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1、ChaseDream GMATPrep 2007閱讀筆記作者glhelrGMAT 閱讀責(zé)編Zeros, StevenChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記ChaseDream GMATPrep2007 閱讀筆記,本材料屬于ChaseDream所有。本材料中的所有內(nèi)容,(但不僅限于)正文、圖片、表格和圖標(biāo),受法和其他國(guó)際法的保護(hù)。在任何單機(jī)上,您都可以出處同時(shí)保證資料的完整;不、查看這些材料或打印作為個(gè)人使用;網(wǎng)絡(luò)必須標(biāo)明用于其他任何目的打印、復(fù)印、再、分發(fā)、傳送、上載、和公開(kāi)演示,不得隨意修改、和改變這些資料;嚴(yán)禁利用此資料的全部或部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行任何商業(yè)性應(yīng)用,否則將受到依法

2、。IChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記版本更新版本更新l 2011 年 12 月 23 日 GMATPrep 閱讀筆記version1.2 完成更新(感謝Jimmyzhang2012, Crystaljoy)Prep1:Essay1 增加補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明Q2C 選項(xiàng)解釋l 2011 年 10 月 11 日 GMATPrep 閱讀筆記version1.1 完成更新(感謝 kidvi. i, my 8822180, mindy 1)Prep1:Q6,Q25, Q57,Q58 將“suggest” 題目按og 要求歸為 inference 類。Prep2:Q24, Q29,Q38,Q

3、43, Q46 將“suggest” 題目按og 要求歸為 inference 類。Essay2: Q7, Essay3:Q11,A 選項(xiàng)解釋。B 選項(xiàng)翻譯。Essay14:Q46,增加E 選項(xiàng)涉及的定位句。Eassy17:Q57D 選項(xiàng)翻譯。增加一個(gè)考點(diǎn) “應(yīng)用(Application)”l 2011 年 9 月 29 日l(shuí) 2011 年 9 月 25 日GMATPrep 閱讀筆記最后校對(duì)工作完成GMATPrep 閱讀筆記正式完稿IIChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記前言前 言關(guān)于閱讀能力:閱讀能力幾乎所有英語(yǔ)考試必考的內(nèi)容,在 GMAT 中,它體現(xiàn)的尤為重要。不僅僅

4、是RC,在 SC,CR,甚至是數(shù)學(xué)部分都要求我們擁有很強(qiáng)的閱讀功底。話大家都是這么說(shuō),但是究竟怎樣才能提升的閱讀能力呢?其實(shí)這樣的問(wèn)題是沒(méi)有一個(gè)的,或者說(shuō),除了練,沒(méi)有捷徑。正如小安所說(shuō),練 GMAT 用 GMAT 閱讀最好。Prep 是官方給,里面的內(nèi)容是官方的,所以用這些閱讀來(lái)練GMAT 閱讀能力無(wú)疑可出的??家钥醋鍪亲詈貌牧稀_@也是我編寫這份筆記動(dòng)力的源泉。關(guān)于閱讀:在 ChaseDream 論壇上,有很多cder我在內(nèi)都提出過(guò)的閱讀,這之中最為有名的:小安閱讀法,Mind 有很多的筒子問(wèn)我,到底哪個(gè)閱讀activeing 閱讀法,和 mzyzhu 閱讀法。最好呢?到底什的閱讀才是“官方

5、”的閱讀?什的才能在考場(chǎng)上攻無(wú)不克呢? 等等但其實(shí)我要說(shuō)的是,這些也許都不適合你,也許都不能讓你在考場(chǎng)上戰(zhàn)無(wú)不勝,你要做的,是參考他們,然后找出,更準(zhǔn)確的說(shuō)是總結(jié)出的閱讀。關(guān)于筆記:RC 一直是很多 GMAT taker 的最大閱讀筆記,不是期冀可以幫助的一題。編寫 07prep,也是阻礙分?jǐn)?shù)RC,直搗黃龍拿下高分,而是希望讓大家訓(xùn)練 RC 的道路更加平坦。同語(yǔ)法筆記一樣,在中我盡量避免流露出的解題思路,每個(gè)人都有與眾不同的和體會(huì),希望大家在閱讀筆記的過(guò)程中不斷查缺補(bǔ)漏,完善的閱讀,最終抵達(dá)勝利的彼岸。同時(shí)也祝愿各位在思考,探索,實(shí)踐的過(guò)程中充滿了收獲。由于時(shí)間有限以及能力有限,筆記中肯定會(huì)出

