高中英語語法總結(jié)

1、句子是按照一定的語法規(guī)律組成的，表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意義。一個(gè)句子一般由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主語部分和謂語部分，這兩部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括賓語，定語，狀語，表語等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的組成部分。1）主語：是一句的主體，是全句述說的對(duì)象，常用名詞，數(shù)詞或代詞擔(dān)任，一般放于句首。如：Students study. (學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)。)We are friends.(我們是朋友)這兩句話中單詞students是個(gè)名詞，we是代詞，它們?cè)诰渲凶鲋髡Z。2）謂語：是對(duì)主語加以陳述，表示主語的行為或狀態(tài)，常用動(dòng)詞或者動(dòng)詞詞組擔(dān)任，放在主語的后面。如：Students study. (學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)。)

2、We are friends. (我們是朋友)這兩句話中單詞study和are都是動(dòng)詞，study叫做實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，are叫做be動(dòng)詞，它們?cè)诰渲凶髦^語。3）賓語：表示行為的對(duì)象，常由名詞或者代詞擔(dān)任。放在及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞之后。如：They are teachers. ( 他們是老師。)I play with him. (我和他一起玩。)這兩句話中單詞teachers是名詞，單詞him是帶詞，它們?cè)诰渲凶髻e語。4）定語：是用來說明或者限制名詞的成分，常用形容詞或者相當(dāng)于形容詞的短語或從句擔(dān)任。形容詞放在名詞之前，相當(dāng)于形容詞的短語或從句放在名詞的后面。如：This is a red sun.(這是

3、個(gè)紅太陽.)He is a tall boy.（他是個(gè)高個(gè)子男孩。）這兩句話中單詞red和 tall都是形容詞，它們作定語。）狀語是用來說明動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或整個(gè)句子的成分。常由副詞擔(dān)任。修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)可以放在動(dòng)詞之前，也可以放在動(dòng)詞之后；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)放在它們之前。如：The students study hard. (這些學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)努力。)I often write to him. (我常給他寫信。)The bag is too heavy. (這個(gè)書包太重了。)這三句話中單詞hard 和often修飾的都是動(dòng)詞，第三句話中單詞too修飾的是形容詞，它們都作狀語。）表語：用來說明主語的性質(zhì)

4、或狀態(tài)。一般由名詞或者形容詞擔(dān)任。如：This table is long. (這個(gè)桌子是長的。)通常情況下,主語和賓語前的成分是定語，謂語前的成分是狀語，時(shí)間詞作狀語放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下：（定語） 主語 （狀語） 謂語 （定語） 賓語 （狀語）如：(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo.(The happy) child - went (his) home yesterday.請(qǐng)分析下面句子的結(jié)構(gòu)說出各個(gè)成分1）I have two elder sisters. （我有兩個(gè)姐姐。）2) They don't swim very

5、 well.（他們游泳不太好。）3) Do you go to school every day? （你每天去上學(xué)嗎？）4) I really want a cup of tea.（我真的想要一杯茶。）5) Miss Smith teaches English very well.（史密斯先生教英語非常好。）語法其實(shí)并沒有一些人想象的那么可怕，其實(shí)里面有很多趣味。第一講 英語句子成分WARM-UP：1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts. 4)Many people

6、 living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there.以上這些形式都不能構(gòu)成英語句子。英語句子(sentence)=主語+謂語（核心：主動(dòng)詞）英語句子成分歌英語句子八呀八大塊， 主謂賓表真呀真實(shí)在；補(bǔ)語跟著賓語表語跑， 定語同位（語）專把名詞踹。狀語的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左隨心所欲擺。渾身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后亂竄它還會(huì)加塞。（RAP）I八大成分的概念和構(gòu)成1主語(名詞代詞形)：句子的主體，是謂語陳述，說明的對(duì)象。If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the

7、rain.不經(jīng)歷風(fēng)雨，怎么見彩虹。The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.成功的秘訣在于從磨練開始，并要堅(jiān)持不斷磨練。充當(dāng)主語的形式：1）名詞2）代詞3）名詞短語4）名詞從句5）數(shù)詞6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介詞短語（少見） 形式主語（名詞從句，不定式，動(dòng)名詞）（見第六講主語和賓語）2謂語：表示主語的行為或進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)。I have a dream.You dont always want what you need, or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆

