英漢翻譯-8漢英翻譯技巧

1、英漢翻譯理論與實踐A Translation Course：English-Chinese主講人：張鵬主講人：張鵬漢英翻譯基本原理和技巧漢英翻譯基本原理和技巧漢英語言對比漢英語體對比漢英詞義對比漢英句法對比漢英篇章對比 漢語句子多采用“意合法”英語句子多采用“形合法”秘書今天沒來，她生病了。The secretary is absent from work today because she is ill.她們正打架，不巧被我撞見了。I happened to be present when they were having a fight.好不容易才說服她照我的想法辦。With some d

2、ifficulty I brought her to my way of thinking.酒不醉人人自醉。It is not that the wine intoxicates(使喝醉) the drinker but that the drinker gets himself drunk.漢語: 表達(dá)上趨向于動態(tài)英語: 則更具有靜態(tài)特征 我倒了一杯茶給他喝。 I offered him a cup of tea. 他拿著槍，繞著屋子巡走。 He walked around the house with a gun. 游行的人拿著鮮花和彩旗在街道上行進(jìn)。 The people paraded

3、 in the street, flowers and banners in their hands. 解決問題的最好辦法是進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究。 The best way to solve the problem is investigation.英語: 表達(dá)更具有客觀特征漢語: 表達(dá)上趨向于個人化What has happened to you? 你出了什么事兒啦?An idea suddenly struck me 我突然想到一個主意。A strange peace came over her when she was alone 她獨處時感到一種特別的安寧。Not a sound reache

4、d our ears 我們沒有聽到任何聲音。A great elation overcame them 他們欣喜若狂。The truth finally dawned on her 她最終明白了真相。英語: 表達(dá)更具有被動特征漢語: 表達(dá)上趨向于主動特征 A few years ago it was thought unusual that programs could ever be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home 幾年前人們還以為，觀眾居然能夠打電話要求在自己家里的電視屏幕上播出節(jié)目是一種稀罕

5、的事情。英語: 表達(dá)更具有間接特征漢語: 表達(dá)更具有直接特征 I couldnt feel better 我感覺好極了。 I couldnt agree with you more 我太贊成你的看法了。 He cant wait to see 他很想盡快和你見面。 If you have a car，you are independent of trains and buses 如果你有小汽車，就不用去坐火車或擠公共汽車。詞是具備形、音、義，可以獨立運用的最小語言單位，也是最小的語法單位。詞具有指稱意義和蘊涵意義，因而難譯。英漢詞匯意義的對應(yīng)程度，大致有以下三種情況：1）詞義相符學(xué)生(stud

6、ent) 環(huán)境保護(hù)(environmental protection)在尋找語義相符的對應(yīng)語時,易犯逐詞翻譯的毛病,找到假對應(yīng)詞,如:學(xué)習(xí)知識 learn knowledge (acquire knowledge) ； 鹽水 salt water (salt solution) 2.漢英詞義對比2) 詞義相異詞義相異有兩種情況：第一種是指稱意義相符，蘊涵意義相異。松、梅、竹（歲寒三友，蘊含傲然風(fēng)雪的品德）然而英語中pine trees, plum blossoms, bamboo沒有上述蘊含意義。“羊”在古漢語中就是吉祥的意思，如“三羊開泰”(Three Rams Bring Bliss) 。

7、Ram 在英語中除表示“公羊”外，還表示“撞擊裝置”。第二種情況是指稱意義和蘊涵意義相異。a white lie 無惡意的謊言white coffee 加牛奶的咖啡white wedding 圣潔的婚禮3) 詞義空缺 詞語意義的空缺是文化現(xiàn)象空缺的結(jié)果。翻譯是需要用音譯，意譯或其他方式表示其義。糖葫蘆 Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of childrens favorite food in winter特困生 the most needy students烏紗帽 an official post 站票 s

8、tanding-room-only tickets錢先生周歲時“抓周”抓了一本書，因此得名“鐘書”。When Qian was just one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things. Therefore his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu (=book lover).詞的選擇詞的選擇1、確定詞義他的英語水平比我的高。 He knows more E

9、nglish than I. 各級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部必須提高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)水平。Governors at all levels should improve their art of leadership. 要奮發(fā)圖強，把我軍的軍政素質(zhì)提高到一個新的水平。We must work hard to raise the military and political quality of our army to a new height.2、表達(dá)得體 (1） 注意詞的廣義與狹義英語中有不少同義詞的詞義有廣、狹之區(qū)別，運用范圍也就各不相同。例如：農(nóng)業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)。Agriculture is the foundati

10、on of the national economy.農(nóng)林牧副漁結(jié)合的方針the principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery.他從不喝酒。He never touches alcohol.原文“酒”是指一切酒類，但如果表示葡萄酒應(yīng)譯作 wine，表示烈性酒又需譯作spirit。（2） 注意詞的語體色彩同義詞之間的差別，不僅表現(xiàn)在詞義方面，而且也表現(xiàn)在語體色彩方面，例如：別了，司徒雷登Farewell, Leighton Stuart!譯文選用了farewell一

