自動立體倉庫傳輸系統(tǒng)機(jī)電一體化設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

1、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯題 目：使數(shù)控機(jī)床更開放、兼容和智能化的技術(shù)回顧系部名稱： 專業(yè)班級： 學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號： 指導(dǎo)教師： 教師職稱： 使數(shù)控機(jī)床更開放、兼容和智能化的技術(shù)回顧1. 當(dāng)前數(shù)控技術(shù)障礙今天的數(shù)控機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)很好的研發(fā)出了具有像多軸控制，誤差補(bǔ)償和多工藝制造（例如合并磨/轉(zhuǎn)/激光加工與研磨機(jī)）的功能。在此同時，這些功能都使得編程任務(wù)越來越困難和機(jī)床本身較難適應(yīng)。已經(jīng)取得的一些成果緩解了這一問題，特別是開放式架構(gòu)的趨勢控制OSACA基礎(chǔ)5，開放式模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)控制器（OMAC）6，其中第三方軟件可在一個工作在控制器使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Windows操作系統(tǒng)。另一項(xiàng)識別產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展是軟件控制器的

2、應(yīng)用，這些軟件控制器里應(yīng)用的是PLC控制技術(shù)，而不是在硬件方面。雖然發(fā)展已經(jīng)改進(jìn)了軟件工具和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，但是供應(yīng)商和用戶仍在尋求CAD，CAPP系統(tǒng)，CAM和數(shù)控在集成和轉(zhuǎn)化過程中，沒有信息丟失的每個階段的共同語言。盡管有許多CAM工具支持?jǐn)?shù)控制造，但是從一個系統(tǒng)到另一個系統(tǒng)的適應(yīng)性和互操作性問題，仍然在限制這些工具的廣泛使用。2. 產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)的兼容性和互操作性數(shù)控機(jī)床完成產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和制造周期，但往往不是要與他們的上游子系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行通信，例如CAD, CAPP 和CAM系統(tǒng)。在數(shù)據(jù)交換協(xié)議發(fā)生時，如SET，德國汽車工業(yè)協(xié)會，初始圖形交換規(guī)范（IGES）使用時，信息交流可以在CAD和/或CAM系統(tǒng)之間發(fā)生

3、異構(gòu)。但是，這是成功的，因?yàn)橹挥胁糠诌@些協(xié)議的主要目的是幾何信息的交換，而不是完全適用于所有的CAD / CAPP / CAM的行業(yè)需求。因此，國際社會制定了ISO10303 7一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，像我們熟知的步進(jìn).通過實(shí)施CAD系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的步進(jìn) AP - 203 8和步進(jìn) AP - 214 9，數(shù)據(jù)交換的障礙將被刪除。然而，在CAD / CAM與數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)交換問題仍未解決。CAD系統(tǒng)的目的是描述一個零件幾何形狀的精確，而CAM系統(tǒng)在使用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)生成的生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃和控制操作是根據(jù)CAD模型中的幾何信息和對本車間的現(xiàn)有資源。CAM系統(tǒng)的最終結(jié)果是一套可以在數(shù)控?cái)?shù)控機(jī)床上執(zhí)行的程序集。步進(jìn) AP - 203和

4、步進(jìn) AP - 214只為一個統(tǒng)一CAM系統(tǒng)輸入數(shù)據(jù)。在CAM系統(tǒng)，有50年歷史的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO 6983（為G代碼或RS274D已知）10仍主導(dǎo)著大多數(shù)數(shù)控機(jī)床控制系統(tǒng)。國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)6983雖然過時，但仍廣泛使用，它只支持單向的信息流從設(shè)計(jì)到制造。CAD數(shù)據(jù)沒有在一臺機(jī)床使用。相反，它們處理的一個后處理器只能獲得一個低層次的，不完整的使修改，驗(yàn)證和仿真困難的數(shù)據(jù)集。在車間里所作的修改不能直接反饋給設(shè)計(jì)師。因此，寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)在車間不能被保存和再利用。3. Inflexible 數(shù)控控制制度 ISO 6983標(biāo)準(zhǔn)側(cè)重于編程與尊重刀具中心位置（CL）的路徑，而不是機(jī)器軸相對于部分加工任務(wù)。因此，國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