6、現(xiàn)大量的不足和錯(cuò)誤,歡迎大家在反饋及勘誤專貼中給予我批評(píng)和指正。IIIChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記致謝致謝首先感謝Chase Drea m 這個(gè)平臺(tái),這份閱讀筆記絕不是我一個(gè)人的成果,沒(méi)有 Chase Dream 就不會(huì)有這份筆記。感謝Zeros、Steven 給予這份筆記的支持和寶貴建議。lllllll感謝Chase Dream 上許多前輩寫的閱讀,你們是我們這些后輩前行的路標(biāo)和保障。感謝參與并幫助我審稿的 抓抓sandra , 褲褲 melo 和superbat28 三位大牛。感謝為筆記貢獻(xiàn)出閱讀總結(jié)資料的 Jenny 1989 大牛,你的資料是我很重要的參考

7、。carina 對(duì)筆記的提供的多處精彩翻譯。感最后特別感謝Steven 大版的精彩排版,賦予這份閱讀筆記如此清晰的呈現(xiàn)。衷心祝愿你們glhelr 2011.9IVChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記目錄目 錄GMAT 閱讀考查知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總:VIPractice Test #1ing Compension (161)1Essay 12Essay 26Essay 311Essay 415Essay 519Essay 623Essay 728Essay 833Essay 938Essay 1043Essay 1149Essay 1253Essay 1357Essay 1461Es

8、say 1565Essay 1669Essay 1773Essay 1877Practice Test #2ing Compension(157)81Essay 182Essay 287Essay 391Essay 496Essay 5101Essay 6105Essay 7109Essay 8113Essay 9117Essay 10122Essay 11127Essay 12131Essay 13135Essay 14139Essay 15143Essay 16148Essay 17152Practice Test #1Practice Test #2ing Compension Keys

9、156ing Compension Keys159后記:162VChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記GMAT 閱讀考查知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總GMAT 閱讀查知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總:1.主旨(Main idea)旨在考察我們對(duì)文章整體的把握程度,對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力和把控能力,以及對(duì)作者邏輯的。2.(Supporting ideas)支持旨在考察我們對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)知。推斷(Inference)旨在考察我們對(duì)文章的深度理解,以及邏輯推斷能力。邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)(Logical structure)3.4.旨在考察我們對(duì)作者寫作目的更次的認(rèn)識(shí),以及文章本身的邏輯5.之外(Applying informatio

10、n to a context outside the passage應(yīng)用文中的itself)旨在考察我們對(duì)文章整體或某處細(xì)節(jié)的把握,選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的東西都不屬思想和文章并無(wú)二致,但是載體千變?nèi)f化。評(píng)價(jià)(Evaluation),但要“貌離神合”。6.旨在考察我們對(duì)文章中某一段的主旨意思的理解,以及對(duì)作者作此段落或詞的用意的理解。應(yīng)用(Application)旨在考察我們對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的深度認(rèn)知,并達(dá)到可以應(yīng)用總結(jié)的地步。7.注意這種考題在 GMAT 中不像我們國(guó)內(nèi)的英語(yǔ)考試一樣,一問(wèn)就是承上啟下,這里要仔細(xì)站在作者的角度體會(huì)作者的寫和寫作用意。VIChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆

11、記Practice Test #1Practice Test #1ing ensionComp(161)1ChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記Practice Test #1Essay 1During the nineteenth century,al information about women that wasprovided by the United States census-a population count conducted each decade-becamemoreed and precise in response to social chang

12、es. Through 1840, simpleenumeration by household mirrored a home- based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was specified by name,whereas other household members were only indicated by the total number ofscounted in various categori

13、es, includingal categories. Like farms, mostenterprises were family- run, so that the census measured economic activity as an attributeof the entiousehold, rather than of individuals.The 1850 census, partly responding toslavery and womens rights move ments,initiated the collection of specific inform

