【化學(xué)】高中無機化學(xué)方程式大全(素材)_百度文庫

1、高中化學(xué)方程式大全 一、非金屬單質(zhì)（F2，Cl2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si，H） 1. 氧化性： F2+H2=2HF (陰暗處爆炸 F2+Xe(過量=XeF2 2F2(過量+Xe=XeF4 (XeF4是強氧化劑，能將Mn2+氧化為MnO4nF2+2M=2MFn(M表示大部分金屬 2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2 (水是還原劑 2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2O F2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2 F2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI=2NaF+I2 7F2(過量+I2=2IF7F2+Cl2(等體積=2ClF (ClF屬于類鹵素：ClF+H2O=HF+HClO

2、 3F2(過量+Cl2=2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O=3HF+HClO3 Cl2+H22HCl (將H2在Cl2點燃；混合點燃、加熱、光照發(fā)生爆炸3Cl2+2P2PCl3 Cl2+PCl3PCl5 Cl2+2Na2NaCl 3Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3 Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3+3ClCl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2 Cl2+2Br=2Cl+Br2Cl2+2KI=2KCl+I2 Cl2+2I=2Cl+I23Cl2(過量+2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KIO3 3Cl2+I+3H2O=6H+6Cl+IO35Cl2

3、+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl 5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl+IO3+12H+ Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+S Cl2+S2=2Cl+SCl2+H2S=2HCl+S (水溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H+2Cl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2Cl Cl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2 Cl2+H2O2=2H+Cl+O22O2+3FeFe3O4 O2+K=KO2 S+H2H2S 2S+CCS2 S+ZnZnS S+Fe FeS (既能由單質(zhì)制取，又能由離子制取 S+2CuCu2S (只能由單質(zhì)制取，不能由離子制取3S+2A

4、lAl2S3 (只能由單質(zhì)制取，不能由離子制取N2+3H22NH3 N2+3MgMg3N2 N2+3CaCa3N2 N2+3BaBa3N2 N2+6Na2Na3N N2+6K2K3N N2+6Rb2Rb3N N2+2Al2AlN P4+6H24PH3 P+3NaNa3P 2P+3ZnZn3P2 H2+2Li2LiH2、還原性 S+O2SO2 S+H2SO4(濃3SO2+2H2O S+6HNO3(濃H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O S+4H+6=6NO2+2H2O+3S+4HNO3(稀3SO2+4NO+2H2O 3S+4H+43SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2 2NO 4P+5O2P4O10(常

5、寫成P2O5 2P+3X22PX3（X表示F2，Cl2，Br2） PX3+X2 PX5P4+20HNO3(濃4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O C+2F2CF4 C+2Cl2CCl4 C+O2(足量CO2 2C+O2(少量2COC+CO22CO C+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤氣 2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅 Si(粗+2Cl2SiCl4 (SiCl4+2H2=Si(純+4HCl Si(粉+O2SiO2 Si+CSiC(金剛砂 Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2 (Si+2OH+H2O=+2H2 3. 歧化反應(yīng) Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO（加堿或光照促進歧化： (Cl

6、2+H2OH+Cl+HClO） Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2OCl2+2Ca(OH2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O3Cl2+6KOH(濃5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH5Cl+ClO3+3H2O 3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O (3S+6OH2S2+SO32+3H2O4P+3KOH(濃+3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO2 (4P+3OH+3H2O=PH3+3H2PO211P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4 3C+Ca

7、OCaC2+CO 3C+SiO2SiC+2CO 二、金屬單質(zhì)（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的還原性 2Na+H22NaH 4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na2O+O22Na2O2 2Na+O2Na2O2 2Na+S=Na2S（爆炸） 2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2 2Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH+H22Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2 2Na+2NH3=2Na+2NH2+H24Na+TiCl4 4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2MgCl2 Mg+Br2MgBr2 2Mg+O22MgO Mg+SMgS2Cu+SCu2S (Cu2S只能由單質(zhì)制備 Mg+2H2OMg(OH2+H2 2Mg+Ti