5、化組織6983定義的程序語句的語法，但在大多數(shù)情況下，葉片的語義含糊不清，低級別的程序執(zhí)行了有限的控制在一起。這些方案，當(dāng)在一臺機(jī)器專用CAM系統(tǒng)后處理加工，成為依賴于機(jī)器的。為了提高數(shù)控機(jī)床的能力，數(shù)控控制器廠商也開發(fā)了自己定制的控制命令集，以增加更多的功能到了自己的數(shù)控控制器，延長國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)6983。這些不同的命令集從供應(yīng)商到供應(yīng)商在所有的機(jī)器工具再次發(fā)生改變，進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致不兼容的數(shù)據(jù)。 目前Inflexible數(shù)控控制制度是指由一個CAM系統(tǒng)的輸出沒有適應(yīng)性，這反過來又否認(rèn)有任何互操作性數(shù)控機(jī)床。最主要的原因是，G代碼程序的部分只包含低層次的信息，可描述為“怎么做”。不管多么有能力的數(shù)控機(jī)床

6、，能做的只是忠實(shí)的按照G代碼程序完成加工。這是不可能完成的智能控制或加工優(yōu)化。4. 步進(jìn)數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)今天，一個新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確認(rèn)為步進(jìn) - 數(shù)控的非正式14649 11-16正在由供應(yīng)商，用戶和世界學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)提供一個廣泛的智能碳奈米尖錐數(shù)據(jù)模型開發(fā)的新品種。數(shù)據(jù)模型是一個通用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，旨在專門為數(shù)控編程，使規(guī)范的數(shù)控控制器，數(shù)控代碼生成工具成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。目前兩個步進(jìn) - 數(shù)控的版本正在開發(fā)由ISO。首先是應(yīng)用參考模型（亞美尼亞）（即國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組織14649）及其他應(yīng)用解釋模型（AIM）的對ISO 14649（即10303國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組織的AP - 238 17）。如需使用和它們之間的區(qū)別的信息讀者可參考1

7、8,19。相反，目前的數(shù)控編程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（ISO 6983），國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織14649不是一個零件的編程方法，通常不能描述數(shù)控機(jī)床刀具的運(yùn)動。相反，它提供了一個詳細(xì)的和結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)據(jù)接口，采用基于特征的方案在一系列的信息中表示，如被加工的功能，工具類型使用，操作執(zhí)行一個面向?qū)ο髷?shù)據(jù)模型for數(shù)控s，遵循操作順序。盡管通過使用步進(jìn) - 數(shù)控可能定義出密切機(jī)床軌跡，但是，該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的目的是通過使用一種智能控制器步進(jìn)數(shù)控控制器，在后期做出決定。這套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的目的就是，步進(jìn) - 數(shù)控的部分程序可能會被寫入一次，在許多不同的機(jī)床控制器提供了所需的機(jī)器類型使用過程能力。在這一過程中，無論是數(shù)控機(jī)床及其控制方案作出適應(yīng)性和互

8、操作。圖。 1說明了這兩個幾何和加工信息，現(xiàn)在可以雙向之間的CAD / CAM系統(tǒng)及步進(jìn) - 數(shù)控的控制器轉(zhuǎn)讓20。一個關(guān)鍵的問題是刀具軌跡運(yùn)動的信息是可選的，最好應(yīng)在由步進(jìn) - 數(shù)控的控制器的機(jī)器產(chǎn)生的。加工特征和加工操作這類幾何信息被定義為“工步”。這些幾何信息為制造組件提供了一個基礎(chǔ)的“工作計(jì)劃”。圖二的這些數(shù)據(jù)解釋的是包括鉆孔，銑削等工步在內(nèi)的一部分工作計(jì)劃。其中重要的一點(diǎn)要注意的是，此代碼是步進(jìn) - 數(shù)控的轉(zhuǎn)移文件，它是進(jìn)口/出口流入和流出的步進(jìn) - 數(shù)控的智能控制器?？刂破靼堰@些文件翻譯后，使網(wǎng)通運(yùn)營商在控制器里通過人工數(shù)據(jù)或CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)在工步水平上實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)交互。下面是使用步

