英語形容詞的用法

1、英語形容詞的用法一、形容詞的定義表示人或事物的屬性,特征或狀態(tài)的詞叫形容詞(Adjective).形容詞修飾名詞,它的基本用法就是為名詞提供更多的信息,它分為性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類.一般放在所修飾的名詞之前;若修飾不定代詞,則需后置.形容詞的判斷方法判斷一個(gè)詞是不是形容詞,可以從其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和句法特點(diǎn)兩方面來確定.(1)結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)以-able,-al,-ful, -ic,-ish,-less,-ous,-y等后綴結(jié)尾的詞,一般是形容詞,如:changeable(多變的),medical(醫(yī)學(xué)上的),careful(仔細(xì)的),atomic(原子的),foolish(愚蠢的),careless(粗

2、心的),delicious(美味的),healthy(健康的),rainy(多雨的)等.(2)句法特點(diǎn)大多數(shù)形容詞都可以作定語;在be,look,seem等詞之后作表語;可用very來修飾,有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式.其中,在句中作定語或作表語是形容詞最主要的特點(diǎn).如:Mary is very nice.瑪麗很可愛.(表語)Mary is a nice girl.瑪麗是個(gè)可愛的女孩.(定語)He was asleep.他睡著了.(表語)She is a perfect teacher.她是位十全十美的老師.(定語)二、形容詞的用法1.用作定語Li Mei is a beautiful city gi

3、rl.李梅是一個(gè)漂亮的城市女孩.The new student comes from Japan.那個(gè)新學(xué)生來自日本.2.用作表語My father's car is very expensive.我父親的轎車很貴.The English story is very interesting.那個(gè)英文故事很有趣.3.用作賓語補(bǔ)足語Don't keep the door open. 別讓門一直開著.His success made him happy.他的成功讓他感到幸福.We finally found the dictionary very useful.我們最后發(fā)現(xiàn)詞典很有用

4、.4."the+形容詞",表示一類人或事物,相當(dāng)于名詞,用作主語及賓語The old often think of old things.老年人經(jīng)常回想往事.The new always take the place of the old.新事物總會(huì)取代舊事物.5.有時(shí)也可用作狀語或補(bǔ)語Please speak loud and clear.請(qǐng)說話大聲一點(diǎn),清楚一點(diǎn).These soldiers spent three days in the cold weather,cold and hungry.士兵們又冷又餓地在嚴(yán)寒的氣候中度過了三天.After seven days

5、, the children came back from the forest safe.七天之后,孩子們安全地從森林中返回.2 / 146.少數(shù)形容詞只能作表語,不能作定語.這些形容詞包括 ill,asleep,awake,alone,alive,well,worth,glad,unable,afraid等.例如:(正)Don't be afraid.(誤)Mr Li is an afraid man.(正)The old man was ill yesterday.(誤)This is an ill person.(正)This place is worth visiting.(

6、誤)That is a worth book.7.少數(shù)形容詞只能作定語,不能作表語.這些形容詞包括 little,live(活著的),elder,eldest 等.例如:(正)My elder brother is a doctor.(誤)My brother is elder than I.(正)This is a little house.(誤)The house is little.(正)Do you want live fish or dead one(誤)The old monkey is still live.三、形容詞的位置1.形容詞一般放在名詞前作定語單個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),一般

7、要放在名詞的前面.它們的前面常常帶有冠詞,形容詞性物主代詞,指示代詞,數(shù)詞等.例如:a red flower一朵紅花this interesting story這個(gè)有趣的故事six blind men 六個(gè)盲人my own house我自己的房子(1)當(dāng)形容詞所修飾的詞是由some,any,every,no等構(gòu)成的不定代詞時(shí),形容詞必須置于所修飾的詞之后.例如:She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情況要告訴我.I have nothing important to do today.今天我沒有重要的事要做.Do you know anybody els

8、e here這兒你還有認(rèn)識(shí)的人嗎(2)形容詞后面有介詞短語或不定式短語時(shí),形容詞必須置于名詞之后.例如:It is a problem difficult to work out.這是一個(gè)難以解決的問題.Edison is a student difficult to teach.愛迪生是個(gè)難教的學(xué)生.This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.這是一種易栽的花.(3)在以下特殊用法中,形容詞置于所修飾的名詞之后.例如:All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.所有的人,無論老少,都應(yīng)該嚴(yán)

9、格要求自己.We are building a new school, modern and super.我們正在建一所現(xiàn)代化的,極好的新型學(xué)校.All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的國(guó)家,無論窮富,都應(yīng)該互相幫助.(4)有少數(shù)形容詞,如enough和possible,既可置于所修飾的名詞之前,也可置于所修飾的名詞之后.例如:Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare 你有足夠的時(shí)間做準(zhǔn)備嗎Maybe it will be a possible chance(chan