8、Cl4Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbClMgCl2+2Rb 2Mg+CO22MgO+C 2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si Mg+H2S=MgS+H2 Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2 (Mg+2H+=Mg2+H22Al+3Cl22AlCl3 4Al+3O2=2Al2O3 (常溫生成致密氧化膜而鈍化，在氧氣中燃燒4Al(Hg+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O+4Hg（鋁汞齊） 4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr (鋁熱反應(yīng)2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe 2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2 2Al

9、+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H2 2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(濃=Al2(SO43+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,濃的H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化 Al+4HNO3(稀=Al(NO33+NO+2H2O Al+4H+NO3=Al3+NO+2H2O 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2 2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2 Fe3O4 2Fe+O22FeO (煉鋼過程Fe+I2FeI2 Fe+SFeS (FeS既能由單質(zhì)制備，又能由離子制備3Fe+4H2O(

10、gFe3O4+4H2 Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2 Fe+2H+=Fe2+H2 Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2+Cu Fe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能把四氯化錫完全還原為單質(zhì)錫Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn Fe+Sn2+=Fe2+Sn 三非金屬氫化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3 金屬氫化物(NaH1、還原性: 4HCl(濃+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O 4H+2Cl+MnO2Mn2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(濃+PbO2PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O 4H+2Cl+PbO2Pb2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g+

11、O22Cl2+2H2O 16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O16 H+10Cl-+2MnO4=2Mn2+5Cl2+8H2O 6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2+3H2O 6H+5Cl+ClO3=3Cl2+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O 14H+6Cl+Cr2O72=2Cr3+5Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O2 2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2氣與HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不能共存2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2氣與HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不能共存2H2S+3

12、O2(足量2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量2S+2H2O 2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(濃=S+SO2+2H2O 3H2S+2HNO3(稀=3S+2NO+4H2O 3H2S+2H+2NO3=3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O 5H2S+2MnO4+6H+=2Mn2+5S+8H2O 3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO43+K2SO4+3S+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72+8H+=2Cr3+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOH H2S+4Na2O2+

13、2H2O=8Na+2NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O 2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl 8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl NH3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2+2H2O NH3+NO2+H+=N2+2H2O4NH3+3O2(純氧2N2+6H2O 4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O 4NH3+6NO=5N2+6H2O (用氨清除NO NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2 (生氫劑 NaH+H2O=Na+OH+H24NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2 CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH2+2H2 2、酸性: 4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O（可測定礦樣或鋼樣中SiO2的含量，玻

14、璃雕刻）4HF+Si=SiF4+2H2 2HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HCl H2S+Fe=FeS+H2 H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HCl (弱酸制強酸的典型反應(yīng) H2S+Cu2+=CuS+2H+ H2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3 H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S+2H+H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HCl H2S+Hg2+=HgS+2H+H2S+Pb(NO32=PbS+2HNO3 (鉛試紙檢驗空氣中H2S H2S+Pb2+=PbS+2H+H2S+2Ag=Ag2S+H2(銀器在空氣中變黑的原因2NH3(液+2Na=2NaNH2+H2 (NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3 3. NH

15、3的堿性： NH3+HX=NH4X (X：F、Cl、Br、I、SNH3+HNO3=NH4NO3 NH3+H+=NH4+ 2NH3+H2SO4=(NH42SO4 NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯德榜制堿：用于工業(yè)制備小蘇打，蘇打）NH3+H2S=NH4HS NH3+H2S=NH4+HS-4. 不穩(wěn)定性： 2HFH2+F2 2HClH2+Cl2 2H2O2H2+O22H2O2=2H2O+O2 H2SH2+S 2NH3N2+3H2 2HIH2+I2 四非金屬氧化物(SO3、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、S

