高三英語復習非謂語動詞

1、曹州一中高三英語復習教學案 （六）專題六 非謂語動詞一 動詞不定式【精華知識巨獻】一、動詞不定式的句法功能1不定式作主語To know something about English is one thing;to know English is quite another.注：常用it作形式主語，而把不定式放在句子的后部。 It isn't easy for her to find a new job. It took me a year to save up for a new coat.2不定式作賓語不定式可作某些動詞的賓語，常見的動詞有：afford,agree,ask,dec

2、ide,desire,expect,fail,hope,manage,promise,pretend,plan,intend,refuse,wish等。 He failed to attract her e,get,grow后接不定式作賓語時，意為“逐漸地”。She has a hot temper,but you will grow to like her.介詞but/except后接不定式作賓語時，如前面有實義動詞do,不定式就要省略to。 It has no choice but to lie down and sleep.3不定式作賓語補足語某些動詞如tell

3、,want,wish,advise,other,get,require,expect,remind,persuade, encourage,convince,force,beg,allow,forbid等后可接不定式作賓語補足語。 My doctor advised me to take a rest.某些感官動詞如feel,hear,see,watch,notice,observe等或使役動詞如have,let,make 等后面可接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語。但如果句子變成被動語態(tài)時，就必須帶不定式符號to。Did you notice anyone go into the house?

4、Was anyone noticed to go into the house？某些動詞如find,feel,think,expect,consider,make等后可接不定式作賓語，但賓語后要接形容詞或名詞作賓語補足語，而且要用it作形式賓語。 He found it difficult to work out the problem.be supposed/expected/believed/said/reported to等已是固定結(jié)構(gòu)。 Teachers are supposed to treat all the students alike.4不定式作定語不定式作定語時常用主動形式表

5、達被動意思。Do you have anything to take home？不定式作定語一般表示將來的動作，但修飾有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級限定的名詞時，則表示已完成的動作。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.5不定式作狀語作目的狀語，還可用短語in order to或so as to。 He sat down to have a rest.作結(jié)果狀語，表示意想不到的結(jié)果，還可用only to。 He left,never to return. He lifted a stone only to

6、drop it on his own feet.不定式可用在下列句子中表示結(jié)果： adj./adv.+enough+to do. too+adj./adv.to do. so+adj./adv.+as to do. He was so careless as to forget to lock the door.不定式可作評注性狀語，用以修飾整個句子。T o be honest,I know nothing about it.6不定式作表語 The first step is to check the victim's breath. All I did was(to)press th

7、e button.7“疑問詞+不定式”在句中可充當主語、表語、賓語。 When and where to hold the meeting is not known yet. I didn't know whether to laugh or cry about it.注：此時不可用if to do結(jié)構(gòu)。二、不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)時態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式to doto be done進行時to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done1不定式的時態(tài)一般式表示將要發(fā)生的動作或表示一種狀態(tài)。 What I want you to do is to he

8、lp Mary with her homework. He pretended to be asleep when his mother came in.進行時表示不定式動作仍在進行之中。 He is said to be writing a new book. It happened to be raining hard when the accident occurred.完成式表示不定式動作已完成或發(fā)生在句子的謂語動詞之前。 She seemed to have forgotten the whole thing. He is generally considered to have i

9、nvented the telephone.2不定式的語態(tài)當不定式與自己的邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系時，用主動語態(tài)；如果是被動關(guān)系則用被動語態(tài)。 He refused to go abroad. He refused to be taken abroad.注：有時要用主動形式表達被動意義：不定式放在形容詞之后時。 This book is difficult to understand.個別動詞用在“be+不定式”表將來或應該時。 I think he is to blame. 我認為他應該受到責備。三、不定式的省略問題為了避免重復，不定式可用省略形式，但要保留不定式符號to。如果不定式中含有be

10、,have,have been時，這些詞也可保留。I haven't been to Hong Kong,but I wish to.“I didn't tell him the news.”“Oh,you ought to have.”二 動名詞【精華知識巨獻】一、動名詞的功能1動名詞作主語 Findind work is difficult these days.注：有時用it作形式主語，而把動詞的ing形式放在句子的后部。 It is no use crying over spilt milk.2動名詞作賓語下列動詞后只能接動名詞作賓語，不可接不定式作賓語： admit,

11、appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish, imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest等。 I admit breaking the window. She just missed burning her hand.下列短語后要接動名詞作賓語：burst out,can't stand,end up,give up,feel like,keep on,insist on,look forward to,put off,devote.to

