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IP屬地：江蘇 上傳時間：2022-02-10 格式：DOCX 頁數(shù)：14 大?。?1.38KB 積分：7.2 舉報 版權(quán)申訴

1、TED英語演講稿：我們?yōu)槭裁纯鞓?？When yu have 21 minutes t speak, tw millin years seems like a really lng time. But evlutinarily, tw millin years is nthing. And yet in tw millin years the human brain has nearly tripled in mass, ging frm the ne-and-a-quarter pund brain f ur ancestr here, Habilis, t the almst three-p

2、und meatlaf that everybdy here has between their ears. What is it abut a big brain that nature was s eager fr every ne f us t have ne?Well, it turns ut when brains triple in size, they dnt just get three times bigger; they gain new structures. And ne f the main reasns ur brain gt s big is because it

3、 gt a new part, called the frntal lbe. And particularly, a part called the pre-frntal crte. Nw what des a pre-frntal crte d fr yu that shuld justify the entire architectural verhaul f the human skull in the blink f evlutinary time?Well, it turns ut the pre-frntal crte des lts f things, but ne f the

4、mst imprtant things it des is it is an eperience simulatr. Flight pilts practice in flight simulatrs s that they dnt make real mistakes in planes. Human beings have this marvelus adaptatin that they can actually have eperiences in their heads befre they try them ut in real life. This is a trick that

5、 nne f ur ancestrs culd d, and that n ther animal can d quite like we can. Its a marvelus adaptatin. Its up there with ppsable thumbs and standing upright and language as ne f the things that gt ur species ut f the trees and int the shpping mall.Nw - (Laughter) - all f yu have dne this. I mean, yu k

6、nw, Ben and Jerrys desnt have liver-and-nin ice cream, and its nt because they whipped sme up, tried it and went, Yuck. Its because, withut leaving yur armchair, yu can simulate that flavr and say yuck befre yu make it.Lets see hw yur eperience simulatrs are wrking. Lets just run a quick diagnstic b

7、efre I prceed with the rest f the talk. Heres tw different futures that I invite yu t cntemplate, and yu can try t simulate them and tell me which ne yu think yu might prefer. ne f them is winning the lttery. This is abut 314 millin dllars. And the ther is becming paraplegic. S, just give it a mment

8、 f thught. Yu prbably dnt feel like yu need a mment f thught.Interestingly, there are data n these tw grups f peple, data n hw happy they are. And this is eactly what yu epected, isnt it? But these arent the data. I made these up!These are the data. Yu failed the pp quiz, and yure hardly five minute

9、s int the lecture. Because the fact is that a year after lsing the use f their legs, and a year after winning the ltt, lttery winners and paraplegics are equally happy with their lives.Nw, dnt feel t bad abut failing the first pp quiz, because everybdy fails all f the pp quizzes all f the time. The

10、research that my labratry has been ding, that ecnmists and psychlgists arund the cuntry have been ding, have revealed smething really quite startling t us, smething we call the impact bias, which is the tendency fr the simulatr t wrk badly. Fr the simulatr t make yu believe that different utcmes are

11、 mre different than in fact they really are.Frm field studies t labratry studies, we see that winning r lsing an electin, gaining r lsing a rmantic partner, getting r nt getting a prmtin, passing r nt passing a cllege test, n and n, have far less impact, less intensity and much less duratin than pep

12、le epect them t have. In fact, a recent study - this almst flrs me - a recent study shwing hw majr life traumas affect peple suggests that if it happened ver three mnths ag, with nly a few eceptins, it has n impact whatsever n yur happiness.Why? Because happiness can be synthesized. Sir Thmas Brwn w

13、rte in 1642, I am the happiest man alive. I have that in me that can cnvert pverty t riches, adversity t prsperity. I am mre invulnerable than Achilles; frtune hath nt ne place t hit me. What kind f remarkable machinery des this guy have in his head?Well, it turns ut its precisely the same remarkabl

14、e machinery that all ff us have. Human beings have smething that we might think f as a psychlgical immune system. A system f cgnitive prcesses, largely nn-cnscius cgnitive prcesses, that help them change their views f the wrld, s that they can feel better abut the wrlds in which they find themselves

15、. Like Sir Thmas, yu have this machine. Unlike Sir Thmas, yu seem nt t knw it. (Laughter)We synthesize happiness, but we think happiness is a thing t be fund. Nw, yu dnt need me t give yu t many eamples f peple synthesizing happiness, I suspect. Thugh Im ging t shw yu sme eperimental evidence, yu dn