16、iO2、P2O3、P2O5、Cl2O、Cl2O3、Cl2O5、Cl2O7、ClO21、低價態(tài)的還原性：(SO2、CO、NO2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4（這是SO2在大氣中緩慢發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學(xué)反應(yīng)） 2SO2+O22SO3 SO2+NO2=SO3+NOSO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2ClSO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBr Br2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2BrSO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HI I2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2I2NO+O2=2NO2 NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2

17、（用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO和NO2）NO+NO2+2OH=2NO2 2CO+O22CO2 CO+CuOCu+CO2 3CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2 CO+H2OCO2+H2 2、氧化性： SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2O SO3+2KIK2SO3+I2 NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒別溴蒸氣和NO2） 4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O 2NO2+Cu4CuO+N2 N2O+ZnZnO+N2CO2+2Mg2MgO+C (CO2不能用于撲滅由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃燒的火災(zāi) SiO2+2H2Si+2H2O SiO2+2Mg2MgO+Si

18、 3、與水的作用: SO2+H2O=H2SO3 SO3+H2O=H2SO4 SO3+H2O=2H+SO423NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO (NO2不是硝酸的酸酐N2O5+H2O=2HNO3 N2O5+H2O=2H+2NO3P2O5+H2O(冷水=2HPO3 P2O5+3H2O(熱水=2H3PO4 (P2O5極易吸水,可作氣體干燥劑 P2O5+3H2SO4(濃=2H3PO4+3SO3 CO2+H2O=H2CO3 Cl2O+H2O=2HClOCl2O7+H2O=2HClO4 Cl2O7+H2O=2H+2ClO44. 與堿性物質(zhì)的作用: SO2+2NH3+H2O=(NH42SO3 SO+(NH4

19、2SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO3 2NH4HSO3+H2SO4=(NH42SO4+2H2O+2SO2(硫酸工業(yè)尾氣處理SO2+Ca(OH2=CaSO3+H2O (不能用澄清石灰水鑒別SO2和CO2.可用品紅鑒別 SO3+MgO=MgSO4 SO3+Ca(OH2=CaSO4+H2O CO2+NH3+H2O=NH4HCO3CO2+2NH3(過量+H2O=(NH42CO3 (NH42CO3(NH22CO+2H2OCO2+2NH3(NH22CO+H2O (工業(yè)制取尿素CO2+2NaOH(過量=Na2CO3+H2O 2OH-+CO2=CO32+H2OCO2(過量+NaOH=NaHCO3 OH-+CO2

20、=HCO3 CO2+Ca(OH2(過量=CaCO3+H2O Ca2+2+CO2=CaCO3+H2O2CO2(過量+Ca(OH2=Ca(HCO32 OH+CO2=HCO3 CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca(HCO32 CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2+2HCO3CO2(不足+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3+Na2CO3 CO2+3H2O+AlO2=Al(OH3+CO32CO2(足+NaAlO2+2H2O=Al(OH3+NaHCO3 CO2+2H2O+AlO2=Al(OH3+HCO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3 CO2+C6H5O+H2O=C6H5OH+H

21、CO3SiO2+CaOCaSiO3 (煉鋼造渣SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃 SiO2+Na2CO3Na2SiO3+CO2 (制取玻璃SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO2 (制取玻璃2NO2+2NaOH=NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O 2NO2+2OH=NO3+NO2+H2O NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2+H2O (制取硝酸工業(yè)尾氣吸收NO+NO2+2OH=2NO3+H2O五金屬氧化物 1. 低價態(tài)的還原性: 6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4 FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO2+2H2O FeO+4H+NO3=Fe3+NO2+2H2O2.