11、詞。若用goodbye,則不能表現(xiàn)出原文所具有的特殊語氣和輕蔑口吻。禁止賭博。Gambling is prohibited.原文“禁止”的語體色彩較為正式，故譯作prohibit. （對比ban，forbid）這小伙子干活真帶勁。This young fellow does his work with vim.這里的“帶勁”是口語體，譯者注意了這一點，相應(yīng)地也用了口語詞vim表達(dá)。（對比vigor）（3） 注意詞的政治含義“農(nóng)民”：peasant 和farmer都可以和漢語的“農(nóng)民”或“農(nóng)夫”相對應(yīng)。但是這個詞的含義卻有差別。Farmer本指農(nóng)場的經(jīng)營者或所有者?，F(xiàn)在也可指以耕種為目的而租入土

12、地的人。Peasant指住在農(nóng)村中的小農(nóng)和以耕種土地為生的勞動者。英美國家常用farmer指一般農(nóng)民，而我們常用peasant指一般農(nóng)民，并與landlord相對而言。“侵略”：invasion 和aggression都是漢語“侵略”的對應(yīng)詞。Invasion指軍事入侵，而aggression的含義范圍較廣，可指政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化各方面。打得贏就打，打不贏就走。Fight when you can win, move away when you cannot.比較：Fight when you can win, run away when you cannot.（4） 注意詞的搭配漢英兩種

13、語言在長期使用過程中形成了各自的固定詞組和搭配用法，翻譯時必須注意兩者的不同，不能把漢語詞的搭配用法生搬硬套到英語譯文中。例如：戰(zhàn)火擴大：the flames of war expand (應(yīng)為spread)實現(xiàn)自給自足：achieve self-sufficiency (應(yīng)為reach)嚴(yán)密控制：close control (應(yīng)為strict/rigid)強硬政策：strong policy (應(yīng)為tough)1. 我們找個安靜點的地方好好聊聊。Lets find a quiet place where we can have a good talk. Lets find somewhere

14、 quiet so we can have a good talk.2. 箱子里已經(jīng)沒有地方了。There is no more space in the chest. There is no room left in the chest. 3. 你希望留在部隊還是到地方上去？Do you wish to stay in the army or to transfer to a civilian unit? Would you like to stay in the army or leave for a non-military unit? 4. 我國的一項基本國策是發(fā)展鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)。Its o

15、ne of our basic national policies to develop enterprises in villages and towns. It is an integral(必須的) part of our national policy to promote the growth of township and village enterprises. 5. 我們要根據(jù)形勢的發(fā)展來調(diào)整政策。We must make adjustment in our policy in response to development in the situation. We have

16、to adjust our policy to the changing situation. 6. 請大家積極參與單位的體制改革。Everyone is called on to take an active part in the systematic reform of ones work unit.You are all encouraged to play an active role in the systematic reform of our unit. 7. 請別客氣.Please dont be so polite. Please make yourself at home

17、. 8. 他客氣而冷淡地接待了我們.He received us politely but coldly. He received us with cold politeness. 9. 對他這種人就是不能客氣.You must not be too soft when dealing with someone like him. You must be tough with people like him. 10.他說自己才疏學(xué)淺,這只不過是中國人的客氣罷了.When he says he has little learning or talent, he is only being mod

18、est in accordance with the Chinese rules of politeness. By describing himself as lacking in talent and learning, he is only being modest like a typical Chinese. 1. 他熱衷于個人名利。2. 她熱衷于花樣滑冰。1. He always searches personal fame and gains.2. She is fond of figure skating.3. 我看出了他的心事。4. 我看出了她的破綻。3. I could r

19、ead his mind.4. I spotted her weak points.5. 此物生南國。6. 國將不國，何以為家。5. It grows in the south.6. When our fatherland is in great danger, there is no use to talk about sweet home.7. 詩人應(yīng)具有豐富的想象力。8. 真遺憾，你的想象力太豐富了。7. A poet should have rich imagination.8. What a pity! Youve got into wild flights of fancy.(異想

20、天開)9. 張將軍真是足智多謀啊！10. 那個敵參謀長可是詭計多端的呀！9. General Zhang is really wise and resourceful.10. The enemy chief of staff has a whole bag of tricks.1. 結(jié)構(gòu)差異連接方式： 漢語隱形，即連接詞很少出現(xiàn)或不出現(xiàn) 英語顯性，即連接詞出現(xiàn)3.漢英句法對比1. 結(jié)構(gòu)差異組句方式： 漢語：動詞多，短句多，常按時間順序或前因后果等邏輯關(guān)系排列，呈鏈狀； 英語：常按句內(nèi)主次從屬關(guān)系排列，在句子主體上添加修飾語以及限定語，形成嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)臉錉罱Y(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)構(gòu)差異帶來的啟示1. 正確判斷句子之間