12、,object to,be busy(in),get down to,have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),have fun等。 He has given up smoking. He didn't want to end up going home alone.下列動詞或短語后接不定式和動名詞作賓語時，意義上有所不同。 forget to do sth.忘記去做某事 forget doing sth.忘記已經(jīng)做過某事 remember to do sth.記住去做某事 remember doin

13、t sth.記得曾經(jīng)做過某事 regret to do sth.很遺憾要去做某事 regret doing sth.后悔做過某事 stop to do sth.停下來接著做另一件事 stop doing sth.停止做一件事 try to do sth.努力/試圖做某事 try doing sth.嘗試著做某事 mean to do sth.意欲/想/企圖做某事 mean doing sth.意味著做某事 can't help to do sth.不能幫助做某事 can't help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事 be used to do sth.被用來做某事 be

14、used to doing sth.習慣于做某事 Remember to post the letter for me on your way to school. 請你在上學的路上記住替我把這封信寄出去。 I remember turning off the light before I left the office. 我記得在離開辦公室前關(guān)上了燈。動詞like,love,prefer,hate,continue等后接不定式或動名詞作賓語均可。但如表示經(jīng)常性的動作要用動名詞，如表示具體的行為要用不定式。 I like swimming,but I don't like to swi

15、m this afternoon.注：在prefer.to.結(jié)構(gòu)中用動名詞，而在prefer.rather than.結(jié)構(gòu)中則用不定式。 I prefer walking there to taking a bus. I prefer to walk there rather than take a bus.動詞allow，advise，forbid,permit等后接動名詞作賓語，但要接不定式作賓語補足語。 We don't allow smoking here. We don't allow students to smoke.動詞need,require,want作“需要

16、”解時，其后要用動名詞的主動語態(tài)或不定式的被動語態(tài)作賓語。與此相同用法的動詞還有deserve“值得”。 The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.形容詞worth后要接動名詞的主動語態(tài)表達被動意義，它不同于worthy的用法。 The place is worth visiting. The place is worthy of being visited/to be visited.介詞后要接動名詞作賓語。 Upon arriving at the airport,he delivered an important speech.3動名詞作表語 My

17、hobby is growing flowers.4動名詞作定語 He had a very expensive walking stick.二、動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)主動語態(tài)doing被動語態(tài)一般式being done完成時having donehaving been done He went away without saying anything. He narrowly escaped being drowned. I'm sorry for having wasted so much of your time. I forgot having been given a Chris

18、tmas gift years ago.三、動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu) 動名詞之前有時要加上自己的邏輯主語構(gòu)成復合結(jié)構(gòu)，邏輯主語可用名詞的所有格或形容詞物主代詞，有時也可用名詞或賓格代詞。 I can't imagine George sailing across the ocean in a boat. My coming back home late made my mother very angry.三 分詞【精華知識巨獻】一、現(xiàn)以分詞的功能1現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語 下列動詞后可接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補：see,hear,notice,observe,watch,listen to,look at,

19、have,keep,leave,find,catch,feel,send等。 She kept me waiting for over 20 minutes.2現(xiàn)在分詞作表語 This experience is thrilling.3現(xiàn)在分詞作定語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，通常表示與先行詞之間是主動關(guān)系。 Do you know the man talking to Tom? The road joining the villages is very narrow.注：being done形式表示正在進行中的動作，且與先行詞之間是被動關(guān)系。 The house being built will se

20、rve as a library.4現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，可表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。此時，現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語通常就是句子的主語，而且現(xiàn)在分詞與句子的主語之間一般具有邏輯上的主謂或動賓關(guān)系。 She got home,feeling very tired. Jack came running over.注：如果現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，就要用分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 Weather permitting,we'll play golf this afternoon. We explored the cave,Peter acting as a

21、 guide.現(xiàn)在分詞還可作評注性狀語，表示說話人的態(tài)度，此時現(xiàn)在分詞與句子的主語無關(guān)。常見的說法有：generally speaking“一般來說”；frankly speaking“坦白地說”；judging from.“根據(jù)來判斷”；considering.“考慮到”等。 Women,generally speaking,live longer than men. Judging from his accent,he is Canadian.二、現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)主動語態(tài)doing被動語態(tài)一般式being done完成時having donehaving been done Not k

22、nowing her address,I wasn't able to connect her. I saw him being taken away when I passed by his house. Having bought our tickets,we went into the theatre. Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.三、過去分詞 過去分詞一般在句中作賓補、表語、定語和狀語，通常表示已完成的被動動作或一種狀態(tài)。 You'd better have the tel