22、 氧化性: Na2O2+2Na2Na2O（此反應(yīng)用于制備Na2O） MgO，Al2O3幾乎沒有氧化性，很難被還原為Mg，Al.一般通過電解制Mg和Al. Fe2O3+3H22Fe+3H2O(制還原鐵粉Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2O CuO+H2Cu+H2O 2Fe3O4+16HI=6FeI2+8H2O+2I2 2Fe3O4+16H+4I=6Fe2+8H2O+2I2Fe2O3+Fe 3FeO (煉鋼過程中加入廢鋼作氧化劑FeO+CFe+CO (高溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)節(jié)C含量2FeO+Si2Fe+SiO2 (高溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)節(jié)Si含量3. 與水的作用: Na2O+H2O=2NaOH Na2O+H2O=2Na+2

23、OH2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2 2Na2O2+2H2O=4Na+4OH+O2(此反應(yīng)分兩步:Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2 H2O2的制備可利用類似的反應(yīng):BaO2+H2SO4(稀=BaSO4+H2O2 MgO+H2O=Mg(OH2(緩慢反應(yīng) 4. 與酸性物質(zhì)的作用: Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4 Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3 MgO+SO3=MgSO4Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O Na2O+2H+=2Na+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2 Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀=Na2SO4+H2O2 MgO+H2

24、SO4=MgSO4+H2O MgO+2H+=Mg2+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H2O Al2O3+6H+=2Al3+3H2O Al2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O (Al2O3兩性氧化物Al2O3+2OH=2AlO2+H2OFeO+2HCl=FeCl2+H2O FeO+2H+=Fe2+H2OFe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2O Fe2O3+6H+=2Fe3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O Fe3O4+8H+=2Fe3+Fe2+4H2O六含氧酸 1、氧化性: 4HClO3+3H2S=3H2SO4+4HCl ClO3+3

25、H2S=6H+SO42+ClHClO3+HI=HIO3+HCl ClO3+I=IO3+Cl3HClO+HI=HIO3+3HCl 3HClO+I-=IO3+3H+ClHClO+H2SO3=H2SO4+HCl HClO+H2SO3=3H+SO42+ClHClO+H2O2=HCl+H2O+O2 HClO+H2O2=H+Cl+H2O+O2(氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4,但濃,熱的HClO4氧化性很強 2H2SO4(濃+CCO2+2SO2+2H2O 2H2SO4(濃+S3SO2+2H2O H2SO4+Fe(Al室溫下鈍化 6H2SO4(濃+2FeFe2(SO43

26、+3SO2+6H2O 2H2SO4(濃+CuCuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(濃+2HBr=SO2+Br2+2H2O (不能用濃硫酸與NaBr制取HBrH2SO4(濃+2HI=SO2+I2+2H2O (不能用濃硫酸與NaI制取HIH2SO4(稀+Fe=FeSO4+H2 2H+Fe=Fe2+H2H2SO3+2H2S=3S+3H2O 4HNO3(濃+CCO2+4NO2+2H2O 6HNO3(濃+SH2SO4+6NO2+2H2O 5HNO3(濃+PH3PO4+5NO2+H2O5HNO3(稀+3P+2H2O3H3PO4+5NO 5H+5NO3-+3P+2H2O3H3PO4+5NO6HNO3(濃足

27、+Fe=Fe(NO33+3NO2+3H2O 4HNO3(濃+Fe(足=Fe(NO32+NO2+2H2O(先得Fe3+,在Fe過量時再生成Fe2+的鹽4HNO3(稀足+Fe=Fe(NO33+NO+2H2O 4H+NO3-+Fe=Fe3+NO+2H2O 30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3N2O+15H2O 30 H+6NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO33+3N2+18H2O 36H+6NO3+10Fe=8Fe3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2O 30 H+3NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3NH

28、4+9H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀=4Zn(NO32+N2O+5H2O 4Zn+10H+2NO3=4Zn2+N2O+5H2O 4Zn+10HNO3(稀=4Zn(NO32+NH4NO3+3H2O 4Zn+10H+NO3=4Zn2+NH4+5H2O2、還原性: H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HX (X表示Cl2,Br2,I2 H2SO3+X2+H2O=4H+SO42-+X2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO4 2H2SO3+O2=4H+SO42-H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2O H2SO3+H2O2=2H+SO42+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2S