14、ation about each individual in a household. Not until1870 wasal information analyzed by gender: the census superintendentreported 1.8 million wome n employed outside the home in gainful and reputables. In addition, he arbitrarily attributed to each family one woman keehouse. Overlap between the two

15、groups was not calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of wome n into the paid labor force and social issues arising from industrialization were causing womens advocates and women statisticians to press for more thorough andaccurateing of womenss and wages.Question 1.The primary purpose of the p

16、assage is to(A) explain and critique the methods used by early statisticians(B) compa re and contrast a historical situation with a current-day one(C) describe and explain a historical change(D) discuss historical opposition to an established institution(E) trace the origin of a contemporary controv

17、ersy題目釋義:主旨題目2文章的八脈:19 世紀(jì),職業(yè)在的變遷中逐步完善- 1840 年職業(yè)是什子的1850 年職業(yè)是什子的1870 年職業(yè)是什子的-1890 年職業(yè)是什子的。從文中可以讀出作者邏輯上希望展示的是這個(gè)“逐步”的過(guò)程。ChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記Practice Test #1考點(diǎn):主旨(Main idea)旨在考察我們對(duì)文章整體的把握程度,對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力和把控能力,以及對(duì)作者邏輯的。選項(xiàng)分析:(A)解釋和彩。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家統(tǒng)計(jì)的。作者采取的是陳述,或是描述。不帶有明顯的個(gè)人色(B)比較歷史的一個(gè)情形和現(xiàn)在的一個(gè)情形。文中講述的都是 19 世紀(jì)的

18、職業(yè)起來(lái)。Correct。描述和解釋一個(gè)歷史上的變化。文章第一句就提到了,什么什么是為了應(yīng)對(duì)或回應(yīng)“social change” 這必然是一個(gè)歷史性的“change”。作者寫這篇文章的主要意思即是要展示情況,沒(méi)有和現(xiàn)在(C)和描述這個(gè)逐步完善的職業(yè)的過(guò)程。此作者不帶有明顯的個(gè)人意見(jiàn),而是以描述為主。(D)(E)討論歷史上對(duì)一個(gè)已有制度異議。作者并沒(méi)有討論一個(gè)已有制度。追溯一個(gè)爭(zhēng)論的起源。文章中并沒(méi)有什么爭(zhēng)論,而是一項(xiàng)的逐步完善的過(guò)程。Question 2:Each of the following aspects of nineteenth-century United States cens

19、uses is mentioned in the passage EXCEPT the(A)(B)year in which data ons began to be analyzed by genderyear in which specific information began to be collected on individuals in addition to the head of the householdyear in which overlap between women employed outside the home and women(C)keehouse was

20、 first calculated(D)way in which the 1890 census measured womens income levels and educational backgroundsway in which household me mbers were counted in the 1840 census(E)題目釋義:細(xì)節(jié)題目考點(diǎn):支持(Supporting ideas) 旨在考察我們對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)知。因?yàn)槲闹兴懻摰哪攴菔?18401890,都屬于 19 世紀(jì),所以該題目的細(xì)節(jié)幾乎涉及整篇文章。定位比較問(wèn)的是“except”,如果一定要定位,可以定位在第一句

21、以后的整篇文章。注意題目選項(xiàng)分析:3ChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記Practice Test #1(A)職業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)開(kāi)始被按來(lái)分析的年份。原文第二段找到此句“ Not until 1870 wasal information analyzed by gender:”。(B)的年份。原文第二段第一句“The除掉每個(gè)家庭的首腦的具體外開(kāi)始編寫每個(gè)人的具體1850 census initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household. ”。(C)的年份。因?yàn)椤癱

22、ensus第一次計(jì)算兩類人(在家的女人和在外工作的女人)重疊部分superintendent”是任意指定的一名在家的女人,所以很有可能這個(gè)女人其實(shí)是在外工作的,所 以這兩類人有重疊部分。原文第二段找到此句“ Overlap between the two groups was not calculated until 1890”。(PS. 感謝的抓抓友情提醒,overlap 屬于抽象動(dòng)詞(當(dāng)然,在這篇 文章中是名詞),往往作為”可能考點(diǎn)”出現(xiàn), 閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)該注意此類詞。)(D)Correct。1890 年人口普查測(cè)定收入和教育背景的。原文中沒(méi)有提到測(cè)定收入一說(shuō)(最后一句的wage 只是說(shuō)明了要求

