rome convention 羅馬公約

1、CONVENTION ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980 (80/934/EEC)Official Journal L 266 , 09/10/1980 p. 0001 - 0019 Spanish special edition.: Chapter 1 Volume 3 p. 36 Portuguese special edition Chapter 1 Volume 3 p. 36PREAMBLETHE HIGH CONTRACTING P

2、ARTIES to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, ANXIOUS to continue in the field of private international law the work of unification of law which has already been done within the Community, in particular in the field of jurisdiction and enforcement of judgments, WISHING to establ

3、ish uniform rules concerning the law applicable to contractual obligations, HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:TITLE I SCOPE OF THE CONVENTIONArticle 1Scope of the Convention1. The rules of this Convention shall apply to contractual obligations in any situation involving a choice between the laws of different c

4、ountries.2. They shall not apply to: (a) questions involving the status or legal capacity of natural persons, without prejudice to Article 11; (b) contractual obligations relating to: - wills and succession, - rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship, - rights and duties arising

5、out of a family relationship, parentage, marriage or affinity, including maintenance obligations in respect of children who are not legitimate; (c) obligations arising under bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes and other negotiable instruments to the extent that the obligations under such

6、 other negotiable instruments arise out of their negotiable character; (d) arbitration agreements and agreements on the choice of court; (e) questions governed by the law of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate such as the creation, by registration or otherwise, legal capacity, inte

7、rnal organization or winding up of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate and the personal liability of officers and members as such for the obligations of the company or body; (f) the question whether an agent is able to bind a principal, or an organ to bind a company or body corpora

8、te or unincorporate, to a third party; (g) the constitution of trusts and the relationship between settlors, trustees and beneficiaries; (h) evidence and procedure, without prejudice to Article 14. 3. The rules of this Convention do not apply to contracts of insurance which cover risks situated in t

9、he territories of the Member States of the European Economic Community. In order to determine whether a risk is situated in these territories the court shall apply its internal law.4. The preceding paragraph does not apply to contracts of re-insurance. Article 2Application of law of non-contracting

10、States Any law specified by this Convention shall be applied whether or not it is the law of a Contracting State. TITLE II UNIFORM RULESArticle 3 Freedom of choice 1. A contract shall be governed by the law chosen by the parties. The choice must be expressed or demonstrated with reasonable certainty

11、 by the terms of the contract or the circumstances of the case. By their choice the parties can select the law applicable to the whole or a part only of the contract.2. The parties may at any time agree to subject the contract to a law other than that which previously governed it, whether as a resul

12、t of an earlier choice under this Article or of other provisions of this Convention. Any variation by the parties of the law to be applied made after the conclusion of the contract shall not prejudice its formal validity under Article 9 or adversely affect the rights of third parties. 3. The fact th

13、at the parties have chosen a foreign law, whether or not accompanied by the choice of a foreign tribunal, shall not, where all the other elements relevant to the situation at the time of the choice are connected with one country only, prejudice the application of rules of the law of that country whi

14、ch cannot be derogated from by contract, hereinafter called "mandatory rules". 4. The existence and validity of the consent of the parties as to the choice of the applicable law shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Articles 8, 9 and 11. Article 4Applicable law in the ab

15、sence of choice 1. To the extent that the law applicable to the contract has not been chosen in accordance with Article 3, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with which it is most closely connected. Nevertheless, a severable part of the contract which has a closer connection wi

16、th another country may by way of exception be governed by the law of that other country. 2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of this Article, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the party who is to effect the performance which is characteri

17、stic of the contract has, at the time of conclusion of the contract, his habitual residence, or, in the case of a body corporate or unincorporate, its central administration. However, if the contract is entered into in the course of that party's trade or profession, that country shall be the cou

18、ntry in which the principal place of business is situated or, where under the terms of the contract the performance is to be effected through a place of business other than the principal place of business, the country in which that other place of business is situated. 3. Notwithstanding the provisio

19、ns of paragraph 2 of this Article, to the extent that the subject matter of the contract is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the immovable property is situated. 4. A contract for

20、 the carriage of goods shall not be subject to the presumption in paragraph 2. In such a contract if the country in which, at the time the contract is concluded, the carrier has his principal place of business is also the country in which the place of loading or the place of discharge or the princip

21、al place of business of the consignor is situated, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with that country. In applying this paragraph single voyage charter-parties and other contracts the main purpose of which is the carriage of goods shall be treated as contracts for the

22、 carriage of goods. 5. Paragraph 2 shall not apply if the characteristic performance cannot be determined, and the presumptions in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 shall be disregarded if it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closely connected with another country. Article 5Cer

23、tain consumer contracts 1. This Article applies to a contract the object of which is the supply of goods or services to a person ("the consumer") for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession, or a contract for the provision of credit for that object. 2. Notw

24、ithstanding the provisions of Article 3, a choice of law made by the parties shall not have the result of depriving the consumer of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory rules of the law of the country in which he has his habitual residence:- if in that country the conclusion of the contra

25、ct was preceded by a specific invitation addressed to him or by advertising, and he had taken in that country all the steps necessary on his part for the conclusion of the contract, or - if the other party or his agent received the consumer's order in that country, or - if the contract is for th

26、e sale of goods and the consumer travelled from that country to another country and there gave his order, provided that the consumer's journey was arranged by the seller for the purpose of inducing the consumer to buy. 3. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 4, a contract to which this Arti

27、cle applies shall, in the absence of choice in accordance with Article 3, be governed by the law of the country in which the consumer has his habitual residence if it is entered into in the circumstances described in paragraph 2 of this Article. 4. This Article shall not apply to: (a) a contract of