29、O4+3H2O 5H2SO3+2MnO4=2Mn2+4H+3SO42+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl H2SO3+2Fe3+H2O=4H+2Fe2+ +SO423. 酸性: H2SO4(濃+CaF2 CaSO4+2HF (不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸H2SO4(濃+NaClNaHSO4+HCl (不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸H2SO4(濃+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl (不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸H2SO4(濃+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3 (不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸3H2SO4(濃+Ca3(PO423CaSO4+2H3PO4 (強酸制弱酸酸2H2SO4(濃

30、+Ca3(PO422CaSO4+Ca(H2PO42 (工業(yè)制磷肥3HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO3 3H+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3Ag+ 2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO32+H2O+CO2 2H+CaCO3=Ca2+H2O+CO2（用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S，HI，HBr， SO2等還原性氣體） 4H3PO4+Ca3(PO42 3Ca(H2PO42 （重鈣） H3PO4(濃+NaBr NaH2PO4+HBr (不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸,磷酸是非氧化性酸H3PO4（濃）+NaINaH2PO4+HI 4. 不穩(wěn)定性： 2HClO2HCl+O2(保存在棕色瓶中 4H

31、NO34NO2+O2+2H2O (保存在棕色瓶中 H2SO3H2O+SO2 (在加熱或酸性條件下分解H2CO3H2O+CO2 (在加熱或酸性條件下分解H4SiO4H2SiO3+H2O H2SiO3 SiO2+H2OH2S2O3H2O+S+SO2(在加熱或酸性條件下分解七堿 1. 低價態(tài)的還原性： 4Fe(OH2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH32. 與酸性物質(zhì)的作用： 2NaOH+SO2(少量=Na2SO3+H2O OH+SO2=SO32+H2ONaOH+SO2(足=NaHSO3 OH-+SO2(足=HSO32NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O OH-+SiO2=SiO32+H2O2Na

32、OH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O 2OH-+Al2O3=2AlO2+H2O2KOH+Cl2=KCl+KClO+H2O Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2O H+OH=H2ONaOH+H2S(足=NaHS+H2O OH+H2S=HS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量=Na2S+2H2O 2OH+H2S=S2+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH3+3NaCl 3OH+Al3+=Al(OH3NaOH+Al(OH3=NaAlO2+2H2O （AlCl3和Al(OH3哪個酸性強？）OH+Al(OH3=AlO2+2H2OCa(OH2+2NH4Cl2CaCl2

33、+2NH3+2H2O (實驗室制NH3NaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3+H2O Mg(OH2+2NH4Cl=MgCl2+2NH3·H2O (Al(OH3+NH4Cl不溶解Ba(OH2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2H2O 2H+2OH+Ba2+SO42=BaSO42H2O3. 不穩(wěn)定性: Mg(OH2MgO+H2O 2Al(OH3Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH3Fe2O3+3H2O Cu(OH2CuO+H2O 2AgOH=Ag2O+H2O 八、鹽 1.氧化性：(在水溶液中2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl2 2Fe3+Fe=3Fe2+ 2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2 (用

34、于雕刻銅線路版 2Fe3+Cu=2Fe2+Cu2+2FeCl3+Zn(少量=2FeCl2+ZnCl2 2Fe3+Zn=2Fe2+Zn2+ FeCl3+Ag=FeCl2+AgCl 2Fe3+Cl-+2Ag=2Fe2+2AgClFe2(SO43+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4 (較難反應(yīng) Fe(NO33+Ag不反應(yīng) 2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S 2Fe3+H2S=2Fe2+2H+S2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2 2Fe3+2I-=2Fe2+I2FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2 Fe2+Mg=Fe+Mg2+NaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2+2H2O

35、(實驗室制氮氣 NH4+NO2-=N2+2H2O 2.還原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中不需加熱 2Fe2+3Cl2=2Fe3+6Cl-3Na2S+8HNO3(稀=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O 3S2-+8H+2NO3-=2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O 3SO32-+2H+2NO3-=3SO42-+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4 (Na2SO3在空氣中易變質(zhì)Na2SO3+SNa2S2O3 Na2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S(在水溶液中 S2-+Cl2=2Cl-+S3.與堿性物質(zhì)的作用： Ca