9、進(jìn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的一些優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 步進(jìn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)提供了一個完整的和結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)據(jù)模型，用來鏈接與幾何和技術(shù)信息，這樣在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)過程的不同階段就沒有信息的丟失。 它的數(shù)據(jù)元素足夠充分描述面向任務(wù)的數(shù)控?cái)?shù)據(jù)。 數(shù)據(jù)模型的技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展和可擴(kuò)展性（與一致性類），來符合特定的CAM技術(shù)，SFP或數(shù)控的要求。 因?yàn)榻⒃谥悄軆?yōu)化的步進(jìn) - 數(shù)控控制器之上，所以中小型工作的加工時間可以減少。 后處理機(jī)制將被淘汰，因?yàn)榻涌诓⒉恍枰獧C(jī)器的具體信息。 機(jī)床更安全，更適合，因?yàn)椴竭M(jìn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)與機(jī)床廠商是獨(dú)立開的。 在車間修改就可以保存并反饋到設(shè)計(jì)部門，因此，從CAD / CAM系統(tǒng)到數(shù)控機(jī)床的雙向信息交流可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。 XML文件可

10、以作為信息載體從而實(shí)現(xiàn)基于Web的分布式制造。對步進(jìn) - 數(shù)控的命題詳細(xì)討論可以由OMAC 步進(jìn) - 數(shù)控的工作組編寫了一份報告發(fā)現(xiàn)24和其他出版物20,23,25完成。5. 步進(jìn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的國際社會 在20世紀(jì)90年代后半期，國際社會通過了國際智能制造系統(tǒng)（IMS）的計(jì)劃26，開始在數(shù)控編程的概念方面進(jìn)行重大改革。該方案共四個，即在歐洲，韓國，瑞士和美國全球各地區(qū)的個別項(xiàng)目統(tǒng)籌。該方案的主要協(xié)調(diào)員包括西門子（歐盟），CADCAMation（瑞士），步進(jìn)工具（美國）和資源中心，國際機(jī)場理事會（韓國）。歐洲數(shù)控步進(jìn)系統(tǒng)主要負(fù)責(zé)控制銑床和對ISO 14649標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的檢查。它有15個合作伙伴，由西門子領(lǐng)

11、導(dǎo)，它的用戶有戴姆勒克萊斯勒，沃爾沃用戶等，支持它的研究機(jī)構(gòu)有WZL亞琛，亞琛和斯圖加特大學(xué)的資訊系統(tǒng)部。瑞士人引領(lǐng)了線切割和合作模片電火花標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如Agie，Starrag和CAM制造商CADCAMation廠商標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的發(fā)展。在韓國的工作由浦項(xiàng)科技大學(xué)和漢城國立大學(xué)浦項(xiàng)大學(xué)進(jìn)行，他們負(fù)責(zé)的是車削和銑削國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)14649兼容控制器領(lǐng)域的研究。其它研究小組的工作地區(qū)，包括英國和新西蘭。在美國步進(jìn)工具公司出品的步進(jìn)數(shù)控程序被稱為“超級模特”。 由美國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會與技術(shù)研究院主辦的步進(jìn)數(shù)控程序取得了重大進(jìn)展，通過使用數(shù)控步進(jìn)程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)了從CAD到數(shù)控生產(chǎn)的全自動化。該項(xiàng)目涉及的不僅包括波音，洛克馬丁公司，

12、通用電氣和通用汽車等工業(yè)集團(tuán)，還包括公認(rèn)的強(qiáng)大的合作伙伴，如吉布斯協(xié)會和MasterCAM的供應(yīng)商.6. 更加開放和互操作性的步進(jìn)數(shù)控工具這是四種和步進(jìn)數(shù)控相關(guān)的研究工作，（1）傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控使用步進(jìn)數(shù)控的;(2)使用新的步進(jìn)數(shù)控的；（3）步進(jìn)數(shù)控使控制智能化；（4）協(xié)作性的步進(jìn)數(shù)控加工。適應(yīng)性從類型1到類型4依次增加。必須指出的是，步進(jìn)數(shù)字控制和步進(jìn)一起，現(xiàn)已形成一個呈現(xiàn)較完整的產(chǎn)品信息的通用數(shù)據(jù)模型。（本文摘譯自Computers in Industry 57 (2006) 141152）Making CNC machine tools more open, interoperable and