23、精確計(jì)算,沒(méi)有提及如何計(jì)算),更沒(méi)有提到教育背景。(E)1840 年的普查計(jì)算家庭成員的。原文第一段第二句解釋了計(jì)算的(simpleenumeration)。第三句還有個(gè)例子。(ps. glhelr 友情提醒,Gmat 語(yǔ)法中舉例時(shí)不可以用“l(fā)ike”喔)Question 3:The passage suggests which of the following about the womens advocates and women statisticians mentioned in the highlighted text?(A) They wanted to call attentio

24、n to the lack of pay for women who wo rked in the home.(B) They believed that previous census information was inadequate and did not reflect certain economic changes in the United States.(C) They had begun to press for changes in census-taking methods as part of theirparticipation in theslavery move

25、 ment.(D) They thought that census statistics about women would be more accurate if more women were e mployed as census officials.(E) They had conducted independent studies that disputed the official statistics provided by previous United States censuses.題目釋義:細(xì)節(jié)題目考點(diǎn):邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)(Logical structure) 旨在考察我們對(duì)作者

26、寫作目的更次的認(rèn)識(shí),以及文章本身的邏輯該題應(yīng)該定位在出現(xiàn)在部分位置的那句話并整個(gè)文章的基調(diào)與背景解題。選項(xiàng)分析:(A) 他們希望引起人們對(duì)在家的女人收入少這一問(wèn)題的注意。整篇文章從沒(méi)提到過(guò)在家的女人收入少(最后一句也只是說(shuō)要精確計(jì)算)。雖然這可能是實(shí)際情況,但是文中不提就可以當(dāng)做這個(gè)情況根本不。千萬(wàn)不要引入個(gè)人的思想,個(gè)人的常識(shí)于答題之中。4ChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記Practice Test #1(B)Correct。他們認(rèn)為以前的普查是不全面的,也不能反應(yīng)某些的變化。這個(gè)貌似翻譯過(guò)來(lái)就顯而易見(jiàn)了吧“女性倡議者和女性統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家”的行為的起因是一種 entry(原

27、文:the rapid entrycause)。而這個(gè)entry 就是一個(gè)描述選項(xiàng)恰好對(duì)應(yīng)。女性地位的變化的詞,和 B(C)他們開(kāi)始要求讓普查的進(jìn)行改變并以此來(lái)作為他們參與反奴隸制度的一部分。從文中我們無(wú)從得知這些人是否參加了反奴隸制度。作為一部分這說(shuō)在文中也無(wú)法找到。另外,這些女性統(tǒng)計(jì) 學(xué)家并沒(méi)有要求改變,而是要求考慮的更加全面,即考慮“overlap”。(D)他們認(rèn)為如果女性中找不到這樣的說(shuō)辭。的聘請(qǐng)為普查,那么普查將會(huì)更準(zhǔn)確。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)的杜撰成分很足,文(E)他們正在進(jìn)行的有悖于以前統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)研究。文中最后一句說(shuō)他們“press”統(tǒng)計(jì)給出一個(gè)更為徹底的,精確的計(jì)算,并沒(méi)有提及他們要去做一個(gè)究

28、。補(bǔ)充提示:(1)世紀(jì)(century)的含義:一個(gè)世紀(jì)是一百年,通常是指連續(xù)的一百年。當(dāng)用來(lái)計(jì)算日子時(shí),世紀(jì)通常從可以被 100 整除的年代或此后一年開(kāi)始,例如 2000 年或2001 年。這種奇數(shù)的紀(jì)年法來(lái)自于后,其中的 1 年通常表示“之年”(year of our lord),因此第一世紀(jì)從公元 1 年到公元 100 年,而 20 世紀(jì)則從公元 1901 年到公元 2000 年,因此 2001 年是 21 世紀(jì)的第一年。(2)很多同志們對(duì)critique 這個(gè)詞比較困惑: 郎文的解釋critiqueto say how good or bad a book, play, paintin