36、(OH2+CuSO4=Cu(OH2+CaSO4 (波爾多液 MgCl2+2NH3·H2O=Mg(OH2+2NH4Cl Mg2+2NH3·H2O=Mg(OH2+2NH4+AlCl3+3NH3·H2O=Al(OH3+3NH4Cl Al3+3NH3·H2O=Al(OH2+3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3·H2O=Fe(OH3+3NH4Cl Fe3+3NH3·H2O=Fe(OH3+3NH4+CuSO4+2NH3·H2O(不足=Cu(OH2+(NH42SO4 Cu2+2NH3·H2O=Cu(OH2+2NH4+Cu(OH2+4N

37、H3·H2O=Cu(NH34(OH2+4H2OCu(OH2+4NH3·H2O=Cu(NH342+2OH-+4H2O 銅氨溶液CuSO4+4NH3·H2O(足=Cu(NH34SO4+4H2O 總方程式Cu2+4NH3·H2O=Cu(NH342+4H2O 銅氨溶液AgNO3+NH3·H2O=AgOH+NH4NO3 2AgOH=Ag2O(灰黑色+H2OAg2O+4NH3·H2O=2Ag(NH32+2OH-+3H2O 銀氨溶液AgNO3+2NH3·H2O=Ag(NH32NO3+2H2OAg+2NH3·H2O=Ag(NH32

38、+2H2O 總方程式ZnSO4+2NH3·H2O(不足=Zn(OH2+(NH42SO4Zn2+2NH3·H2O=Zn(OH2+2NH4+Zn(OH2+4NH3·H2O=Zn(NH34(OH2+4H2OZnSO4+4NH3·H2O(足=Zn(NH34SO4+4H2OZn2+4NH3·H2O=Zn(NH342+4H2O 總方程式4.與酸性物質(zhì)的作用：強酸制弱酸，或不揮發(fā)性酸制揮發(fā)性酸Na3PO4+2HCl=Na2HPO4+2NaCl PO43-+2H+=H2PO4-Na2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaCl HPO4C. 同體積、同密度的CO

39、 和CH 4 D. 同壓強、同體積的N 2和O 23. 兩個容積相同的容器，一個盛有一氧化氮，另一個盛有氮氣和氧氣，在同溫、同壓下兩容器內(nèi)的氣體一定具有相同的（ ）A. 原子總數(shù) B. 質(zhì)子總數(shù) C. 分子總數(shù) D. 質(zhì)量4. 用N A 表示阿伏加德羅常數(shù)的值，下列敘述正確的是（ ）B. 25，1.01×105 Pa, 64g SO2中含有的原子數(shù)為3N AC. 在常溫常壓下，11.2L Cl2含有的分子數(shù)為0.5N AD. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下，11.2LH 2O 含有的分子數(shù)為0.5N AA. 80g SO3 B. 16g O2 C. 32g H2S D. 3g H26. 下列各物質(zhì)所含原

40、子數(shù)目，按由大到小順序排列的是（ ） 0.5mol NH3 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下22.4LHe 4 時的9mL 水 0.2mol H3PO 4A. B. C. D. 7. 下列說法正確的是（ ）-NaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaCl H2PO4-+H+=H3PO4Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaCl CO32-+H+=HCO3-NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2 HCO3-+H+=CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl (物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng) 3CO32-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3CO23Na2CO3+2FeC

41、l3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl (物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng)3CO32-+2Fe3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO23NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH3+3CO2 (物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng)3HCO3-+Al3+=2Al(OH3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH3+3CO2 (物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng)3HCO3-+Fe3+=2Fe(OH3+3CO23Na2S+Al2(SO43+6H2O=2Al(OH3+3H2S (物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng)3S2-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3H2S3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH3+3NaCl (物質(zhì)之間的雙