10、ce possible)for you.或許它將成為你的一次可能的機(jī)遇.(5)有些形容詞,置于名詞之前與之后,含義不盡相同.例如:the writer present 出席的作家the present writer 當(dāng)代的作家2.兩個(gè)以上的形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞時(shí)的排列順序限定詞一般描繪性形容詞表示大小,長(zhǎng)短,高低的形容詞表示形狀的形容詞表示年齡,新舊的形容詞表示色彩的形容詞表示國(guó)籍,地區(qū),出處的形容詞表示物質(zhì),材料的形容詞表示用途,類別的形容詞名詞中心詞.例如:an exciting international football match一場(chǎng)令人激動(dòng)的國(guó)際足球賽a new red sport

11、s shirt一件新的紅色運(yùn)動(dòng)衫a light black plastic umbrella一把輕的黑塑料傘a small old brown wooden house一座小的舊的棕色的木頭房子巧記形容詞的排列順序不少學(xué)生對(duì)如何排列形容詞的順序頗感困惑.在此,我們向同學(xué)們介紹一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的記憶方法.即請(qǐng)你記住"限觀形齡色國(guó)材"這幾個(gè)字,這似乎有點(diǎn)不大好記,那就請(qǐng)你記住"縣官行令謝國(guó)材"吧.其含義分別是:"縣"(限)代表限定詞,包括冠詞,指示代詞,形容詞性物主代詞,名詞所有格,數(shù)詞等."官"(觀)代表表示觀點(diǎn)的描繪性形容

12、詞,如:fine,beautiful,interesting等."行"(形)代表表示大小,長(zhǎng)短,高低及形狀的形容詞,如:small,tall,high,little,round等."令"(齡)代表表示年齡,新舊的形容詞,如 ld,young等."謝"("色"的近似音)代表表示顏色的形容詞,如:white,black,yellow等."國(guó)"代表表示國(guó)籍,地區(qū),出處的形容詞(名詞),如:English,American,mountain等."材"則代表形成中心名詞的材料的形容詞,

13、如:stone,wooden,silk,plastic等.多個(gè)形容詞同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí),就按上述順序排列,然后加上中心名詞.例如:1.a fine old stone bridge一座古老漂亮的石橋2.two big round new Chinese wooden tables兩張新的中國(guó)式的木制大圓桌3.his large new black foreign car他那輛新的大型黑色外國(guó)轎車特別鏈接常見的后跟形容詞作表語的動(dòng)詞:become,come,fall,get,go,grow,make,turn(表示"變成某種狀態(tài)")continue,hold,keep,lie

14、,remain,stay(表示"保持某種狀態(tài)")appear,feel,look,smell,sound,taste,know(表示"感覺")例如:He turned red when he heard the news.聽到這個(gè)消息,他的臉變紅了.It's going to stay cold for some time.天氣還要冷一陣子.The beer tastes very delicious.這啤酒嘗起來很可口.四、形容詞的比較等級(jí)1.形容詞原級(jí)的用法形容詞的原級(jí)常用于"asas"及"not as(so)a

15、s"兩種句型中.(1)句型"asas",表示兩者相比較,程度相同.例如:The old man walks as fast as a young man.這位老人走路與年輕人一樣快.Science is as important as maths.自然科學(xué)與數(shù)學(xué)一樣重要.This coat is as expensive as that one.這件上衣與那件一樣貴.(2)句型"not as(so)as",表示兩者相比較,前者不如后者.例如:I'm not as tall as Jack. 我沒有杰克高.She doesn't

16、run so fast as I. 她沒有我跑得快.This warship is not so big as that one.這艘軍艦沒有那艘大.同級(jí)比較歌訣同級(jí)比較用原級(jí),asas不分離;若是否定加not,asas否前者.(3)在使用"asas"與"not as(so)as" 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),應(yīng)該特別注意"asas"或"not as(so)as"中間的形容詞必須是原級(jí).例如:(正)Today is as warm as yesterday.(誤)Today is as warmer as yesterday.(正)I

17、'm not so careful as my brother.(誤)I'm not so more careful as my brother.(4)需要注意的形容詞的原級(jí)用法:"數(shù)詞+times+as+形容詞原級(jí)+as"(是的幾倍).例如:This tree is twice as short as that one.這棵樹比那棵樹矮一倍.My scores are three times as many as yours.我的分?jǐn)?shù)是你的三倍.This road is four times as wide as that one.這條馬路的寬度是那條的四