29、g, or set of ideas isevaluateHe offered to critique our plans.我個(gè)人認(rèn)為,這個(gè)詞既有評(píng)價(jià)又有批評(píng)的意思,做選擇時(shí),不能僅根據(jù)這個(gè)詞的詞義進(jìn)行排除哈5ChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記Practice Test #1Essay 2Teral density dependence mcan be applied to explain the founding ofspecialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target ma rket). Accord

30、ing to thism, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation and competitiveforces, both of which are functions of the density (total numbe r) of firms in a particularspecialist population. Legitimation occurs as a new type of firm moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being vie

31、wed as a natural way to organize. At low density levels, eachfounding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing subsequent foundings.Competition occurs because the resources that firms seek-custome rs,rs, ande mployees- are limited, but as long as density is low relative to plent

32、iful resources, theaddition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of competition. At high density levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous the competitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the s ma ller wi

33、ll be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the dens itydependence mand actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns notconsistent with the m. A possible explanation for this inconsistency is that legit

34、imationand competitive forces transcend national boundaries, while studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level. Thus a national-level analysis can understate the truelegitimation and competitive forces as well as the numbe r of foundings in an industry that isinternationally inte

35、grated. Many industries are or are becointernational, and sincemedia and information easily cross national borders, so should legitimation and its effects on overseas foundings. For example, if a type of firm becomes established in the United States, that information transcends borders, reduces unce

36、rtainties, and helps foundings of that type of firm in other countries. Even within national contexts, studies have found moresupport for the density dependence m analysis-for example, finding that the m and national levels than at city levels.when they e mploy broader geographic units of s operatio

37、n is seen more clearly at the state6文章的八脈:有一個(gè) “m ”可以解釋面向特定市場(chǎng)的公司在什么情況下創(chuàng)建-解釋這個(gè)“m ”能被應(yīng)用的原理 -但貌似有些情況不能用這個(gè)“m ”解釋-提出一種可能的 (即不是不可以解釋,是用該“m ”的范圍不對(duì))作者先說(shuō)明這個(gè)模型是什么,然后解釋這個(gè)模型是在正確的范圍內(nèi)應(yīng)用是有效的,證明出現(xiàn)inconsistent 不是模型本身的問(wèn)題。ChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記Practice Test #1Question 4:According to the passage, which of the fol

38、lowing mayfor the inconsistencybetween teral density dependence mand the evidence provided bycertain studies of foundings?(A)Such studies have overemphasized the impact of preexisting firms on the establishment of new firms.Such studies have not focused strongly enough on the role of competition a m

39、ongnewly established firms operating at the city and state levels.Such studies fail to differentiate a mong specialist firms with regard to the degree to which they deviate from familiar forms of organization.(B)(C)(D)Such studies have not taken into internationally integrated.the fact that ma ny in

40、dustries are(E)Such studies have neglected to investigate firms that attempt to serve only a narrow target ma rket.題目釋義:細(xì)節(jié)題目考點(diǎn):支持(Supporting ideas) 旨在考察我們對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)知。該題目可以定位在第二段的前三句話。當(dāng)然主要是第三句可以找到:“Thus a national-level analysis can understate the true legitimation and competitive forces as well as the

41、number of foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated. ”。選項(xiàng)分析:(A)這樣的研究過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)以前公司對(duì)建立現(xiàn)在的公司影響。文章中并沒(méi)有提到已經(jīng)的公司對(duì)現(xiàn)在要成立的公司的影響。而單單只說(shuō)了因?yàn)楦?jìng)爭(zhēng)力的而導(dǎo)致的新建公司數(shù)量的多少。(B)這樣的研究沒(méi)有足夠重視競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性在新建立的州級(jí)或市級(jí)公司中的地位。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)的依據(jù)主要來(lái)源的最后一句話。不過(guò)最后一句話只是出現(xiàn)了一些,本質(zhì)上和選項(xiàng)中說(shuō)的意思沒(méi)什么,甚至有反。也就是說(shuō),就算不注重“city level”的研究,density dependence也可以工作的非常好。m(