16、t have t lk very far fr evidence.As a challenge t myself, since I say this nce in a while in lectures, I tk a cpy f the New Yrk Times and tried t find sme instances f peple synthesizing happiness. And here are three guys synthesizing happiness. I am s much better ff physically, financially, emtinall

17、y, mentally and almst every ther way. I dnt have ne minutes regret. It was a glrius eperience. I believe it turned ut fr the best.Wh are these characters wh are s damn happy? Well, the first ne is Jim Wright. Sme f yu are ld enugh t remember: he was the chairman f the Huse f Representatives and he r

18、esigned in disgrace when this yung Republican named Newt Gingrich fund ut abut a shady bk deal he had dne. He lst everything. The mst pwerful Demcrat in the cuntry, he lst everything. He lst his mney; he lst his pwer. What des he have t say all these years later abut it? I am s much better ff physic

19、ally, financially, mentally and in almst every ther way. What ther way wuld there be t be better ff? Vegetably? Minerally? Animally? Hes pretty much cvered them there.Mreese Bickham is smebdy yuve never heard f. Mreese Bickham uttered these wrds upn being released. He was 78 years ld. He spent 37 ye

20、ars in a Luisiana State Penitentiary fr a crime he didnt cmmit. He was ultimately enerated, at the age f 78, thrugh DNA evidence. And what did he have t say abut his eperience? I dnt have ne minutes regret. It was a glrius eperience. Glrius! This guy is nt saying, Well, yu knw, there were sme nice g

21、uys. They had a gym. Its glrius, a wrd we usually reserve fr smething like a religius eperience.Harry S. Langerman uttered these wrds, and hes smebdy yu might have knwn but didnt, because in 1949 he read a little article in the paper abut a hamburger stand wned by these tw brDnalds. And he thught, T

22、hats a really neat idea! S he went t find them. They said, We can give yu a franchise n this fr 3,000 bucks. Harry went back t New Yrk, asked his brther whs an investment banker t lan him the 3,000 dllars, and his brthers immrtal wrds were, Yu idit, nbdy eats hamburgers. He wuldnt lend him the mney,

23、 and f curse si mnths later Ray Crc had eactly the same idea. It turns ut peple d eat hamburgers, and Ray Crc, fr a while, became the richest man in America.And then finally - yu knw, the best f all pssible wrlds - sme f yu recgnize this yung pht f Pete Best, wh was the riginal drummer fr the Beatle

24、s, until they, yu knw, sent him ut n an errand and snuck away and picked up Ring n a tur. Well, in 1994, when Pete Best was interviewed - yes, hes still a drummer; yes, hes a studi musician - he had this t say: Im happier than I wuld have been with the Beatles.kay. Theres smething imprtant t be lear

25、ned frm these peple, and it is the secret f happiness. Here it is, finally t be revealed. First: accrue wealth, pwer, and prestige, then lse it. (Laughter) Secnd: spend as much f yur life in prisn as yu pssibly can. (Laughter) Third: make smebdy else really, really rich. (Laughter) And finally: neve

26、r ever jin the Beatles. (Laughter)K. Nw I, like Ze Frank, can predict yur net thught, which is, Yeah, right. Because when peple synthesize happiness, as these gentlemen seem t have dne, we all smile at them, but we kind f rll ur eyes and say, Yeah right, yu never really wanted the jb. h yeah, right.

27、 Yu really didnt have that much in cmmn with her, and yu figured that ut just abut the time she threw the engagement ring in yur face.We smirk because we believe that synthetic happiness is nt f the same quality as what we might call natural happiness. What are these terms? Natural happiness is what

28、 we get when we get what we wanted, and synthetic happiness is what we make when we dnt get what we wanted. And in ur sciety, we have a strng belief that synthetic happiness is f an inferir kind. Why d we have that belief? Well, its very simple. What kind f ecnmic engine wuld keep churning if we bel

29、ieved that nt getting what we want culd make us just as happy as getting it?With all aplgies t my friend Matthieu Ricard, a shpping mall full f Zen mnks is nt ging t be particularly prfitable because they dnt want stuff enugh. I want t suggest t yu that synthetic happiness is every bit as real and e

