英語中的幾個復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

1、 英語中的幾個復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 武功縣觀音堂中學(xué) 高增敏1. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一、概念：“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構(gòu)成。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上與主句沒有關(guān)系，通常稱為“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。 二、功能：“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”實(shí)質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語的非限定狀語從句。眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語，從而依附于主句。而有些非限定性從句和無動詞從句帶有自己的主語，在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系，因此成為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。其實(shí)，雖然叫做獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，并不是真正的獨(dú)立，它還是一種從屬分句，在句中有多種作用。如：表原因、表條件、表方式、表伴隨、表時

2、間等，在句中通常起狀語作用。三、形式：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上有兩部分組成：第一部分有名詞或代詞擔(dān)任，第二部分由分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語擔(dān)任。按其結(jié)構(gòu)形式分為：ing 分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；ed分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；無動詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等。四、舉例：1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于無事可做，他們離開了。（代詞ing; 表原因）2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老師走進(jìn)教室，手里拿著書。（無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）3、The old man sat in hi

3、s chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上，閉著眼睛。（名詞ed; 表狀態(tài)）4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放學(xué)了，我們開始玩籃球。（名詞副詞；表時間）5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.沒再多說一個字，他拾起那張紙。（介詞結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了，我們的晚會開始了。（名詞不定式；表時間）五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語作狀語的異同：1、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分

4、詞短語都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成狀語從句。但是，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語從句后，有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語相同。例： If time permit, wed better have a rest at this weekend. Time permitting，wed better have a rest at this weekend.如果時間允許，本周末我們最好休息一下。 When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. Seeing from the

5、top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. 從頂樓上看，花園更漂亮。2、還應(yīng)該注意，分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語不是總和主句的主語一致，而是主句的其他成分。語法上稱作“依著原則”；有些分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句子上找不到它的邏輯主語，語法上稱作“懸垂分詞”。例： Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time. 在屋里找表，用了我很長時間。(依著原則) When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the ro

6、ot. (我們)種花時必須小心，不能碰壞花根。（懸垂分詞）六、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同：1、有的分詞短語可以獨(dú)立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，實(shí)際上已經(jīng)成了習(xí)慣短語。這些短語有：generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from; supposing等等。例： Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.總的來說，這個規(guī)則很容易懂。 Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl. 根據(jù)他所說的，她一定很誠實(shí)。2

7、、有些固定短語是帶to的不定式，表明說話人的立場和態(tài)度，在句中作獨(dú)立成分。這些短語有：to be honest; to be sure; to tell you the truth; to cut a long story short; to be frank; to make the matter worse等等。例： To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion. 說實(shí)話，我在會上說的并不是我的意見。 To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in t

8、he car. 更糟糕的是，他把鑰匙鎖在車?yán)锪?一般的分詞(短語)有意義上的邏輯主語，它或是句子的主語，或者另有自己的主語，如果沒有，就稱這種分詞為“懸垂分詞”，這樣的句子一般認(rèn)為是不能接受或錯誤的。 【例如】 Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there are lots of mountains.(這句話聽起來好象是那些山從窗戶往外看。) Admired by everybody, dozens of letters reached the veteran soldier.(這句話聽起來好象是信件被贊揚(yáng)。) Sitting under

9、 an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton. (這句話聽上去好象是某種思想坐在樹下。)關(guān)于“懸垂分詞”這條語法規(guī)則也有例外情況。下面幾種情況中的分詞(短語)，不再認(rèn)為它們是“懸垂分詞”，即句子是正確的。1)有些分詞(短語)可用來表示說話人的態(tài)度，看問題的角度，或者對所敘述的情況進(jìn)行解釋，它們便成了句子的獨(dú)立成分，其邏輯主語也就不再是句子的主語。 【例如】 Strictly speaking, nobody is allowed in here.嚴(yán)格地講，誰也不允許在這兒。(speaking的邏輯主語并不是nobody)Judging fro

10、m his accent, he must be from the South.從他的口音判斷，他一定是南方人。(這句中不是he在“判斷”)Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.總的來說，這本書沒有問題。Taking all thingssintosconsideration, his work is a successful one.全面考慮起來，他的工作還是很成功的。經(jīng)常這樣用的分詞(分詞詞組)有：frankly (broadly, generally, properly, strictly) speaking, judging

11、from(by),talking about,speaking of,looking at,takinginto consideration, put frankly, taken等。 2)這樣使用的有些分詞，在句子中逐漸起到連詞或介詞的作用，便把它們視為連詞或介詞。 【例如】 Granting that he had the best intention, his conduct might work great mischief.就算他出于好意，他的行為也會引起極大不快。There were ten people in the room, including me.屋子里有十個人，包括我在

12、內(nèi)。Provided that my expenses are paid, I will go.要是我的費(fèi)用有人代付，我就去。經(jīng)常這樣使用的分詞有：admitting (that), assuming (that), barring, concerning, presuming, granting, pending, excepting, failing, saving, supposing (that), touching, given, granted, provided(that)等。 3)某些句子中作狀語的分詞的邏輯主語雖然不是句子的主語，但可能是句中的另外某一成分，對這樣的句子也不再

13、認(rèn)為是“懸垂分詞”。 【例如】 Seeing her health sinking rapidly, alarm clutched the fathers heart. 她父親看到她健康迅速惡化，很是驚慌。 (分詞seeing的邏輯主語當(dāng)然不是alarm，但它包含在賓語heart的定語fathers之中。)His summer holidays were spent in the countryside, helping his father with farm work.他在鄉(xiāng)下過暑假，幫助父親干農(nóng)活。(分詞helping的邏輯主語包含在主語holidays的定語his之中)以上句子之所以能