23、evision repaired. He got bored with the director's long speech. He didn't notice the surprised look on her face. Given a chance,I can surprise the world.四 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)【精華知識巨獻】一、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成方式為：名詞普通格式或代詞主格+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語等。二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點1獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。2名詞或代詞與后面的分詞、形容詞、副詞

24、、不定式、介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。3獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。4使用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是因為出現(xiàn)了與句子主語不一致的情況。（1）名詞（或代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動進行的動作或狀態(tài)。如： The man lay there,his hands trembling. 有時，現(xiàn)在分詞being或having been在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中可以省略。如： The weather(being)fine,we decided to go on an outing.（2）名詞（或代詞）+過去分詞 過去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動完成的動作。如： The girls lay on her bac

25、k,her hands crossed under her head.（3）名詞（或代詞）+形容詞（短語） 形容詞（短語）在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中說明前面名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等。如： The floor wet,we had to stay outside for a while.（4）名詞（或代詞）+副詞 副詞在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中也多是說明名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)。如： The meeting over,we all went home.（5）名詞（或代語）+介詞短語 The teacher came in,a book in his hand.（6）名詞（或代詞）+不定式（短語） 不定式表示將來的動作。如：

26、 He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food.（7）有時獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞前的定語可以省略。如： The boy sat quietly in the office,(his)eyes closed/(a)book in(his)hand.三、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的作用1作狀語（1）表示時間Her homework done(=After her homework was done),Mary decided to go shopping.（2）表示原因There being no buses(=Because there were

27、 no buses),we had to walk home.（3）表示條件Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we'll go to play basketball.（4）表示方式或伴隨He sat at the table,head down.2作同位語Many people joined in the work,some of them women and children.3作定語Close to the bank,we saw deep pools,the water blue like the sky.四、with的復合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨立

28、主格表伴隨時，既可用分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，也可用with的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。其結(jié)構(gòu)為:with+名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語。如：He stood there,his hand raised.=He stood there,with his hand raised.他站在那里，舉著手。五 疑難、易錯點【精華知識巨獻】疑難點清單一、不定式的主動和被動1不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時，不定式往往用主動形式。如： Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon?(A knife cuts the watermelon.)2

29、不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時，不定式常用主動形式。如： She has a sister to look after.（She looks after her sister.）3不定式作表語形容詞的狀語，和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時，不定式多用主動形式，這是因為人們往往認為形容詞后省去了for sb.。如： This book is difficult to understand. This kind of fish is nice to eat.4在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，當說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時，不定式用主動形式

30、；如果說話人強調(diào)的事情本身必須被完成，則用被動形式。如： There is a lot of work to do.(Someone has to do the work.) There is a lot of work to be done.(The work has to be done.)二、不定式符號to的保留問題有時為了避免重復，可以用to來代替前面的不定式，這種情況常出現(xiàn)在下列動詞之后：expect,hope,wish,mean,prefer,care,forget,want,try;或出現(xiàn)在be glad/happy,would like/love等的后面。如果在省略的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)

31、中含有be,have,have been,這些詞要保留。如： I haven't been to Hong Kong,but I wish to. Are you on holiday?No,but I'd like to be. I didn't tell him the news.Oh,you ought to have.三、非謂語動詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)1疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如： When to start has not be

32、en decided. 何時動身尚未決定。（主語） I don't know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。（賓語） The difficulty was how to cross the river. 困難在于如何過河。（表語） I can tell you where to get this book. 我可以告訴你在哪里可以買到此書。（雙重賓語）注意： （1）有時疑問詞前可用介詞。如： I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。 （2）動詞know后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞（如how,what）+不定式。2介詞exc

33、ept和but作“只有，只能”講時后跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（but可以與不帶to的不定式連用）。 When the streets are full of melting snow,you cannot help but get your shoes wet. 當街上滿是正在融化的雪時，你只能讓你的鞋子弄濕了。3不帶to的不定式（1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有： feel覺得observe注意到，看到 overhear聽到watch注視 listen to聽perceive察覺，感知notice注意see看見 look at看hear聽 On seeing the young ch

34、ild fall into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went to rescue him. 一看到那孩子掉進湖里，Eric一躍而起，開始施救。（2）另一類是某些使役動詞，如make,let,have等。如： Let him do it.讓他做吧。 I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。注意：1上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時其后的不定式一般需帶to。如： He was seen to come.有人看到他來了。 This boy was made to go to bed early.