30、nduring as the kind f happiness yu stumble upn when yu get eactly what yu were aiming fr. Nw, Im a scientist, s Im ging t d this nt with rhetric, but by marinating yu in a little bit f data.Let me first shw yu an eperimental paradigm that is used t demnstrate the synthesis f happiness amng regular l

31、d flks. And this isnt mine. This is a 50-year-ld paradigm called the free chice paradigm. Its very simple. Yu bring in, say, si bjects, and yu ask a subject t rank them frm the mst t the least liked. In this case, because the eperiment Im ging t tell yu abut uses them, these are Mnet prints. S, ever

32、ybdy can rank these Mnet prints frm the ne they like the mst, t the ne they like the least. Nw we give yu a chice: We happen t have sme etra prints in the clset. Were ging t give yu ne as yur prize t take hme. We happen t have number three and number fur, we tell the subject. This is a bit f a diffi

33、cult chice, because neither ne is preferred strngly t the ther, but naturally, peple tend t pick number three because they liked it a little better than number fur.Smetime later - it culd be 15 minutes; it culd be 15 days - the same stimuli are put befre the subject, and the subject is asked t re-ra

34、nk the stimuli. Tell us hw much yu like them nw. What happens? Watch as happiness is synthesized. This is the result that has been replicated ver and ver again. Yure watching happiness be synthesized. Wuld yu like t see it again? Happiness! The ne I gt is really better than I thught! That ther ne I

35、didnt get sucks! (Laughter) Thats the synthesis f happiness.Nw whats the right respnse t that? Yeah, right! Nw, heres the eperiment we did, and I wuld hpe this is ging t cnvince yu that Yeah, right! was nt the right respnse.We did this eperiment with a grup f patients wh had antergrade amnesia. Thes

36、e are hspitalized patients. Mst f them have Krsakffs syndrme, a plyneuritic psychsis that - they drank way t much, and they cant make new memries. K? They remember their childhd, but if yu walk in and intrduce yurself, and then leave the rm, when yu cme back, they dnt knw wh yu are.We tk ur Mnet pri

37、nts t the hspital. And we asked these patients t rank them frm the ne they liked the mst t the ne they liked the least. We then gave them the chice between number three and number fur. Like everybdy else, they said, Gee, thanks Dc! Thats great! I culd use a new print. Ill take number three. We eplai

38、ned we wuld have number three mailed t them. We gathered up ur materials and we went ut f the rm, and cunted t a half hur. Back int the rm, we say, Hi, were back. The patients, bless them, say, Ah, Dc, Im srry, Ive gt a memry prblem; thats why Im here. If Ive met yu befre, I dnt remember. Really, Ji

39、m, yu dnt remember? I was just here with the Mnet prints? Srry, Dc, I just dnt have a clue. N prblem, Jim. All I want yu t d is rank these fr me frm the ne yu like the mst t the ne yu like the least.What d they d? Well, lets first check and make sure theyre really amnesiac. We ask these amnesiac pat

40、ients t tell us which ne they wn, which ne they chse last time, which ne is theirs. And what we find is amnesiac patients just guess. These are nrmal cntrls, where if I did this with yu, all f yu wuld knw which print yu chse. But if I d this with amnesiac patients, they dnt have a clue. They cant pi

41、ck their print ut f a lineup.Heres what nrmal cntrls d: they synthesize happiness. Right? This is the change in liking scre, the change frm the first time they ranked t the secnd time they ranked. Nrmal cntrls shw - that was the magic I shwed yu; nw Im shwing it t yu in graphical frm - The ne I wn i

42、s better than I thught. The ne I didnt wn, the ne I left behind, is nt as gd as I thught. Amnesiacs d eactly the same thing. Think abut this result.These peple like better the ne they wn, but they dnt knw they wn it. Yeah, right is nt the right respnse! What these peple did when they synthesized hap

43、piness is they really, truly changed their affective, hednic, aesthetic reactins t that pster. Theyre nt just saying it because they wn it, because they dnt knw they wn it.Nw, when psychlgists shw yu bars, yu knw that they are shwing yu averages f lts f peple. And yet, all f us have this psychlgical

44、 immune system, this capacity t synthesize happiness, but sme f us d this trick better than thers. And sme situatins allw anybdy t d it mre effectively than ther situatins d. It turns ut that freedm - the ability t make up yur mind and change yur mind - is the friend f natural happiness, because it