13、intelligenta review of the technologiesX.W. Xu a,*, S.T. Newman ba Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Auckland,Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand1. Impediments of current CNC technologiesTodays CNC machine designs are well developed with capabilities

14、 such as multi-axis control, error compensation and multi-process manufacture (e.g. combined mill/turn/laser and grinding machines). In the mean time, these capabilities have made the programming task increasingly more difficult and machine tools themselves less adaptable. Some effort has been made

15、to alleviate this problem, in particularly the trend towards open architecture control, based on OSACA 5 and open modular architecture controller (OMAC) 6, where third party software can be used at the controller working within a standard windows operating system. One further recognisable industrial

16、 development is the application of software controllers, where PLC logic is captured in software rather than in hardware. Although these developments have improved software tools and the architecture of CNC systems, vendors and users are still seeking a common language for CAD, CAPP, CAM, and CNC, w

17、hich integrates and translates the knowledge of each stage with no information loss. Though there are many CAM tools supporting NC manufacture, the problem of adaptability and interoperability from system to system was and is still seen as one of the key issues in limiting the wider use of these too

18、ls.2.Product data compatibility and interoperabilityCNC machine tools complete the product design and manufacturing lifecycle, and more often than not they have to communicate with upstream sub-systems, such as CAD, CAPP and CAM. In the case when neutral data exchange protocols, such as SET, VDA, an

19、d initial graphics exchange specification (IGES) are used, information exchange can happen between heterogeneous CAD and/or CAM systems. This is however only partially successful since these protocols are mainlydesigned to exchange geometrical information and not totally suitable to all the needs of

20、 the CAD/CAPP/CAM industry. Thus, the international community developed the ISO10303 7set of standards, well known as STEP. By implementing STEP AP-203 8 and STEP AP-214 9 within CAD systems, the data exchange barrier is removed. Yet, data exchange problems between CAD/CAM and CNC systems remain uns

21、olved. CAD systems are designed to describe the geometry of a part precisely, whereas CAM systems focus on using computer systems to generate plans and control the manufacturing operations according to the geometrical information present in a CAD model and the existing resources on the shop-floor. T

22、he final result from a CAM system is a set of CNC programs that can be executed on a CNC machine. STEP AP-203 and STEP AP-214 only unify the input data for a CAM system. On the output side of a CAM system, a 50-year-old international standard ISO 6983 (known as G-Code or RS274D) 10 still dominates t

23、he control systems of most CNC machines. Outdated yet still widely used, ISO 6983 only supports one-way information flow from design to manufacturing. The CAD data are not utilised at a machine tool. Instead, they are processed by a post-processor only to obtain a set of low-level, incomplete data t

24、hat makes modification, verifications and simulation difficult. The changes made at the shopfloor cannot be directly fed back to the designer. Hence, invaluable experiences on the shop-floor cannot be preserved and re-utilised.3.Inflexible CNC control regimeThe ISO 6983 standard focuses on programmi

25、ng the path of the cutter centre location (CL) with respect to the machine axes, rather than the machining tasks with respect to the part. Thus, ISO 6983 defines the syntax of program statements, but in most cases leaves the semantics ambiguous, together with low-level limited control over program e

26、xecution. These programs, when processed in a CAM system by a machine-specific postprocessor, become machine-dependent. In order to enhance the capability of a CNC machine, CNC controller vendors have also developed their own tailored control command sets to add more features to their CNC controller

27、s to extend ISO 6983.These command sets once again vary from vendor to vendor resulting in further incompatible data among the machine tools. The current inflexible CNC control regime means that the output from a CAM system has no adaptability, which in turn denies the CNC machine tools of having an

28、y interoperability. The main reason is that a G-code based part program only contains low-level information that can be described as howto-do information. The CNC machine tools, no matter how capable they are, can do nothing but faithfully follow the Gcode program. It is impossible to perform intell

