中考英語聽力測試命題原則與方法

1、中考英語聽力測試命題原則與方法黑龍江省綏棱縣克音河中學(xué) 谷俊明摘要 本文闡述了中考英語聽力測試命題的原則，并結(jié)合實例介紹命題的方法，以期對各省市中考命題起到指導(dǎo)作用。關(guān)鍵詞 中考英語；命題；原則；方法聽力理解能力應(yīng)是英語教學(xué)的重要內(nèi)容。聽是理解和吸收口頭信息的手段，聽力理解能力是提高口語表達能力的基礎(chǔ)?？?#183;韋弗CarI Weaver曾經(jīng)說過：“聽是交際活動的核心”。和讀一樣，聽是感知技能，是對聽覺器官接收到的信息的感知，這種感知叫做聽覺感知?！奥牎痹谟⒄Z的“聽、說、讀、寫”四技能中處于最基礎(chǔ)的地位?！奥牎笔禽斎耄侨藗儗W(xué)習(xí)、吸收語言的重要途徑，沒有輸入就沒有輸出。從第二語言習(xí)得規(guī)律

2、方面講，“說”是通過模仿而獲得的言語行為，模仿的渠道就是“聽”。聽的技能就是通過聽獲取信息、處理信息，并完成相關(guān)任務(wù)。聽力測試，即對聽的技能的評價手段，主要檢測考生理解口頭英語的能力，對特定情景中的對話或獨白的整體輸入和理解。對于某些聽力試題，考生無法直接從對話或獨白中捕捉現(xiàn)成的答案，要求考生經(jīng)過對所聽到的信息進行處理后才能得到正確答案。一、設(shè)計聽力測試題應(yīng)遵循的幾個原則1題型要根據(jù)測試目的來確定，主觀題型與客觀題型相結(jié)合。2原文最好是口語材料，要反映交際功能，涉及詞匯應(yīng)是口語涉及的高頻詞匯。3原文要適合考生的年齡特點和生活實際。4試題的設(shè)計要充分考慮卷面上的閱讀負擔(dān)問題，要突出聽力理解的考查

3、，盡量減少閱讀量。5要確保聽力題必須通過聽作答，通過讀題可作答的題沒有意義。6選項以3個為宜，力爭簡潔，這樣有助于控制閱讀量，也有助于降低命題的難度。7、不設(shè)置語法錯誤的選項，以免混淆考查重點。8、朗讀速度以每分鐘80100為宜。二、聽力測試題型及命題方法第一類 聽句子具體分以下四種一聽句子選詞語。題型一：聽句子，選出你在句中聽到的單詞或短語【例1】原文：There is a dog under the table. 書面選項：A. on B. under C. over 【例2】原文：My brother is going abroad for further study next year

4、. . 書面選項：A. further study B. favorite story C. nice start 題型二：選出你所聽到的句子【例】原文：Both Tom and Jim want to go to Hawaii for a holiday. 書面選項：A. Both Tom and Jim would go to Hawaii for a holiday. B. Both Tom and Jim wont go to Hawaii for a holiday. C. Both Tom and Jim want to go to Hawaii for a holiday. 這種

5、題型重復(fù)信息多，浪費試卷版面，其實與“題型一”測試目的相同，目前中考題中不再被使用?？傊?，這兩個題型旨在考查在語境中聽辨讀音近似的詞語的能力，其中語境為考生作答提供了修正時機。該題型有利于培養(yǎng)與訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的語音意識，兼顧對句意理解的考查，但這種題不具有交際意義。二聽句子，從選項中選擇意思相同或相近的一項【例】原文：I prefer pop music to classical music. 書面選項：A. I like classical music better. B. I like pop music better than classical music. C. Id like to li

6、sten to all kinds of music. 此題答案句在結(jié)構(gòu)、詞序上有了根本的變化，要求聽懂一句的同時，需要讀懂多句，與筆試題中“同義句轉(zhuǎn)換”的命題素材相似。三聽句子或句組選圖畫【例】原文：Bill likes ball games. Look! He is playing football with his classmates. 書面選項：圖A 踢足球 圖B 打籃球 圖C 打排球另一種是，圖畫選項一同給出，可加兩個干擾項，這樣可以使試卷結(jié)構(gòu)更加簡約。聽一句或多句描述選擇圖畫。該題型的優(yōu)點是，以圖片呈現(xiàn)情景直截了當(dāng)，考生沒有閱讀負擔(dān)。要注意圖片應(yīng)繪制簡潔清晰，不要起到視覺模糊而影

7、響學(xué)生理解。(四)聽句子做應(yīng)答【例1】原文：Would you like to go out with us to have a cup of coffee now?書面選項：A. Id love to, but Im not free now. B. Yes, please, and well have a good time. C. No, its not a good idea, for I like tea. 【例2】原文： Im sorry I have broken your cup. 書面選項：A. No problem. B. Never mind. C. My pleasur

8、e. 我這里所說的“應(yīng)答”有兩個含義：1. 對所聽到的某個情景的陳述做出反應(yīng)，例1“抱歉和應(yīng)答”“邀請和應(yīng)答”；2. 對所聽到的某一問題而做答復(fù)。此題型要求考生理解原文語句的語義及功能。命題時應(yīng)按照課標(biāo)中的功能意念項目表選材第二類 聽對話一聽短對話短對話可以是一問一答，也可以問題兩三個輪次，但不要過長。針對每一段短對話設(shè)置一個問題，考查細節(jié)信息或考查考生理解談話雙方的身份、關(guān)系、態(tài)度、意圖等?？梢栽O(shè)置選擇題，也可以設(shè)置非選擇題。最好由男女聲錄音，問題由第三個人提出，同時錄在磁帶上。為降低難度，也可以將問題印制在試卷上。1、 聽短對話選擇正確答案2、聽短對話答復(fù)下列問題3、聽短對話及問題選擇正確