42、水解反應(yīng)3AlO2-+Al3+6H2O=4Al(OH33NaAlO2+FeCl3+6H2O=3Al(OH3+Fe(OH3+3NaCl3AlO2-+Fe3+6H2O=3Al(OH3+Fe(OH3NaAlO2+NH4Cl+2H2O=Al(OH3+NH3·H2O+NaClAlO2-+NH4+2H2O=Al(OH3+NH3·H2O Na2CO3+H2O+CO2=2NaHCO3 CO32-+H2O+CO2=2HCO3-Na2CO3+H2O+2SO2=2NaHSO3+CO2 (1:2CO32-+H2O+2SO2=2HSO3-+CO22Na2CO3(足+H2O+SO2=Na2SO3+2N

43、aHCO3 (CO2中的SO2不能用Na2CO3洗氣2CO32-+H2O+SO2=SO32-+2HCO3- (2:1Na2CO3+SO2=Na2SO3+CO2 (1:1CO32-+SO2=SO32-+CO2 NaHCO3+SO2=NaHSO3+CO2 (CO2中的SO2可能用NaHCO3洗氣2HCO3-+SO2=2HSO3-+CO22NaHCO3+SO2=Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O 2HCO3-+SO2=SO32-+2CO2+H2ONa2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3+NaCl 或Na2SiO3+2HCl+H2O=H4SiO4+2NaCl SiO32-+2H+=H2SiO3 或SiO32

44、-+2H+H2O=H4SiO4Na2SiO3+CO2+2H2O=H2SiO3+Na2CO3 SiO32-+CO2+2H2O=H4SiO4+CO32-5.鹽與鹽復(fù)分解反應(yīng)Na2SO4+BaCl2=BaSO4+2NaCl(沉淀不溶于鹽酸、硝酸SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO4Na2SO3+BaCl2=BaSO3+2NaCl (沉淀溶于鹽酸,在硝酸中生成新的沉淀,沉淀不消失SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO3Na2CO3+BaCl2=BaCO3+2NaCl(沉淀溶于鹽酸、沉淀消失CO32-+Ba2+=BaCO3Na2CO3+CaCl2=CaCO3+2NaCl (NaHCO3不反應(yīng)CO32-+Ca2+=Ca

45、CO3AgNO3+NaCl=AgCl+NaNO3 Ag+Cl-=AgClAgNO3+NaBr=AgBr+NaNO3 Ag+Br-=AgBrAgNO3+KI=AgCl+KNO3 Ag+I-=AgI3AgNO3+Na3PO4=Ag3PO4+3NaNO3 3Ag+PO43-=Ag3PO4CuSO4+Na2S=CuS+Na2SO4 Cu2+S2-=CuSFeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN3+3KClFe3+3SCN-=Fe(SCN3 (血紅色，用于Fe3+的特性檢驗6.不穩(wěn)定性: Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2O S2O32-+2H+=S+SO2+H2ONH4ClNH3+

46、HCl NH4INH3+HI 2HIH2+I2NH4INH3+H2+I2NH4HCO3NH3+H2O+CO22KNO32KNO2+O2 2Cu(NO332CuO+4NO2+O2 2AgNO32Ag+2NO2+O2(保存在棕色瓶中5NH4NO34N2+2HNO3+9H2O10NH4NO38N2+4NO2+O2+20H2O(硝酸銨爆炸反應(yīng)2KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O2 2KClO32KCl+3O2 2NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2 Ca(HCO32CaCO3+H2O+CO2 CaCO3CaO+CO2 MgCO3MgO+CO2九、電離方程式1.酸的電離(H2SO4、HNO3、HC

47、l、HBr、HI、H3PO4、HF、H2SO3、CH3COOH、H2CO3、H2S、HNO2、C6H5OH、HCN、HClOH2SO4=2H+SO42- 或：H2SO4+2H2O=2H3O+SO42- HNO3=H+NO3- 或：HNO3+H2O=H3O+NO3- (以下雷同HCl=H+Cl HBr=H+Br HI=H+IH3PO4H+H2PO H2POH+HPO HPOH+POHFH+FH2SO3H+HSO HSOH+SOCH3COOHH+CH3COOH2CO3H+ H+H2SH+ H+HNO2H+NO C6H5OHH+C6H5O- (苯酚不是酸，顯酸性HCNH+CN HClOH+ClOH2

