英語語法之獨立主格結構

1、獨立主格結構非謂語動詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語應該是句子的主語。但有時非謂語動詞帶有自己的主語,從而在結構上與主語不發(fā)生關系,我們稱之為獨立主格結構(Absolute Construction。其實,所謂“獨立主格結構”也并非真正獨立,它還是一種從屬的結構。一、非謂語動詞獨立主格結構在獨立主格結構中,非謂語動詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。Such an able man to help you,you will surely succeed sooner or later. He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to t

2、ell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.A.不定式“獨立主格結構”在“邏輯主語+動詞不定式”結構中,動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。這種結構也可用一個從句或并列分句來表達。His mother to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.The four of us agreed on a division of labour, each to translate a quarter of the book.Many tree

3、s,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.B.-ing形式“獨立主格結構”Being ill, he went home.Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.功能1.表示時間的-ing形式作“獨立主格結構”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.The chairman began the meeting, everyone

4、being seated.2.表示原因的-ing形式作“獨立主格結構”The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. (= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3.表示條件的-ing形式作“獨立主格結構”Time permitting, we will have a picnic next wee

5、k.My health allowing, I will work far into the night.4.表示方式的-ing形式作“獨立主格結構”The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.(相當于一個并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chestThe boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.(相當于一個并列分句and his eyes were

6、looking at the skyC.-ed形式“獨立主格結構”The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.The task completed, he had two months' lea

7、ve.比較:動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生,動詞-ed形式表示動作已經結束,動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進行。The manager looks worried,many things to settle. 經理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。(事情還沒有處理,而且是由經理本人來處理,用不定式to settleThe manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已經處理好了,經理看上去很輕松。(事情已經處理好了,用動詞-ed形式settled表示動作已經結束The food being cooked, the boy was

8、watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯,一邊看電視。(兩個動作同時進行The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 飯做好了,小孩去睡了。(兩個動作有先后,飯已做好,小孩才去睡覺的二、無動詞獨立主格結構“邏輯主語+being+其他”是獨立主格結構中的“邏輯主語+動詞-ing形式”的一種形式。在這種結構中,being往往可以被省去,這種省去being的結構,稱之為無動詞“獨立主格結構”。A.邏輯主語+名詞Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.注意:獨立主格結構中的bein

9、g在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略,一是在“There being + 名詞”結構中,二是在邏輯主語是代詞的情況下。There being no bus, we had to walk home.It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.B.邏輯主語+形容詞He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.He stood there, his mouth wide open.C.邏輯主語+副詞School over, we all went home.= School was over, and we all went home.He

10、 sat at his desk, his shoes off.= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.D.邏輯主語+介詞短語He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.提示:在“邏輯主語+介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構里,如果名詞用單數(shù),可以不用冠詞,同時介詞短語里的限定詞也可省略。The music teacher stood at the door, violin in h

11、and.= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.三、with/without 引導的獨立主格結構介詞with/without +賓語+賓語的補足語可以構成獨立主格結構,上面討論過的獨立主格結構的幾種情況在此結構中都能體現(xiàn)。A.with+名詞代詞+形容詞He doesnt like to sleep with the windows open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.注意:在“with+名詞代詞+形容詞”構成的獨立主格結構中,也可用已形容詞化的-ing 形

12、式或-ed形式。With his son so disappointing,the old man felt unhappy.With his father well-known, the boy didnt want to study.B.with+名詞代詞+副詞Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.C.with+名詞代詞+介詞短語He stood at the door, with a computer in his han

13、d.Or. He stood at the door, computer in hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.Or. Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.D.with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ed形式With his homework done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.I wouldnt dare go home without the job finished.E.with+名

14、詞代詞+動詞的-ing形式The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.提示:在with/without 的復合結構中,多數(shù)情況下with 能省略,但without不能省略。四、獨立主格結構的句法功能獨立主格結構在句中除了能充當原因狀語、時間狀語、條件狀語和伴隨狀語外,還能作定語。在形式上,“獨立主格結構”可位于句首、句中或句尾,并通常用逗號與主句隔開。A.作狀語獨立主格結構作狀語,其功能相當于一個狀語從句或并列分句。

15、1.表示時間Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.2.表示原因With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.3.表示條件Weat

16、her permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical. 提示： 表示時間、原因、條件的獨立主格結構一般放在句首，并且不能保留連詞。 【誤】When class being over, the students left their classroom. 【正】Class (being over, the students left their classroom. 【誤】Th

17、e moon appearing and they continued their way. 【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way. 4表示伴隨情況或補充說明 The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand. The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them

18、children. B作定語 獨立主格結構作定語，其功能相當于一個定語從句。 He is the personm, with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的復合 結構作定語, 修飾 the student You can use a large plastic bottle, with its top cut off. (with 的復合結 構作定語, 修飾 bottle He was walking along the road, without any street lights on its both sides. (without 的

19、復合結構作定語, 修飾 the road 提示： 在這里我們討論了很多用連詞連接的兩個句子改為獨立主格結構的情況。需 要提示的是，不是所有用連詞的地方都可以改為獨立主格結構。 If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful. If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided. 五、獨立主格結構與分詞短語作狀語的異同： 1、獨立主格結構與分詞短語都可以轉化成狀語從句。但是，獨立主格結構轉換 6 成狀語從句后，有自己的邏

20、輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉化為狀 語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語相同。例： If time permits, wed better have a rest at this weekend. Time permitting，wed better have a rest at this weekend. When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. 2、 還應該注意，分詞結構的邏輯主語不是總和主句的主語一致，而是主句的其 他成分。語法上稱作“依著原則”；有些分詞結構在句子上找不到它的邏輯主語， 語法上稱作“懸垂分詞”。例： Looking for my watch in the room, it had