21、的關(guān)系，補充連接手段，實現(xiàn)顯性連接。e.g. e.g. 在這一年半中，她抄寫英語單詞的紙，在這一年半中，她抄寫英語單詞的紙，累起來可達(dá)桌子高。累起來可達(dá)桌子高。思路：SVO=紙+達(dá)到+桌子高。問題：“累起來”怎么處理？結(jié)構(gòu)差異帶來的啟示在這一年半中，她抄寫英語單詞的紙，累起來可達(dá)桌子高。In that year and a half, the paper on which she had copied English words, if stacked up, could reach the table from the floor. 2. 掌握內(nèi)在聯(lián)系正確斷句我們的班主任姓王，五十開外，方臉

22、，一臉的胡子。Mr. Wang, the head teacher responsible for our class, was over fifty. He had a square-shaped face with a full beard. 3. 正確安排句子基本框架，主次清楚，符合原意。原文：大家都記得1979年秋天，當(dāng)這個總共只念過八年書、連英文字母也認(rèn)不全，而且已有三個孩子的女工，竟然考上電大英語班時，招來了多少驚訝的目光。大家都記得1979年秋天，當(dāng)這個總共只念過八年書、連英文字母也認(rèn)不全，而且已有三個孩子的女工，竟然考上當(dāng)?shù)仉姶笥⒄Z班時，招來了多少驚訝的目光。They reme

23、mber how many astonished looks were cast at(投向) her in the autumn of 1979, when this woman worker with only 8 years schooling, little acquaintance with the English alphabet and three children to look after, actually enrolled in the English class offered by the local TV university. 2. 信息焦點:找準(zhǔn)主語 英語主謂賓

24、的基本結(jié)構(gòu) 英語主語的構(gòu)成：名詞；動名詞；不定式；形式主語主語選定例一：看到這慘狀，大家立即陷入了恐慌。1. On seeing this miserable scene, people got panic very soon.2. At the sight of this miserable scene, people were seized with panic/overwhelmed by panic/thrown in panic.3. The sight of this miserable scene threw people in panic. 看到這慘狀，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人

25、甚至有了撤退的心思。原文思路：1. 改寫為歐化中文：大家如此驚慌以致于 (sothat & such that)2. 理清邏輯：整體與部分（大家有人）譯文一看到這慘狀，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。The sight of the miserable scene threw people into such a panic that some of them even had the idea of making a retreat. The sight of the miserable scene made people so panic that some of

26、them even had the idea of making a retreat. 譯文二看到這慘狀，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。The sight of the miserable scene terrified the people, some of whom even hatched(孵化) the intention of making a retreat. 3.漢語中常用句型及其翻譯漢語的常用的句型：1）主謂簡單句2）無主句3）流水句4）主題句5）連動句6）兼語句主謂簡單句1）魯迅，紹興人。（主語+名詞謂語）Lu Xun was from Shaoxing.

27、SVC2）這個姑娘很漂亮。（主語+形容詞謂語）That girl is very pretty. SVC3）老舍是北京人。（主語+判斷謂語）Lao She was from Beijing. SVC4）這花兒是白的。主語+判斷謂語The flower is white.SVC5）水庫是1958年修建的。主語+判斷謂語The reservoir was built in 1958. SV(passive)6）他打破了杯子。主語+謂語+賓語He broke the glass.SVO7) 李先生教我們地理。主語+謂語+賓語+賓語Mr. Li teaches us geography.SVOO8)

28、廣州近幾年發(fā)生了巨大變化。There have been great changes in Guangzhou in recent years.Great changes have taken place in Guangzhou in recent years.9）這個地區(qū)多雨。It rains a lot in this area.There is much rain in this area.10）他說不出來。He is unable to express it.He is unable to express himself. 二、無主句只盼著早些回家，洗去一身的疲勞，泡上一杯清茶，點上

29、一柱檀香，打開半卷的書卷，一任輕柔的旋律把我?guī)нM(jìn)一個美麗的境界。To be home means to drops a days fatigue and enjoy myself in a world of my own. With a nice cup of tea and a burning sandal-wood stick by my side, I can either resume my reading, or listen leisurely to a soft melody and let myself be carried away to a fairyland of bea

30、uty.（陳文伯譯）三、流水句各種房屋，以自然村排列，錯落有致，一條小河穿村而過，岸邊停泊著舊式小漁舟，水面上一群群小鴨、白鵝自由地浮游著，深巷草屋，綠樹叢中，時而傳來雞鳴狗吠之聲The different houses were properly distributed to form natural villages; through the village flowed a stream, with small old-style fishing boats moored at its banks and flocks of ducks and geese floating peacefully on its water; from deep alleys and thatched(茅草) cottages and among green trees came the crowing of roosters and the barking of dogs（蔣堅松 譯）四、主題句過去向我們學(xué)習(xí)的人，現(xiàn)在反而超過了我們，這對我們確實是一個鞭策。The f