9、答案4、聽短對話及問題選擇正確圖畫如我省中考英語聽力第一題【例】原文：W: (Excuse me, sir.) Where is the nearest bookshop, please?M: Sorry, I dont know. (ErI think you can ask the policeman over there.)W: Thank you all the same. (添加括號中的語句更好些,在實際生活交談時,經(jīng)常使用零碎語, 如er,mm,hm, ah, well等)Q: Where does the woman want to go?書面選項：選擇式(文字) A. The

10、book shop.B. The food shop.C. The bus shop. (圖片) A. 書店 B. 食品商店 C. 公共汽車站 (非選擇式 _. (The nearest bookshop) 二聽長對話長對話分為兩人對話或多人對話，為方便錄音，多采用兩人對話。長對話自然是多個問答輪次。設(shè)置的問題一般包括談話人之間的關(guān)系、事件、原因、結(jié)果、態(tài)度、情感、贊同、反對等，可以設(shè)置兩個或多個題目。1、聽對話選擇正確答案問題在試卷上 2、聽對話及問題選擇正確答案問題在錄音中【例】原文：W： Are you going to the cinema tonight? I hear there

11、is an American film.M： Id like to. I happen to be free this evening. Whats the film about？W： Its about “How black people were brought to America from Africa” I remember the name now. Its “Roots”.M： Oh！Its a world famous story written by William Hadley. Ive heard about it, but Ive never read it.W： My

12、 mother has bought two tickets already. Lets go togetherM： Thank you, then when shall we meet？W： The film starts at six forty-five. I11 wait for you at No.3 bus stop at six oclock. Dont be late.M： OK. See you laterW： See you later.Questions:1. What wiIl the boy and the girl do this evening？2. When w

13、iIl they meet at the bus stop？3. Who bought the tickets？ 書面選項:1. A. See a film. (比They will see a film.更簡潔)B. Go for a walk. C. Read a book. 2. A. At 6:45.B: At 6:00. (原文信息詞At six.用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表達轉(zhuǎn)換)C. At 6:30.3. A. The boy. B. The girl. C. The girls mother. 3、聽對話連線我省中考英語聽力B【例】原文: Ms Liu: What are you doing

14、 in Beijing, Tim?Tim: Im studying Chinese at Beijing University.Ms Liu: Thats a good university. Do you think its hard?Tim: A little. I have homework every day, and there are so many tests!Ms Liu: Well, keep studying, and youll get on well with your studies. .Tim: Im sure I will.Ms Liu: By the way,

15、are you parents with you here?Tim: No, Im alone here. What do you do for a living, Ms Liu?Ms Liu: I work in a bank.Tim: That sounds interesting.Ms Liu: Sometimes it is, but its also hard work. Were always very busy.Tim: I know how you feel. So, do you take long vacations?Ms Liu: Not really. The bank

16、 needs us to work all year. Of course, we can take vacations, but only for a few days or a week.書面題目：1. Tim A. is working at Beijing University. 2. Ms Liu B. isnt in Beijing. 3. Tims father C. works in a bank. 4. Tim has D. is a student of Beijing University. E. only a little work to do. F. lots of

17、homework and many tests. Key：1-4 DCBF 這種題的缺點是,有的選項靠語法或搭配便可排除。4、聽對話或短文在表格或圖表中填入正確的信息如我省中考英語聽力D題原文：A: Hello, whos that speaking?B: Hello, this is Mike. May I speak to Mary, please?A: Im sorry she is not in. she went to the shop just now.B: I m sorry to hear that.A: This is Jack speaking. Can I take a

18、message for you?B: Yes, please. When she comes back, tell her to ring back at about 5:30 this afternoon. Im waiting for her call. I have bought two tickets for the film this evening. Please tell her not to buy any more.A: What is your telephone number, please?B: My number is 5878320. Thank you for y

19、our help.A: You are welcome. Bye!B: Goodbye!試題：TELEPHONE MESSAGEFrom: (1)_ To: _Date: March 23 Time: 10:30Message: (3)_ (4)_ to him at about (5)_ in the (6)_. Dont buy any more (7)_. His phone number is (8)_. Key: 1. Mike 2. Mary 3. Ring 4. back 5. 5:30 6. afternoon 7. tickets 8. 5878320 第三類 聽短文獨白一定

20、要注意作為聽力材料的小短文，最好不含生詞，語句簡單，表達直白，易于理解。聽短文理解其情節(jié)發(fā)展、人物關(guān)系、時間、原因及結(jié)果等具體信息。講話者或作者的態(tài)度、意圖等推理等深層次理解也可以考慮設(shè)題。要注意，形式上此題與書面閱讀理解相象，但題干和選項設(shè)置要簡要，一目了然，不設(shè)置文字障礙。（一） 聽短文選擇正確答案 （二） 聽短文答復(fù)下列問題（三） 聽短文判斷正誤 （四） 聽短文完成句子（五） 聽短文填寫所缺的單詞聽寫，很少使用六 聽短文在表格或圖表中填入正確的信息用表格設(shè)題，使得任務(wù)更明確，可以節(jié)省很多文字信息，給予考生更多的思考時間與空間?！纠吭模篗y name is Li Hua. Im 25 years old. I live at 128 Qingbin Road, Nangang District in Harbin. My telephone number is 86308321. I like listening to music and reading in my free time. Im free on Saturdays and Sundays. I graduated from Heilongjiang University. Im ver