28、carriage; (b) a contract for the supply of services where the services are to be supplied to the consumer exclusively in a country other than that in which he has his habitual residence. 5. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 4, this Article shall apply to a contract which, for an inclusive

29、price, provides for a combination of travel and accommodation. Article 6Individual employment contracts 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 3, in a contract of employment a choice of law made by the parties shall not have the result of depriving the employee of the protection afforded to hi

30、m by the mandatory rules of the law which would be applicable under paragraph 2 in the absence of choice. 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 4, a contract of employment shall, in the absence of choice in accordance with Article 3, be governed:(a) by the law of the country in which the empl

31、oyee habitually carries out his work in performance of the contract, even if he is temporarily employed in another country ; or (b) if the employee does not habitually carry out his work in any one country, by the law of the country in which the place of business through which he was engaged is situ

32、ated; unless it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closely connected with another country, in which case the contract shall be governed by the law of that country. Article 7Mandatory rules 1. When applying under this Convention the law of a country, effect may be giv

33、en to the mandatory rules of the law of another country with which the situation has a close connection, if and in so far as, under the law of the latter country, those rules must be applied whatever the law applicable to the contract. In considering whether to give effect to these mandatory rules,

34、regard shall be had to their nature and purpose and to the consequences of their application or non-application. 2. Nothing in this Convention shall restrict the application of the rules of the law of the forum in a situation where they are mandatory irrespective of the law otherwise applicable to t

35、he contract. Article 8Material validity 1. The existence and validity of a contract, or of any term of a contract, shall be determined by the law which would govern it under this Convention if the contract or term were valid. 2. Nevertheless a party may rely upon the law of the country in which he h

36、as his habitual residence to establish that he did not consent if it appears from the circumstances that it would not be reasonable to determine the effect of his conduct in accordance with the law specified in the preceding paragraph. Article 9Formal validity 1. A contract concluded between persons

37、 who are in the same country is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which governs it under this Convention or of the law of the country where it is concluded. 2. A contract concluded between persons who are in different countries is formally valid if it satisfies the fo

38、rmal requirements of the law which governs it under this Convention or of the law of one of those countries. 3. Where a contract is concluded by an agent, the country in which the agent acts is the relevant country for the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2. 4. An act intended to have legal effect relat

39、ing to an existing or contemplated contract is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which under this Convention governs or would govern the contract or of the law of the country where the act was done. 5. The provisions of the preceding paragraphs shall not apply to a co

40、ntract to which Article 5 applies, concluded in the circumstances described in paragraph 2 of Article 5. The formal validity of such a contract is governed by the law of the country in which the consumer has his habitual residence. 6. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 to 4 of this Article, a contract the

41、 subject matter of which is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property shall be subject to the mandatory requirements of form of the law of the country where the property is situated if by that law those requirements are imposed irrespective of the country where the contract

42、is concluded and irrespective of the law governing the contract. Article 10Scope of the applicable law 1. The law applicable to a contract by virtue of Articles 3 to 6 and 12 of this Convention shall govern in particular: (a) interpretation; (b) performance; (c) within the limits of the powers confe

43、rred on the court by its procedural law, the consquences of breach, including the assessment of damages in so far as it is governed by rules of law; (d) the various ways of extinguishing obligations, and prescription and limitation of actions; (e) the consequences of nullity of the contract. 2. In r

44、elation to the manner of performance and the steps to be taken in the event of defective performance regard shall be had to the law of the country in which performance takes place. Article 11Incapacity In a contract concluded between persons who are in the same country, a natural person who would ha

45、ve capacity under the law of that country may invoke his incapacity resulting from another law only if the other party to the contract was aware of this incapacity at the time of the conclusion of the contract or was not aware thereof as a result of negligence. Article 12Voluntary assignment 1. The

46、mutual obligations of assignor and assignee under a voluntary assignment of a right against another person ("the debtor") shall be governed by the law which under this Convention applies to the contract between the assignor and assignee. 2. The law governing the right to which the assignme

47、nt relates shall determine its assignability, the relationship between the assignee and the debtor, the conditions under which the assignment can be invoked against the debtor and any question whether the debtor's obligations have been discharged. Article 13Subrogation 1. Where a person ("t

48、he creditor") has a contractual claim upon another ("the debtor"), and a third person has a duty to satisfy the creditor, or has in fact satisfied the creditor in discharge of that duty, the law which governs the third person's duty to satisfy the creditor shall determine whether

49、the third person is entitled to exercise against the debtor the rights which the creditor had against the debtor under the law governing their relationship and, if so, whether he may do so in full or only to a limited extent. 2. The same rule applies where several persons are subject to the same con

50、tractual claim and one of them has satisfied the creditor. Article 14Burden of proof, etc.1. The law governing the contract under this Convention applies to the extent that it contains, in the law of contract, rules which raise presumptions of law or determine the burden of proof. 2. A contract or a

51、n act intended to have legal effect may be proved by any mode of proof recognized by the law of the forum or by any of the laws referred to in Article 9 under which that contract or act is formally valid, provided that such mode of proof can be administered by the forum. Article 15Exclusion of renvo

52、i The application of the law of any country specified by this Convention means the application of the rules of law in force in that country other than its rules of private international law. Article 16"Ordre public" The application of a rule of the law of any country specified by this Conv

53、ention may be refused only if such application is manifestly incompatible with the public policy ("ordre public") of the forum. Article 17No retrospective effect This Convention shall apply in a Contracting State to contracts made after the date on which this Convention has entered into force with respect to that State. Article 18Uniform interpretation In the interpretation and application of the preceding uniform rules, regard shall be had to their international character and to the desirability of achieving unifo