8、所需。謂語形式：動(dòng)詞（英語句子的靈魂）3賓語：行為或活動(dòng)的對(duì)象，接受者或受影響者。You dont find opportunitiesyou make them.你找不到機(jī)會(huì)。你得去創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)。You probably wont hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.如果你常開著電視，你就可能聽不到機(jī)會(huì)的敲門聲。充當(dāng)賓語形式：1）名詞2）代詞3）名詞短語4）名詞從句5）數(shù)詞6）不定式7）-ing形式 形式賓語（名詞從句，不定式，動(dòng)名詞）（見第六講主語和賓語）4表語：說明主語的身份和情況。(跟在系動(dòng)詞后)Time is mo

9、ney.Three oclock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.你想做什么事，三點(diǎn)鐘總是太早或太遲。構(gòu)成形式：1）名詞2）形容詞3）代詞4）數(shù)詞5）不定式6）ing形式7）過去分詞8）副詞9）介詞短語10）小品詞11）名詞從句5補(bǔ)語：補(bǔ)充說明。（由動(dòng)詞類別來決定）構(gòu)成形式：1）名詞2）代詞3）形容詞4）數(shù)詞5）不定式6）-ing形式7）過去分詞8）介詞短語9）副詞小品詞10）名詞從句主語補(bǔ)語Tom was made monitor.賓語補(bǔ)語I made Tom monitor.表語補(bǔ)語I am sure

10、to succeed.6. 定語：對(duì)名詞性形式進(jìn)行范圍限定。7. This is beautiful music.There are only two kinds of musicgood and bad.自古音樂分兩種，好的和壞的。構(gòu)成形式：1）限定詞2）形容詞3）名詞4）數(shù)詞5）不定式6）-ing形式7）過去分詞8）介詞短語9）副詞10）關(guān)系從句8. 同位語：對(duì)被修飾對(duì)象進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明或進(jìn)一步解釋。Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.構(gòu)成形式：1）名詞2）代詞3）名詞短語4）數(shù)詞5）不定式6）-ing形式7）名詞從句9. 狀語：修飾詞，短語，從句

11、和整句。位置：自由自在。1）修飾性狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞等（時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，肯定，否定，程度，頻度，方式，伴隨，原因，目的，比較等）。Can you feel the love tonight?Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.只有出走又回家時(shí)，家才最感親切。2）連接性狀語：連接上下文（順序，遞進(jìn)，轉(zhuǎn)折，讓步，結(jié)果，推論，比較）。First comes spring, then summer.Ive never been to America, therefore I dont k

12、now much about it.3)評(píng)述性狀語：修飾整個(gè)句子，表示說話人的看法或態(tài)度。Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.II成分關(guān)系1補(bǔ)語跟著賓語表語跑：補(bǔ)語跟在賓語和表語的后面構(gòu)成賓補(bǔ)和表補(bǔ)。把有賓補(bǔ)的句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，則賓補(bǔ)就變成了主補(bǔ)。To love others makes us happyto love ourselves makes us lonely.（賓補(bǔ)）We are made happy to love otherswe are made lonely to love ourselves.（主補(bǔ)）愛他人使我們幸福，在

13、自己使我們孤單。2定語，同位（語）專把名詞踹：定語，同位語修飾名詞性形式Experience is the best teacher.（被定語所修飾的形式為名詞）They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位語所修飾的形式為名詞）3謂語動(dòng)詞由狀語修飾When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you wont come up with a handful of sand either.你想摘下天上的星星，可能一個(gè)也摘不

14、下；但也不會(huì)一無所獲。1、主語：(1)由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞用主格)、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞等充當(dāng),說明動(dòng)作是“誰”發(fā)出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們勇敢地與非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實(shí)). / Helping animals is to help people. (幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人類。)(2)動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞做主語時(shí)可用it代替,而不定式或動(dòng)名詞移至表語或賓語之后。如：It i

15、s very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在長途旅行中能有個(gè)甲等座位簡直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多對(duì)你的身體不利。)(3)口語中常見主語或“主-系”省略：(It is) nothing. (那)沒有什么。)/ (It) doesnt matter. (那)沒有關(guān)系。) / (I) thank you. (我)謝謝你。)(4)反意問句

16、的附加問句,主語必須是代詞：The man looks worried,doesnt he? (這個(gè)人看上去很著急不是嗎？) / Tigers are dangerous animals, arent they? (老虎是危險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物不是嗎？)(5)祈使句一般省略主語。加主語時(shí)往往用來指定某個(gè)人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請(qǐng)保持鍵盤的清潔。) (省略了主語) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來。)(6)主語一般在句首,但在問句中會(huì)處于第二位和句尾；倒裝句及there