35、這個男孩被要求早點睡覺。2在動詞help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，但被動結(jié)構(gòu)中要加to。如： I'll help you(to)push the car.我來幫你推車。 You'll be helped to fulfil the task. 有人將幫助你完成這項任務。3 在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中用省去to的動詞不定式。如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing,anything,e

36、verything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶to。The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其他什么都沒說。4不定式與動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)（1）不定式的邏輯主語為:for+名詞 （或代詞賓格）+不定式。如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他一個人干這活是不可能 的。注意：在表示某物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,ca

37、reless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,wicked,wrong等。如： It was wise of him to do that.他那樣做是明智的。 It is very kine of you to help me.你幫助我太好了。 間或也可用for+there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。 It's a great pity for

38、there to be much trouble in the company. 太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。（2）動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)為：人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞；名詞's+動名詞。如：Tom insisted on my going with them. 湯姆堅持要我和他們一起去。 He dislikes his wife's working late. 他不喜歡妻子工作到很晚。四、非謂語動詞中的有關(guān)句型1動名詞的有關(guān)句型（1）Doing.+v.Reading is an art.閱讀是一門藝術(shù)。Seeing is believing眼見為實。（2）It is+no use/

39、no good(fun,a great pleasure,a waste of time,a bore等名詞)+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭沒有用。 It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。 It is great fun playing football.踢足球很有趣。 It is a waste of time trying to explain. 試圖解釋是浪費時間。（3）It is+useless(nice,good,intersting,expensive等形容詞+doing sth.) It is useless speak

40、ing.光說沒用 It is nice seeing you again.真高興又見到你了。 It is good playing chess after supper.晚飯后下棋挺好。 It is expensive running this car.開這種小車很貴。（4）There is no+doing.(there is no表“不可能”) There is no telling what he is going to do. 說出他要干什么是不可能的。 There is no saying what may happen. 說出將要發(fā)生什么是不可能的。（5）There is no u

41、se(good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事沒用（不好） There is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水難收。（6）have difficulty/trouble/problem+(in)doing have作“有”解時，后接情感名詞（in可省略），再接動名詞。這類詞還有trouble,fun,a hard time,a good time。如： We had difficulty(in)carrying out the plan. 我們執(zhí)行計劃有困難。（7）feel like+名詞（“感覺像”）/動名詞（“想要”）=wou

42、ld like to+動詞原形 I feel like a newborn baby.我感覺像一個新生的嬰兒。 Do you feel like going to movie？你想看電影嗎？（8）spend/waste time doing sth. They spent a lot of time(in)making preparations. 他們花了許多時間作準備。（9）cannot help doing sth.忍不?。ㄗ鍪裁矗㊣ cannot help laughing,once I see John in that big shirt. 我一看到約翰穿那件大襯衫，就忍不住笑。2分詞

43、句型（1） 在表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞see,hear,feel,smell,listen(to),notice, observe,smell,watch、這類表示感覺的動詞之后常跟“賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”的復合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種動詞與分詞之間的賓語可以是普通名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻~（人名等），也可以是代詞賓格（him,us等）。如： She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising. 她聞到有東西在燃燒并看到有煙升起來了。 I watched them rehearsing the play. 我看到他們在彩排演戲。 I could feel the wind blo

44、wing on my face. 我能感覺到風在我臉上吹過。（2）表示“致使”等意義的動詞，如catch，find,leave,give,have,get,set后也可跟上述（1）的結(jié)構(gòu)，有時也可跟過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。如： I caught them stealing my apples. 我抓住他們偷我的蘋果。 If she catches me reading her diary,she'll be furious. 如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會憤怒的。 We found him waiting to receive us. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他正等著接待我們。They are going to

45、 have their house painted. 他們準備把房子裝修一下。（3）go+現(xiàn)在分詞表示“從事”之意，這時現(xiàn)在分詞作主語補語。go之后所接現(xiàn)在分詞均表示短暫而又愉快的戶外活動，如jogging慢跑，fishing釣魚，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保齡球，shopping購物，sightseeing游覽，camping露營。 I'll go camping tomorrow.我明天去露營。 I'll go shopping.我要去購物。 Would you like to go skating with me？ 你想和我去溜冰嗎？（4）be busy+v.ing（現(xiàn)在分詞）忙著做 I am busy writing my thesis.我正忙著寫論文。 He is busy with his work.他忙著工作。（5）What do you say to+v.ing？（怎么樣？） What do you say to joining us for dinn