29、igent control nor machining optimization.4.The STEP-NC standardToday a new standard namely ISO 14649 1116 recognised informally as STEP-NC is being developed by vendors, users and academic institutes world wide to provide a data model for a new breed of intelligent CNCs. The data model represents a

30、common standard specifically aimed at NC programming, making the goal of a standardised CNC controller and NC code generation facility a reality. Currently two versions of STEP-NC are being developed by ISO. The first is the Application Reference Model (ARM) (i.e. ISO 14649) and the other Applicatio

31、n Interpreted Model (AIM) of ISO 14649 (i.e. ISO 10303 AP-238 17). For more information on the use and differences between them readers are referred to 18,19.Contrary to the current NC programming standard (ISO 6983), ISO 14649 is not a method for part programming and does not normally describe the

32、tool movements for a CNC machine. Instead, it provides an object oriented data model forCNCs with a detailed and structured data interface thatincorporates feature-based programming where a range of information is represented such as the features to be machined, tool types used, the operations to pe

33、rform, and the sequence of operations to follow. Though it is possible to closely define the machine tool trajectory using STEP-NC, the aim of the standard is to allow these decisions to be made at a latter stage by a new breed of intelligent controllerSTEPNC controller. It is the aim that STEP-NC p

34、art programs may be written once and used on many different types of machine tool controller providing the machine has the required process capabilities. In doing this, both CNC machine tools and their control programs are made adaptable and interoperable. Fig. 1 illustrates that both geometric and

35、machining information can now be bi-directionally transferred between a CAD/CAM system and a STEP-NC controller 20. One critical issue is that the tool path movement information is optional and ideally should be generated at the machine by the STEP-NC controller.Geometric information is defined by m

36、achining features (similar to AP-224 22) with machining operations termed Workingsteps performed on one or more features. These Workingsteps provide the basis of a Workplan to manufacture the component. Fig. 2 illustrates an actual extract of such data for a part with aWorkplan consisting ofWorkings

37、teps for slotting, drilling and pocketing. One important point to note is that this code is the STEP-NC transfer (physical) file, which is imported/exported into and out of a STEP-NC intelligent controller. This file would be interpreted by the controller, enabling CNC operators to interact at a Wor

38、kingstep (i.e. machining operation) level via an intelligent manual data interface (MDI) or CAD/CAM system at the controller. Some of the benefits with using STEP-NC are as follows 23. STEP-NC provides a complete and structured data model, linked with geometrical and technological information, so th

39、at no information is lost between the different stages of the product development process. Its data elements are adequate enough to describe task oriented NC data. The data model is extendable to further technologies and scalable (with conformance classes) to match the abilities of a specific CAM, S

40、FP or NC. Machining time for small to medium sized job lots can be reduced because intelligent optimisation can be built into the STEP-NC controllers. Post-processor mechanism will be eliminated, as the interface does not require machine-specific information. Machine tools are safer and more adaptab

41、le because STEPNC is independent from machine tool vendors. Modification at the shop-floor can be saved and fed back to the design department hence bi-directional information flow from CAD/CAM to CNC machines can be achieved. XML files can be used as an information carrier hence enable Web-based dis

42、tributed manufacturing.A detailed discussion on value proposition for STEP-NC can be found in a report produced by the OMAC STEP-NC Working Group 24 and other publications 20,23,25.5.STEP-NC international communityIn the second half of the 1990s, an effort from the international community backed by

43、ISO started the major change in the concept of NC programming, through an international intelligent manufacturing systems (IMS) programme 26. The programme was co-ordinated across four worldwide regions each with individual projects namely Europe, Korea, Switzerland and the USA. The major coordinato

44、rs of the programme are Siemens (EU), CADCAMation (Switzerland), STEP Tools (USA) and ERC-ACI (Korea).STEP-NC Europe is responsible for milling, turning and inspection of the ISO 14649 standard. It has 15 partners, led by Siemens, with users such as Daimler Chrysler, Volvo, and the support of research institutes such as WZL RWTH-Aachen a