17、 be句型主語在動(dòng)詞之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (計(jì)算機(jī)生產(chǎn)于這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們?cè)谀膬海? / Does the boy like staying home? (這個(gè)男孩喜歡呆在家里嗎？)(7)主語與謂語必須保持單、復(fù)數(shù)的一致, 而謂語與表語或賓語之間沒有這一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒有通過考試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華

18、民族是一個(gè)勤勞勇敢的民族。)(8)主語可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“主語從句”。 2、謂語：(1)由“不及物動(dòng)詞”、“及物動(dòng)詞+賓語”或“系動(dòng)詞+表語”等構(gòu)成,說明主語所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么樣”。如：He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語？) / The pizza has gone bad. (那塊烤餡餅已經(jīng)變壞。) /(2)謂語動(dòng)詞必須反映出人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)等信息,謂語動(dòng)詞往往由下列詞語依序排列構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞+語態(tài)助動(dòng)

19、詞+主要?jiǎng)釉~(不一定全部出現(xiàn))。(見動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)構(gòu)成表)記?。褐^語部分第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞往往是變形動(dòng)詞。如：I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對(duì)不起我發(fā)出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He cant have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長達(dá)800頁的小說。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)(3)謂語動(dòng)詞切忌用“行為動(dòng)

20、詞1 + 原形動(dòng)詞”、“be + 原形動(dòng)詞”。記住使用下列正確形式：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+原形動(dòng)詞。如：Youd better go over the lesson.（你最好復(fù)習(xí)這一課。）shall/ will/ would+原形動(dòng)詞。如：They should have been there once.（他們應(yīng)該去過那兒。）be+現(xiàn)在分詞或者過去分詞。如：What are you doing this evening?（今晚你打算做什么？）/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（自從20世紀(jì)70年代大批樹木被砍伐。）have+過去分詞。如：Many tr

21、ees have been cut down since 1970s.（意思同上）一般時(shí)問句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形動(dòng)詞。如：He does not enjoy himself very much.（他日子過的不好。）/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?（你們當(dāng)中有誰見過恐龍蛋嗎？）行為動(dòng)詞1+行為動(dòng)詞2 (不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞等形式)。如：He made up his mind to be a vet.（他拿定主意要做個(gè)獸醫(yī)。）/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeli

22、ng good about life.（自尊自愛是享受生活的根本。）/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”（他們叫醒家庭的其他成員,呼喊著：圣誕快樂?。? The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.（古代的埃及國王讓人給他們自己修建堅(jiān)固的墳?zāi)埂＃?4)不可用形容詞、名詞、代詞、副詞、介詞短語等獨(dú)立作謂語,必須在此之前加連系動(dòng)詞。(5)謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式：單數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞有：is,was,has,does以及“動(dòng)詞+

23、s”；復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞有：are,were,have以及動(dòng)詞原形。其他動(dòng)詞不分單、復(fù)數(shù)。謂語部分第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的形式單數(shù)形式復(fù)數(shù)形式一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)be(是)動(dòng)詞；現(xiàn)在某些時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞beam (單一); are (單二); is (單三);are一般過去時(shí)be(是)動(dòng)詞；過去某些時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞bewas (單一); were (單二); was;(單三)were一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)have(有)動(dòng)詞；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞havehave (單一); have (單二); has (單三);have一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)行為動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞dodo (單一、單二); does (單三)do實(shí)意動(dòng)詞和連系動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)

24、詞（否定和疑問句除外）原形動(dòng)詞(單一、單二); 動(dòng)詞+s /es (單三)原形動(dòng)詞其他各時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同記住：主語、謂語單復(fù)數(shù)必須保持一致。（參見“4、名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)和謂語之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題：”） Air and water is necessary to us all.(空氣和水對(duì)于我們大家是必不可少的。)(6)一般問句和反意問句的回答不使用行為動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)該使用“是”動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞(be,will,have,do以及變形)。如：The Olympic Games is held every other year, isnt it? -Yes, it is.(奧運(yùn)