48、OH+OH 2H2OH3O+OH 2.堿的電離(NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH2、Mg(OH2、Al(OH3、NH3·H2ONaOH=Na+OH KOH=K+OH Ba(OH2=Ba2+2OHMg(OH2Mg2+2OHAl(OH3Al3+3OH 酸式電離：Al(OH3H+H2ONH3·H2O+2OHCa(OH2=Ca2+2OH (澄清石灰水Ca(OH2Ca2+2OH (石灰懸濁液3.鹽的電離(NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHSO4、Na2SO3、NaHSO3、MgSO4、CaSO4、Al2(SO43、CuSO4、AlCl3、AgNO3、CH3COONa、NH4NO3、FeCl3

49、、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、Na2S、NaHS、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4、Na3PO4、KI、NaBr、NaClO、AgCl、CaCO3NaCl=Na+ClNa2SO4=2Na+NaHSO4=H+Na+Na2SO3=2Na+NaHSO3=Na+HSO3- (錯誤書寫：NaHSO3=Na+H+SO42-MgSO4=Mg2+Al2(SO43=2Al3+3CuSO4=Cu2+AlCl3=Al3+3ClAgNO3=Ag+NO3CH3COONa=CH3COO+Na+NH4NO3=NH4+NO3-FeCl3=Fe3+3ClNa2CO3=2Na+NaHCO3=Na+ (錯誤書寫：NaHCO3=Na+

50、H+ Na2S=2Na+NaHS=Na+HS (錯誤書寫：NaHS=Na+H+NaH2PO4=Na+H2PONa2HPO4=2Na+HPO (錯誤書寫：Na2HPO4=2Na+H+PONa3PO4=3Na+POKI=K+I NaBr=Na+Br NaClO=Na+ClOAgClAg+ (難溶、微溶物質(zhì)在水中發(fā)生微弱電離CaCO3Ca2+ (錯誤書寫：CaCO3=Ca2+COCaSO4Ca2+SO(錯誤書寫：CaSO4=Ca2+SO3、熔融電離NaClNa+ MgCl2Mg2+2Na2O2Na+O2 Al2O32Al3+3O2十、水解反應(yīng)1. 單水解-可逆水解NH4Cl+H2ONH3·

51、H2O+HCl NH4+H2OH+NH3·H2OFeCl3+3H2OFe(OH3+3HCl Fe3+3H2OFe(OH3+3H+ AlCl3+3H2OAl(OH3+3HCl Al3+3H2OAl(OH3+3H+CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH2+H2SO4 (金屬活動順序表中Mg2+以后的陽離子均水解NaHCO3+H2OH2CO3+NaOH (NaHSO4不水解，NaHSO3電離大于水解Na2CO3+H2ONaHCO3+NaOH CO32-+H2OHCO3-+OHNaHCO3+H2OH2CO3+NaOH(第一步遠遠大于第二步，二步不能疊加Na2SO3+H2ONaHSO3+NaOH SO32-+H2OHSO3-+OHNaHSO3+H2OH2SO3+NaOH(第一步遠遠大于第二步，二步不能疊加HSO3-+H2OH2SO3+OH-Na2S+H2ONaHS+NaOH S2-+H2OHS-+OHNaHS+H2OH2S+NaOH(第一步遠遠大于第二步，二步不能疊加HS-+H2OH2S+OH-Na3PO4+H2ONa2HPO4+NaOH PO43-+H2OHPO42-+OHNa2HPO4+H2ONaH2PO4+NaOH HPO42-+H2OH2PO4-+OHNaH2PO4+H2OH3PO4+NaOH H2PO4-+H2OH3PO4+OHCH