now is from America. 我剛剛與之談話的那個(gè)女孩是來(lái)自美國(guó)的。六、定語(yǔ)從句中主謂一致的問題：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致(我們要知道，關(guān)系代詞所代指的就是先行詞，這里有一個(gè)等量關(guān)系)。Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom是眾多來(lái)自美國(guó)的男孩中的一個(gè)。Tom is the only boy that is from the USA. Tom是惟一從美國(guó)來(lái)的男孩。七、定語(yǔ)從句中的介詞

36、與副詞的問題：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要加介詞或副詞。(定語(yǔ)從句中的不及物動(dòng)詞加介詞或副詞構(gòu)成固定的及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)后，不能把介詞或副詞提前到關(guān)系代詞前。)He is the old man who/whom we looked after last year.他是我們?nèi)ツ暾疹櫟哪莻€(gè)老人。That is the book which I am looking for.那就是我要找的書。八、關(guān)系副詞when與where的使用：1when指時(shí)間：I will never forget the time when we worked on the farm

37、.我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我們?cè)谵r(nóng)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)的那段時(shí)光。2where指地點(diǎn)(where=in等介詞which)：This is the house where(=in which) he lived last year.這是他去年住的房子。九、定語(yǔ)從句與作定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)、現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)、過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換：She has much work that she must do.=She has much work to do.她有許多要做的工作。The man in the car is Mr. Green.=The man who is in the car is Mr. Green.在車上的人是格林先生。The girl watering flowers there is my sister.=The girl who is watering flowers there is my sister.在澆花的女孩是我妹妹。The boy saved in the river has come back to life.= The boy who was saved in t