18、倍."half+as+形容詞原級(jí)+as"(的一半).例如:My English is not half as good as yours.我的英語不如你的一半好.This town is half as big as ours.這個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)有我們城鎮(zhèn)的一半大.The rivers in the north aren't half as many as those in the south. 北方的河流不如南方的一半多."asas"結(jié)構(gòu)中,若形容詞作定語修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),不定冠詞a(an)應(yīng)置于形容詞與名詞之間.例如:English is as imp

19、ortant a subject as maths.英語是和數(shù)學(xué)同樣重要的一門學(xué)科.Uncle Wang is as good a man as my father.王叔叔是與我父親同樣好的一個(gè)人.This is as famous a school as ours.這是一所與我們學(xué)校同樣著名的學(xué)校."asas"結(jié)構(gòu)若指同一個(gè)人或物,則并無比較意義,而只是說明某人或某物具有兩種性質(zhì).譯為"又又"或"不但而且".例如:This computer is as good as it is cheap.這臺(tái)電腦又好又便宜.The boy is

20、 as strong as he is brave.這個(gè)男孩又健壯又勇敢.The city of Suzhou is as beautiful as it is clean.蘇州城既美麗又干凈.2.形容詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成分規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種.(1)規(guī)則變化如下表:單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞構(gòu)成法一般在單音節(jié)詞末尾加-er,-est以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)以le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞,只在詞尾加-r或-st以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)單詞,要雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母,再加-er或-est以"一個(gè)輔音字母+y"結(jié)尾的單詞,要將y變?yōu)閕,再加-er,-est

21、少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞,只在詞尾加-er或-est多音節(jié)詞及部分雙音節(jié)詞在詞前加more, the most不規(guī)則變化如下表.原級(jí)- 比較級(jí)-最高級(jí)good(好的) well(好的,健康的)-better-Bestbad(壞的)ill(生病的)-worse-Worstmany(多的)much(多的)-more-mostold(老的)-older elder-oldest eldestlittle(少的)-less-leastfar(遠(yuǎn)的)-farther further-farthest furthest3.形容詞比較級(jí)的用法(1)表示兩者之間比較時(shí),用"形容詞比較級(jí)+t

22、han"或"lessthan"兩種句型.例如:Your mother looks healthier than before.你媽媽看上去比以前健康了.I'm less interested in basketball than you.我沒有你對(duì)籃球感興趣.(2)形容詞的比較級(jí)還可以用于以下句型中.more and more 越來越.例如:The park is getting more and more beautiful.這個(gè)公園變得越來越美了.China had become stronger and stronger.中國(guó)已變得越來越強(qiáng)大了.th

23、e morethe 越就越.例如:The more books we read, the cleverer we will become.我們讀的書越多,就會(huì)變得越聰明.The more trees, the better. 樹越多越好.The sooner, the better. 越早越好.The more exercise we take, the healthier we are.我們?cè)藉憻?身體就越健康."the+比較級(jí)+of the two"兩個(gè)中較的一個(gè).例如:I'd like to go to the farther of the two place

24、s.我愿意去兩個(gè)地方中更遠(yuǎn)的那個(gè)地方.She is the fatter of the two girls.她是那兩個(gè)女孩中較胖的一個(gè)."比較級(jí)+than any other+單數(shù)名詞"比其他任何都.例如:Li Lei is taller than any other boy in his class.李雷比他班上其他任何一個(gè)男孩都高.(暗指李雷最高)The population of China is larger than any other's in the world. 中國(guó)的人口比世界上其他任何國(guó)家的人口都多.(暗指中國(guó)人口最多)形容詞比較級(jí)前還可以用mu

25、ch,a lot, far, even, still, a little, no, any等表示程度的詞來修飾.例如:I feel a little better than yesterday.我感覺比昨天好一點(diǎn)兒了.The job is far more difficult than before.這工作比以前要難得多.4.形容詞最高級(jí)的用法(1)三者或三者以上相比較,用"the+最高級(jí)+名詞+范圍"結(jié)構(gòu).例如:This is the cleanest place of the city.這是這個(gè)城市最干凈的地方.Hu Yun is the fastest of all

26、the girls in our class.胡云是我們班女生中跑得最快的.(2)表示"最之一",用"one of the+形容詞最高級(jí)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞".例如:The Great Wall of China is one of the greatest buildings in the world.中國(guó)的長(zhǎng)城是世界上最偉大的建筑之一.This is one of the most interesting books that I've ever read.這是我讀過的最有趣的書之一.注意形容詞最高級(jí)前面必須加定冠詞the,但當(dāng)形容詞最高級(jí)前面有物主代