45、allws yu t chse amng all thse delicius futures and find the ne that yu wuld mst enjy. But freedm t chse - t change and make up yur mind - is the enemy f synthetic happiness. And Im ging t shw yu why.Dilbert already knws, f curse. Yure reading the cartn as Im talking. Dgberts tech supprt. Hw may I ab

46、use yu? My printer prints a blank page after every dcument. Why wuld yu cmplain abut getting free paper? Free? Arent yu just giving me my wn paper? Egad, man! Lk at the quality f the free paper cmpared t yur lusy regular paper! nly a fl r a liar wuld say that they lk the same! Ah! Nw that yu mentin

47、it, it des seem a little silkier! What are yu ding? Im helping peple accept the things they cannt change. Indeed.The psychlgical immune system wrks best when we are ttally stuck, when we are trapped. This is the difference between dating and marriage, right? I mean, yu g ut n a date with a guy, and

48、he picks his nse; yu dnt g ut n anther date. Yure married t a guy and he picks his nse? Yeah, he has a heart f gld; dnt tuch the fruitcake. Right? (Laughter) Yu find a way t be happy with whats happened. Nw what I want t shw yu is that peple dnt knw this abut themselves, and nt knwing this can wrk t

49、 ur supreme disadvantage.Heres an eperiment we did at Harvard. We created a phtgraphy curse, a black-and-white phtgraphy curse, and we allwed students t cme in and learn hw t use a darkrm. S we gave them cameras; they went arund campus; they tk 12 pictures f their favrite prfessrs and their drm rm a

50、nd their dg, and all the ther things they wanted t have Harvard memries f. They bring us the camera; we make up a cntact sheet; they figure ut which are the tw best pictures; and we nw spend si hurs teaching them abut darkrms. And they blw tw f them up, and they have tw grgeus eight-by-10 glssies f

51、meaningful things t them, and we say, Which ne wuld yu like t give up? They say, I have t give ne up? h, yes. We need ne as evidence f the class prject. S yu have t give me ne. Yu have t make a chice. Yu get t keep ne, and I get t keep ne.Nw, there are tw cnditins in this eperiment. In ne case, the

52、students are tld, But yu knw, if yu want t change yur mind, Ill always have the ther ne here, and in the net fur days, befre I actually mail it t headquarters, Ill be glad t - (Laughter) - yeah, headquarters - Ill be glad t swap it ut with yu. In fact, Ill cme t yur drm rm and give - just give me an

53、 email. Better yet, Ill check with yu. Yu ever want t change yur mind, its ttally returnable. The ther half f the students are tld eactly the ppsite: Make yur chice. And by the way, the mail is ging ut, gsh, in tw minutes, t England. Yur picture will be winging its way ver the Atlantic. Yu will neve

54、r see it again. Nw, half f the students in each f these cnditins are asked t make predictins abut hw much theyre ging t cme t like the picture that they keep and the picture they leave behind. ther students are just sent back t their little drm rms and they are measured ver the net three t si days n

55、 their liking, satisfactin with the pictures. And lk at what we find.First f all, heres what students think is ging t happen. They think theyre ge t like the picture they chse a little mre than the ne they left behind, but these are nt statistically significant differences. Its a very small increase

56、, and it desnt much matter whether they were in the reversible r irreversible cnditin.Wrng-. Bad simulatrs. Because heres whats really happening. Bth right befre the swap and five days later, peple wh are stuck with that picture, wh have n chice, wh can never change their mind, like it a lt! And pep

57、le wh are deliberating - Shuld I return it? Have I gtten the right ne? Maybe this isnt the gd ne? Maybe I left the gd ne? - have killed themselves. They dnt like their picture, and in fact even after the pprtunity t swap has epired, they still dnt like their picture. Why? Because the reversible cndi

58、tin is nt cnducive t the synthesis f happiness.S heres the final piece f this eperiment. We bring in a whle new grup f naive Harvard students and we say, Yu knw, were ding a phtgraphy curse, and we can d it ne f tw ways. We culd d it s that when yu take the tw pictures, yud have fur days t change yur mind, r were ding anther curse where yu take the tw pictures and yu make up yur mind right away and yu can never change it. Which curse wuld yu like t be in? Duh! 66 percent f the students, tw-thirds, prefer t be in the curse where they have the pprtunity t change their mind. Hell? 66 percent f