42、C)這樣的研究沒(méi)有區(qū)分轉(zhuǎn)項(xiàng)公司在多大程度上背離從前企業(yè)的模式的研究。這個(gè)在文章沒(méi)有提到過(guò),不要以常識(shí)解題。(D)Correct。這樣的研究沒(méi)有考慮到許多工業(yè)是國(guó)際話的原句??键c(diǎn)里有,這里就不摘抄了。這樣的研究忽視了調(diào)查對(duì)僅面向特定(狹窄)目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)的公司。整篇文章都基于的是“面向狹窄的這個(gè)事實(shí)這句話幾乎是第二段第三句(E)目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)”的公司。也就是說(shuō),如果你不研究這些公司,就和這篇文章沒(méi)有了。7ChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記Practice Test #1Question 5:In the second paragraph, the author is primaril

43、y concerned with(A) noting various exceptions to a certain general finding(B) examining the impact of one type of industry on another(C) proposing a possible explanation for an inconsistency(D) providing specific examples of a particular phenomenon(E) defending the validity of a particular studyss題目

44、釋義:細(xì)節(jié)題目考點(diǎn):支持(Supporting ideas)+ 評(píng)價(jià)(Evaluation)旨在考察我們對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)知以及對(duì)文章中某一段的主旨意思的理解。定位于第二段整段。第二段其實(shí)主要講了有些研究認(rèn)為 Density dependence m是不適用于研究“the founding of specialist firms”。作者不同意,就列舉了一個(gè)可能的對(duì)與這個(gè)“inconsistent”的解釋。選項(xiàng)分析:(A)對(duì)一個(gè)定義(發(fā)現(xiàn))的各種特例。第二段不是特例,而是一些研究認(rèn)為這個(gè)不對(duì)的。檢驗(yàn)一種工業(yè)對(duì)另一種的影響。這個(gè)是文中沒(méi)有提及。Correct。提出一個(gè)可能的對(duì)于這種“inconsist

45、ent”的解釋。考點(diǎn)中已經(jīng)解釋過(guò)了,此處不再贅述。對(duì)于一個(gè)特定的現(xiàn)象提出的具體的例子。第二段確實(shí)提出了一個(gè)例子,不過(guò)這個(gè)例子是為了說(shuō)明那個(gè)“possible explanation”的,并不是一個(gè)什么特定的現(xiàn)象。根本上就是(B)(C)(D)(E)維護(hù)一個(gè)特殊研究的結(jié)果有效性。第二段作者是想提出某些研究認(rèn)為“dependence m”不對(duì),并且順理成章的提出一個(gè)解釋,而第二段說(shuō)的那些“studies”的結(jié)果并不是作者想要研究和說(shuō) 明的。Question 6:The passage suggests that when a population of specialist firms reache

46、s a high density level, which of the following is likely to occur?(A) Foundings will decline despite legitimation that has occurred in these industries.(B) Increasing competition will encourage ma ny firms to broaden their target ma rket.(C) Competition for resources will become stabilized and thus

47、foundings will be encouraged.(D) Many custome rs will abandon their loyalty to older firms as more innovative firms enter the ma rket.8ChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記Practice Test #1(E) Firms will begin to cross national borders in an attempt to gain a competitive advantage.題目釋義:細(xì)節(jié)題目考點(diǎn):推斷(Inference)旨在

48、考察我們對(duì)文章的深度理解,以及邏輯推斷能力。這道題可以定位在這句話上“At high density levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. ”選項(xiàng)分析:(A)Correct??v然“Legitimation”在某些工業(yè)中產(chǎn)生,但是創(chuàng)建公司的數(shù)量依然在減少。原文中 說(shuō),“competitive” 將超過(guò)“l(fā)egitimation”,所以會(huì)有如選項(xiàng)中所說(shuō)的結(jié)論。激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)會(huì)讓許多公司擴(kuò)大他們的目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)屬無(wú)中生有,本文中從沒(méi)有提到哪個(gè)公司要擴(kuò)大目標(biāo)