25、會(huì)每兩年舉辦一次,是嗎？-是的。)3、賓語：(1) 由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、(賓語)從句充當(dāng),表示動(dòng)作的承受者是“誰”或者是“何物”。如： The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那個(gè)天使同樣來到約瑟夫面前并且告訴他同樣的事情。)(代詞和名詞充當(dāng)兩個(gè)賓語) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說公司付不起他那么多的錢。)(不定式作賓語) / They enjoy watchi

26、ng football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他們?nèi)绱讼矏劭醋闱蛞灾劣诔３Ｍ浟怂麄兊墓φn。)(動(dòng)名詞作賓語) / I think to be a childrens doctor is very rewarding.(我認(rèn)為當(dāng)個(gè)兒童醫(yī)生是很值得的。)(從句作賓語)(2) 只有及物動(dòng)詞或介詞才有賓語,不及物動(dòng)詞沒有賓語,如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動(dòng)詞后面加合適的介詞。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物動(dòng)詞,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciti

27、ng?(你能聽到什么令人興奮的消息嗎？)(3) 賓語一般放在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的后面,但是在疑問句中,如果賓語是疑問詞,則賓語要放在句首。介詞的賓語如果是疑問詞,則可以放在介詞后或句首。如：What did he see? (他看見了什么？) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么寫的信？) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么寫的信？)(4)“動(dòng)詞+副詞+賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語是代詞,則代詞必須放在“動(dòng)”“副”之間。如：Please put the shoes away. (請(qǐng)把鞋子收起來。) / Plea

28、se put away the shoes. (請(qǐng)把鞋子收起來。) / Please put them away. (請(qǐng)把它們收起來。)(5) 動(dòng)詞后面跟雙賓語時(shí)可以采用兩種結(jié)構(gòu)： 動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(人)+直接賓語(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常幫我。)動(dòng)詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動(dòng)詞是make, buy, borrow時(shí),介詞用for.如： Please make me a kite. (請(qǐng)給我做個(gè)風(fēng)箏。)或Please make a kite for me.(6) 在“動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語是不定式、動(dòng)

29、名詞、賓語從句,則常用it做形式賓語,而將實(shí)際的賓語移到補(bǔ)語后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult. (我發(fā)覺這個(gè)工作相當(dāng)難做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.(7) 賓語可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“賓語從句”。 4、表語：(1) 說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)、狀況等含義的成分,通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、代詞等充當(dāng)。如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中畢業(yè)他當(dāng)上了醫(yī)生。) / The rubber wheels are over ther

30、e.(橡膠輪子在那邊。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何東西因?yàn)樗昧酥馗忻啊? / Who is it?(誰呀？)(2) 表語只能放在連系動(dòng)詞(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,對(duì)表語進(jìn)行提問的句子除外。(3) 代詞做表語一般用主格,口語中常用賓。如：Its I. (Its me.)是我。(4) 只能作表語的形容詞有：sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,we

31、ll,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很為他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(請(qǐng)不要發(fā)出響動(dòng),嬰兒正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是對(duì)獨(dú)坐孤舟無所事事感興趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才這樣想的。)(5) 表語也可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“表語從句”

32、。 5、定語：(1) 修飾名詞或代詞的成分,常由形容詞、名詞(含所有格)、代詞(物主、指示、疑問、不定)、介詞短語、不定式(短語)充當(dāng),在初三階段還學(xué)習(xí)了定語從句做定語的知識(shí)。如：Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上層的抽屜里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法國和瑞士是歐洲國家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大學(xué)教師。) / This is the day that I can never forget i

33、n my life.(這是我一輩子難忘的日子。)(2) 單詞做定語時(shí)一般放在被修飾的名詞前面,而且有一定的次序：冠詞/物代年齡/形狀/大小/溫度色彩來源質(zhì)地/材料目的/用途被修飾的名詞(中心詞)athemyhisold,young,red,yellow,blue,Chinese,English,American,wooden,woolen,glass,silk,papermeeting,tennis,sports,reading,swimming,box,shoes,room,piglong,short,round, squarebig, large,small, littlehot, col

34、d,warm, cool (3) 時(shí)間副詞(now,then,today,yesterday,.)、地點(diǎn)副詞(here,there,back,in,out,home,.作定語時(shí)放在被修飾的名詞后面。如：I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那兒。)(4) 介詞短語修飾名詞時(shí)只能放在名詞的后面：The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (籠子里的猴子是昨天逮著的。)(5) 形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí),往往后置。如：He remembered everything unusual. (他記得所有不