初中英語-一般過去式-與現(xiàn)在完成式

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時區(qū)別專題 現(xiàn)在完成時1. 現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時是由助動詞 have (has)+動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。助動詞說明該謂語是屬于現(xiàn)在時圍。它和主語的人稱、數(shù)要保持一致。過去分詞是主要的謂語動詞，說明句子的意義。2. 現(xiàn)在完成時的用法現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去某時發(fā)生的行為對主語目前產(chǎn)生的影響。即用過去發(fā)生的某個行為來說明現(xiàn)在的某種情況。We are good friends.(現(xiàn)在的情況）I knew him in 1997.（過去的動作）We have known each other since 1997.（現(xiàn)在完成時把過去的動作和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來并著眼

2、于現(xiàn)在）（1）表示動作發(fā)生在過去某個不確定的時間，但對現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、yet 等副詞修飾。如：-Have you had lunch yet?-Yes, I have. I've just had it.你（已經(jīng)）吃午飯了嗎？ 我剛剛吃過。（現(xiàn)在我不餓了）（2）表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。這個動作可能剛停止，可能仍然在進行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時間的狀語。 如：He has taught here since 1981他自1981年就在這兒教書。（可能還要繼續(xù)教）I haven't seen her f

3、or four years.我有四年沒見到她了。（3）表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或多次的動作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗，一般譯為漢語“過”，常帶有twice,ever,never,three times等時間狀語。如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去過二次。3.現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語（1）現(xiàn)在完成時屬于現(xiàn)在時圍，故不能和過去的時間狀語連用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在強調(diào)動作產(chǎn)生的后果和影響時，可以和一些表示不確定的時間狀語連用。a. 用副詞already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet

4、一般用于否定句和 疑問句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我們已完成作業(yè)了。They haven't finished their homework yet.他們還沒有完成作業(yè)。b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑問句中，表示“曾經(jīng)”或“從未“等。如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾經(jīng)去過長城嗎？-I have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過長城。c.用表示到說話為止的過去時間狀語，如just, before, up to now, the

5、past few years等。例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.我以前見過她，但記不起在哪里見過。He has been there three times the last few days.近幾天他去過那里三次了。d.用包括“現(xiàn)在”在的時間狀語，如：now, today, this morning (month, year, term)等。例如：-Have you met him today? -No, I haven't.今天你見過他嗎？我 沒有。How many times have you bee

6、n there this year?今年你去過那里多少次？（2）現(xiàn)在完成時可以和帶有since或for等表示“一段時間”的狀語連用,表示動作或狀態(tài)從某一時刻開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。如：I haven't seen him for two years. 但是，像come,arrive,buy等終止性動詞不能與表示“一段時間”的狀語連用。要用，必須改為“be（在）”等延續(xù)性動詞來表述。現(xiàn)歸納總結(jié)一下由非延續(xù)性動詞到延續(xù)性動詞的轉(zhuǎn)換： arrivebe here begin(start)be on die be dead come backbe back leave be away fall

7、ill(sick,asleep)be ill(sick,asleep) get upbe up go out be out finish be overput on wear 或be on open be openjoin be in或 be a member of close be closed go to schoolbe a student borrow keep buy have catch(a cold) have(a cold) get to know know begin to studystudy come to workwork等如：He has been a soldier

8、 for three years.他參軍三年了。His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已開始十分鐘了。We have studied English for three years. 我們（開始）學(xué)英語已三年了。4.幾點注意事項（1）have been(to)與have gone( to)的區(qū)別：have been(to)表示“去過某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了）”，可用于各人稱；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（說話時某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀保Ｓ糜诘谌朔Q，前者可與

9、once ,never, several times等連用，后者則不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^兩次。He has gone to Beijing . 他去了。（2）如單純表示一段時間，或強調(diào)一段時間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時。如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有兩年了。（3）終止性動詞現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如：I haven't