27、詞修飾時(shí),則不加the.例如:(正)This is my best friend.(誤)This is my the(the my) best friend.這是我最好的朋友.(正)Today is the happiest day of my life.(誤)Today is happiest day of my life.今天是我生命中最快樂的一天.五、幾種常見的形容詞句型1.形容詞+介詞+名詞(或代詞或動(dòng)名詞)I'm not interested in playing computer games.我對(duì)打電腦游戲不感興趣.My parents are pleased with m

28、y studies.我父母對(duì)我的學(xué)習(xí)感到滿意.2.It is(was)+形容詞+of/for+名詞(或代詞)+不定式It's foolish of me to make such a mistake.犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤,我真是太傻了.It was kind of the driver to send the old man home.這位司機(jī)把老人送回家,他真是太好了.It's difficult for me to finish the work in a day.對(duì)我來說,一天之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作很難.3.形容詞+不定式常用于這種句型的形容詞有:able,sure,lucky,rea

29、dy,happy,likely等.例如:She is sure to pass the exam.她一定會(huì)通過考試的.I'm lucky to meet you here.我真幸運(yùn),能在這兒碰到你.六、一些沒有比較級(jí)的形容詞在英語中,有很多形容詞沒有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式,所以它們的語義只能用形容詞的原級(jí)來表示.分類如下:(1)以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞,如daily(每日的),weekly(每周的),monthly(每月的),yearly(每年的),brotherly(兄弟般的),sisterly(姐妹般的)等.(2)表示事物性質(zhì),材料成分的形容詞,如wooden(木制的),silken(絲制

30、的),woollen(羊毛制的),electric(電的),industrial(工業(yè)的)等.(3)表示時(shí)間的形容詞,如past(過去的),future(將來的),then(當(dāng)時(shí)的),once(從前的),present(當(dāng)今的)等.(4)與幾何形狀有關(guān)的形容詞,如round(圓的),vertical(垂直的),cubic(立方的),triangular(三角形的)等.(5)表示國(guó)籍的形容詞,如Chinese(中國(guó)的),American(美國(guó)的),Japanese(日本的),Russian(俄兩天它都區(qū)別國(guó)的)等.(6)表示方位的形容詞,如eastern(東方的),western(西方的),mi

31、ddle(中間的),right(右邊的),left(左邊的)等.(7)表示某種絕對(duì)狀態(tài)的形容詞,如dead(死的),deaf(聾的),blind(瞎的),dumb(啞的)等.( 表示"終極"意義的形容詞,如such(這樣的),whole(整個(gè)的),complete(完全的),thorough(徹底的)等.(9)表示順序和單一概念的形容詞,如first(第一的),last(最后的),next(下一個(gè)的),following(以下的),only(惟一的)等.(10)一些只作表語的形容詞,如afraid(害怕的),asleep(睡著的),alive(活著的),awake(醒著的)

32、,ashamed(慚愧的)等.(11)部分表示數(shù)量及不定量含義的形容詞,如some(一些),several(幾個(gè)的),certain(某一的)等.七、部分形容詞的用法比較1.pleased, pleasing與pleasantpleased的含義是"(自己)感到滿意,高興",后常跟介詞at,with.例如:I'm pleased to see you here.在這兒見到你很高興.She's pleased with our programme.她對(duì)我們的節(jié)目很滿意.pleasing表示"令人欣喜的",相當(dāng)于"giving pl

33、easure".例如:My sister's progress in dancing is pleasing.我姐姐在舞蹈方面的進(jìn)步令人高興.The baby has a pleasing voice.這個(gè)嬰兒的聲音很悅耳.pleasant表示"快樂的,愉快的".例如:The girl has a pleasant childhood.這個(gè)女孩有一個(gè)快樂的童年.To have a pleasant holiday is my favorite.過一個(gè)愉快的假期是我最喜歡的.2. living, alive與liveliving作定語時(shí),既可置于所修飾的名詞

34、之前,也可置于所修飾的名詞之后,譯為"活著的,當(dāng)代的".在句中充當(dāng)定語及表語.例如:He is the greatest living writer in America.他是當(dāng)今美國(guó)最偉大的作家.Not all living things live on sunlight.并非所有的生物都依賴陽光生存.My grandparents are still living.我的祖父母仍然健在.alive譯為"活著的",可以在句中作表語及定語.作定語時(shí),位于它所修飾的名詞之后.例如:He may be the busiest person alive.他可能是世上最忙的人了.Is that she