14、被接受，是因?yàn)樗鼈兡芮宄磉_(dá)意思，不會引起誤解，如第一句中alarm是抽象名詞，不會誤解為seeing的邏輯主語；第二句中主語holidays是無生命的名詞，不可能誤解為helping的邏輯主語。 4)如果句子謂語是被動語態(tài)，分詞的邏輯主語可以包含在by后面的動作執(zhí)行者之中(有時這個執(zhí)行者并未明確表示出來)。這樣的句子也可以被接受，而非“懸垂分詞”。 【例如】 Ideas can be expressed accurately and effectively, using simple sentences. 用簡單的句子可以準(zhǔn)確有力地表達(dá)思想。Knowing as much as you do

15、, the situation is easily explained.像你這樣了解情況，很容易解釋這一形勢。以上兩句中的分詞using和knowing的邏輯主語當(dāng)然不是它們句子的主語ideas和situation，而是沒有明確表達(dá)出來的express和explain兩個動作的執(zhí)行者。2. with 型復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)“with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”，即“with + 賓語 + 補(bǔ)足語”，在英語中，特別是在書面語中是一個很常用的結(jié)構(gòu)，它既可以充當(dāng)狀語，又可以充當(dāng)定語。由于“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”在邏輯上是一個主謂關(guān)系完整的結(jié)構(gòu)，因而，它也可以用相應(yīng)的從句或分句代替。一、“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”的構(gòu)成She usuall

16、y sleeps with the windows open (= while the windows are open) . 她通常開著窗戶睡覺。With her parents dead (= As her parents were dead ), the girl had to left school . 她父母死了，那女孩只好輟學(xué)。1.with + 賓語 + 副詞，如：The square looks more beautiful with all the lights on (= while all the lights are on). 所有的燈都亮?xí)r，廣場顯得更加美麗。With

17、his parents away (= As his parents are away), Tom becomes more naughty . 父母不在，湯姆變得更淘氣。2.with + 賓語 + 介詞短語，如：The teacher came in with a book in his hand (= while a book was in his hand) . 老師手里拿著書走進(jìn)來。The girl looked up with tears in her eyes （= while tears were in her eyes) . 那女孩眼淚汪汪地抬起頭。3.with + 賓語 +

18、現(xiàn)在分詞，如：With summer corning (= As summer is corning), the weather is becoming hotter and hotter . 隨著夏天的到來，天氣越來越熱。With the teacher standing beside (= As the teacher was standing beside)，she felt a bit uneasy . 老師站在旁邊，她覺得有點(diǎn)不自然。4.with + 賓語 + 過去分詞，如：With the work done (= As the work had been done), she f

19、elt greatly relieved . 工作完成了，她大大地松了一口氣。With his hair cut (= As his hair has been cut), he looks much younger . 理了頭發(fā)，他顯得年輕多了。5.with + 賓語 + 不定式，如：With her to go with us (= As she will go with us), were sure to have a pleasant journey . 有她和我們一起去，我們旅途一定會很愉快。With Mr Smith to teach them English next term（

20、= As Mr Smith will teach them English) , they will be greatly improved in spoken English . 下學(xué)期史密斯先生教他們英語，他們的口語會大有提高。6.with + 賓語 + 名詞，如：They set up a football team, with Tom their head ( = and Tom was their head) . 他們建立了一支足球隊，湯姆當(dāng)隊長。With a native out guide (= as a native is our guide) we neednt be afr

21、aid to get lost. 有本地人當(dāng)向?qū)?，我們不必?fù)?dān)心會迷路。二、with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的句法作用with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，即“with + 賓語+補(bǔ)足語”，在句子中可以充當(dāng)狀語和定語。1.充當(dāng)伴隨或方式狀語，如：Its bad manners to speak with ones mouth full of food (= while ones mouth is full of food). 口里塞著東西說話是不禮貌的。He fell asleep, with the light still on. （= while the light was still on)。 他睡著了，燈還亮著。2.充當(dāng)原

22、因狀語，如：With her money lost (= as her money was lost), she was at a loss what to do. 錢丟了，她不知如何是好。With so many people helping him (= As so many people helped him), the orphan was able to pull through at last . 有那么多人幫助，這孤兒終于渡過了難關(guān)。3.充當(dāng)結(jié)果狀語，如：She walked out in the rain, with her clothes all wet (= and her

23、 clothes were all wet). 她冒雨出去，衣服都濕透了。The house caught a big fire last night, with nothing left in it (= and nothing was left in it). 那房子昨晚發(fā)生火災(zāi)，結(jié)果里面的東西都燒光了。4.充當(dāng)定語，如：The road with fruit trees planted on both sides (= where fruit trees are planted on both sides) leads to the mountain village. 兩邊果樹的那條路通

24、向那個山村。The room with lights on (= where lights are on) is our class-room. 開著燈的那個教室是我們的。We came to a river, with red flowers and green grass on both banks.我們來到了一條兩岸長著紅花綠草的小河。The old man , with his two sons dead, felt very alone and lonely.這位老人的兩個兒子都死了，他感到孤獨(dú)和寂寞。除此以外，“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”還有其否定形式，即“without + 賓語 + 補(bǔ)

25、足語，”如：The house caught a big fire last night, without anything left in it. = The house caught a big fire last night, with nothing left in it.They finished the work without anyone helping them. = They finished the work with no one helping them.3. 動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 是動詞不定式的邏輯主語，這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作主語，表語，賓語，定語和狀語等。Its easy for me to speak English. 我說英語很容易。Its for you to decide. 這得由你決定。For the goods to be packed in strong cases is necessary. 把貨物包裝在結(jié)實(shí)的箱子里是必要的。I meant for you to eat, son. 兒子，我的意思是要你吃。He was quite willing for everyone else to come. 他很情愿讓別人都來。He stoo