49、市場(chǎng)。(B)(C)對(duì)于資源的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)趨于從而鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)建新的公司。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)還是定位回“考點(diǎn)”中的那句話。選項(xiàng)中說(shuō)反了,應(yīng)該是“discourage”。許多顧客將會(huì)放棄對(duì)原有公司的鐘愛(ài)而轉(zhuǎn)向更加有創(chuàng)新精神的公司。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)也是無(wú)中生有。文 中并沒(méi)有提到這一點(diǎn)。(D)(E)公司們將開(kāi)始國(guó)境去增強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)也該是加上的知識(shí)推出來(lái)的。邏輯順序可能為- competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects-公司要生存必須要提高競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力-國(guó)內(nèi)的范圍小,不好弄在國(guó)際上去增強(qiáng)。但是這樣的推斷合理性是基于我們的外部知識(shí),不過(guò)在GMAT 閱讀中,不要引入任何的外部知識(shí)。

50、Question 7 :The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) question the validity of an economic m(B) point out some inconsistencies within an economic m(C) outline an economic m(D) describe an economic mand suggest revisions to itand provide specific exa mples to illustrate its use(E) explain why an ec

51、onomic mremains valid despite inconsistent research results題目釋義:主旨題目考點(diǎn):主旨(Main idea)9ChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記Practice Test #1旨在考察我們對(duì)文章整體的把握程度,對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力和把控能力,以及對(duì)作者邏輯的。選項(xiàng)分析:(A)對(duì)于一個(gè)模型的有效性提出質(zhì)疑。文章的第二段確實(shí)對(duì)這個(gè)模型提出了質(zhì)疑,但是這個(gè)質(zhì)疑的目的是作者的讓步,為的是提出可能的解釋。(B)指出一些不符合這個(gè)模型的地方。文中第二段指出了有些研究指出實(shí)際情況和此模型不一致。但是還是 A 選型那句老話,

52、作者不是要說(shuō)這個(gè)不一致,而是要突出其實(shí)是一致的。(C)概括一個(gè)模型并給出一些修改建議。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)前半部分很對(duì),但是作者并沒(méi)有要修改這個(gè)m的意思。文中提到有問(wèn)題的不是 m本身,而是第二段開(kāi)頭提到的studies,切勿混為一談。描述一個(gè)(D)模型并給出具體的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明這個(gè)模型的用途。前半部分對(duì),后半部分中,作者也確實(shí)提出了一個(gè)例子,不過(guò)這個(gè)例子不是為了說(shuō)明用途的,而是為了說(shuō)明為什么要在“international level” 上才能應(yīng)用這個(gè)模型。(E)Correct。解釋盡管有一些研究說(shuō)明實(shí)際情況不符合模型,但它仍然是有效的。第二段就為了說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。第一段是為了讓讀者了解這個(gè)模型,第二是作者真正

53、要表達(dá)的意思。補(bǔ)充提示:肯定會(huì)有童鞋對(duì)整篇文章的意思還是不那么明白,這里小小解釋一下什么是“density-dependence m” 相信大家高中生物課都一個(gè)“S”曲線吧,這個(gè)就是所謂的“density-dependence m”的圖像表達(dá)。文中第一段交代說(shuō)了“l(fā)egitimationand competitive forces”都是公司數(shù)量(也就是 density)的函數(shù)。那么在圖上他們兩個(gè)都是縱坐標(biāo)變化的因素。只不過(guò)在“density”比較小的時(shí)候,“competitive forces”的作用可以忽略,“density”比較大的時(shí)候,“l(fā)egitimation”可以忽略。圖中 2 部分

54、是“l(fā)egitimation”主導(dǎo)的部分,圖中 3 部分是“competitive forces”主導(dǎo)的部分(注意一點(diǎn),foundings 增大,density 增大,但是 foundings 減小,density 可不減小哈而是最多保持不變達(dá)到平衡)(PS. 感謝抓抓友情提醒,文章細(xì)節(jié)不理解沒(méi)有,此文理解的關(guān)鍵在于理解根據(jù)m設(shè)定 legitimation 和 competitiveforces 的高低如何變化、和m有出入的 studies 可以如何解釋。)附圖(S-curve):10ChaseDream GMATPrep 2007 閱讀筆記Practice Test #1Essay 3In

55、its 1903 decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United States Supreme Court rejected the efforts of three Native Ame rican tribes to prevent the opening of tribal lands to non-Indian settleme nt without tribal consent. In his study of the Lone Wolf case, Blue Clark properly emphasizes the Courts assertion of a virtually unlimited unilateral power of Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate) ove

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