10、 left here since 1997.自從1997年以來，我一直沒有離開過這兒(4) 表示行為或狀態(tài)從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在時，用現(xiàn)在完成時，要加表示一段時間的時間狀語時，常用 for一段時間, since時間點。I have lived here since my childhood.我從小就一直住在這里。I have lived here for 10 years. 我在這已經(jīng)住了10年了。(5) 在提問現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語時通常用 how longHow long have you lived here?注意：在表示某一行為狀態(tài)持續(xù)多長時間時，根據(jù)終止時間的不同，時態(tài)使用是不一樣的。如

11、：I lived here for a week last summer.去年夏天我在這里住了一周。I have lived here for a week by now. 到現(xiàn)在為止，我已經(jīng)在這里住了一周。I will live here for a week next year.明年我會在這里住一周?，F(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去，但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；而一般過去時表示過去的事實，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。I have just been to London. I went there last month

12、. 我剛?cè)ミ^倫敦，是上個月去的。1. 過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響。2. 過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。 一般過去時的時間狀語: yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語 共同的時間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語

13、for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,3.現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。舉例： I saw this film yesterday. （強調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了。） I have seen this film

14、. （強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的容已經(jīng)知道了)Why did you get up so early? （強調(diào)起床的動作已發(fā)生過了。） Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。） She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來了。 He has been in the League for three years. (在團的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has been a League member for three years. (是團員的狀態(tài)可

15、持續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為)句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時，要用過去時。 （錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.Exercise練習(xí)題1. A. 用 already或 yet1) Have they taken down the old pictur

16、es _yet_? No, not _havent_.2) Most of us have finished our compositions _阿拉ready_3) He said he hadnt visited the exhibition _yet_.B.用 since或 for1) We have learned five lessons _since_ the beginning of this term.2) Mrs Liao has been in hospital _since_last week.3) I have stayed at my aunts _two weeks

17、.C. 用have gone或 have been1) Where are the boy students ? They _ to the school factory.2) Is your father in ? No, he _ to Shenzhen. _he ever _ there before ? Yes, he _ there several times3) He asked me if I_ to Hangzhou before.I told him that I wanted to go there for a visit as I _ never _ to that ci

18、ty before.2. 選擇填空1.Mother _me a new coat yesterday. I _ it on. It fits me well.A. had madehave tried B. madehave triedC. has madetried D. madetried 2 “He _to draw horses already”. “When _ he ?” “ Last year "A. learnedhas B. learneddidC. has learnedhas D. has learneddid3.Tom _up into the tree. L

19、ook, he _ high up there !A. has gotis B. has climbedwas C. got wasD. climbedis4._ you _ the text yet ? Yes, we _ it two hours ago.A. Didcopydid B. Havecopiedhave C. Havecopieddid D. Did copyhad 5. “Why _ she _ angry ?” “Because he _ at her just now .”A. didgetshouted B. hasgotshouted C. didgethas sh

20、outed D. hasgothas shouted6. _you _ the film before ? Where _ you _ it ?A. Have seendidsee B. Did seedidwatchC. HaveseenhaveseenD. Did seehaveseen7.You _ me waiting for two hours. I _ for you since five.A. keptwaited B. have keptwaitedC. kepthave waitedD. have kepthave waited8.Where _ John _ ? To th

21、e library. He _ there for an hour.A. hasbeenhas goneB. hasgonehas been C. didgowent D. didbewent9._ the baby still _ ? No, it _ crying.A. Hascriedhas stoppedB. Iscryingstopped C. Did crystopped D. Iscryinghas stopped10. I _ the way. I _ here for quite many years.A. knewhave lived C. knewlive C. know

22、have lived D. knowlive11. _ you ever _ America ? Yes, I have.A. Havegone toB. Havegone in C. Havebeen to D. Have been in12. My brother _college for over three years.A. has gone to B. has been to C. has been in D. has been at13.He _ the Army by the end of 1989. He _ in the army since then.A. joinedis B. has joinedhas beenC. had joinedis D. had joined has been14. By the time I _ back they _ up ten satellites.A. camehave sent B. camehad sentC. comehave sent D. had comesent15. Jack _ over five lessons by seven oclock. Then he _ a rest.A. wenttook B. wenthad taken C. had gonetook D. had gone