關(guān)于瓦爾登湖中大衛(wèi)梭羅的自然觀分析

1、沈陽理工大學(xué)英語輔修專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文I. IntroductionA. About the author Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau was born in 1817. His father, John, was a pencil maker. Thoreau studied at Harvard University between 1833 and1837. In 1837, he worked as a pencil maker with his father, a handyman, a farmer, yet was at the sam

2、e time an accomplished Greek scholar.Henry David Thoreau was a complex man of many talents who worked hard to shape his craft and his life, seeing little difference between them. One of his first memories was of staying awake at night “l(fā)ooking through the stars to see if I could see God behind them.

3、” One might say he never stopped looking into nature for ultimate Truth.Henry grew up very close to his older brother John, who taught school to help pay for Henrys tuition at Harvard. While there, Henry read a small book by his Concord neighbor, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature, and in a sense he never

4、finished exploring its ideas although always definitely on his own terms, just as he explored everything! He and his brother taught school for a while but in 1842, John cut himself while shaving and died of lockjaw in his brothers arms, an untimely death which traumatized the 25-year-old Henry.

5、 He worked for several years as a surveyor making pencils with his father, but at the age of 28 in 1845, wanting to write his first book, he went to Walden Pond and built his cabin on land owned by Emerson.While at Walden, Thoreau did an incredible amount of reading and writing, yet he also spe

6、nt much time sauntering in nature. He gave a lecture and was imprisoned briefly for not paying his poll tax, but mostly he wrote a book as a memorial to a river trip he had taken with his brother, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers.After two years, Thoreau returned to Concorda bare two

7、miles away which he had visited frequently during his stay at the pond, having completed his experiment in living and his book. Unfortunately, few people were interested in purchasing his book, so he spent the next nine years, surveying and making pencils at times but primarily writing and rewriting

8、 Walden before trying to publish it. He supported himself by surveying and making a few lectures, often on his experience at Walden Pond. He traveled often, to the Maine woods and to Cape Cod several times, and was particularly interested in the frontier and Indians. He opposed the go

9、vernment for waging the Mexican war eloquently in Resistance to Civil Government, based on his brief experience in jail, he lectured against slavery in an abolitionist lecture, Slavery in Massachusetts. He even supported John Browns efforts to end slavery after meeting him in Concord, as in A&#

10、160;Plea for Captain John Brown.Thoreau died of tuberculosis in 1862, at the age of 44. His last words were said to be “Moose” and “Indian”. Not only did he leave his two books and numerous essays, but he also left a huge Journal published later in 20 volumes, which may have been his major work-in-p

11、rogress. Many memorials were penned by his friends, including Emersons eulogy and Louisa May Alcotts poem, “Thoreaus Flute.”Henry David Thoreau was a great American writer of transcendentalism in the 19th century, and now is the first major writer describing nature in American literature history. Hi

12、s understanding of nature is unprecedented in American literature. Thoreaus lifelong devotion to his profession of description of nature in works like Walden makes him a simple of culture for modern Americans, even the whole world. In a sense, Henry David Thoreau stands in a long tradition of formin

13、g selves and voices in his writing. Often known as an American poet, essayist and philosopher, Thoreau lives out the tenets of Transcendentalism and recounts the experience in his Walden. He is one of the few American authors that have been admired or critiqued globally. In 1995, Walter Harding turn

14、ed out an article titled Thoreaus Reputation trying to render a panoramic view of how Thoreau had been perceived in a world other than the United States.B. About the work WaldenWhen Walden was published in 1854, it was not well accepted by people. Instead it was regarded as “wicked and heathenish”.

15、It was published only the time until Thoreau died of disease. But many years later especially in twentieth century, it was gradually known and appreciated by lots of readers all over the world.Walden emphasizes the importance of self-reliance, solitude, contemplation, and closeness to nature. The bo

16、ok is neither a novel nor a true autobiography, but combines these genres with a social critique and materialist attitudes. The book is not simply a criticism of society, but also an attempt to engage creatively with the better aspects of contemporary culture is suggested both by his proximity to Co

17、ncord society and by his admiration for classical literature. There are signs of ambiguity, or an attempt to see an alternative side of something commonthe sound of a passing locomotive, for example, is compared to natural sounds. Walden is believed to have been inspired by American Transcendentalis

18、m, a philosophy developed by Thoreaus friend and spiritual mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson owned the land on which Thoreau built his cabin at Walden Pond, and Thoreau used to walk over to Emersons house for a meal and a conversation. Thoreau regarded his sojourn at Walden as a noble experiment w

19、ith a threefold purpose. It should come as no surprise that Walden is now an icon for environmentalists, and a touchstone for Americans seeking to “get in touch with nature.”. Analysis of Henry David Thoreaus view of natureA. The influence of society In the history of American literature there is no

20、 stronger tie between a writer and a place than the tie between Thoreau and Concord MassachusettsThoreau has rived all his life in Concord which provides him with natural surroundings and social backgroundMoreover, Thoreau develops his deep friendship with Emerson here, which proves to influence Tho

21、reaus literary writing to a large extentThey all contribute to the formation of Thoreaus view of nature. Thoreaus love for nature can be traced back to his childhood in Concord. Thoreau is a passionate outdoors man from childhood. As Leon Bazalgette describes: “All Concord is spread out on his lap l

22、ike a great book full of pictures and songs.” As a boy, Thoreau walked on the sunny meadows, swam in the clear rivers and ponds, picked huckleberries in the hills and fields, and played games in the quiet woods. All these gave him a sense of profound pleasure in nature with which he could never keep

23、 away. As time passed by, he was familiar with every sight in Concord. Emerson comments: “He chose wisely no doubt for himself to be the bachelor of thought and nature. His eyes were open to beauty, and his ears to music. He found these not in rare conditions, but wherever he went.” As a result, “He

24、 knew every track in the snow or on the ground and what creature had taken his path before him.” Just as he saw the day as all epitome of the year, he saw Concord an epitome of the world. By centering his eyes on Concord, Thoreau grasped the beauty of whole nature. Moreover, this experience prepared

25、 for his later scientific natural observation.To some extent，Concord is concerned with every important aspect of Thoreaus life and worksHe lived there, worked there and as Emerson said in Thoreau:“ Thoreau dedicated his genius with such entire love to the fields，hills，and waters of his native town,

26、that he made it known and interesting to an reading Americans, and to people over the sea.”B. The influence of Walden1. Far from the cityIn the long history of human beings development, they always tried to break away from the constraint of nature. This gradually came to be true after the first Indu

27、strial Revolution. Many new scientific inventions, such as the steam-powered engines, steam-ship, railroad, and telegraphy, were developed. These were the most striking and revolutionary inventions in the mid-19th century. It is obvious that Thoreau feared that science and technology would gradually

28、 become a weapon for people to exploit nature and a monster of inward intrusion and destruction to human life.In the eyes of most people, nature only had economic value and recreational value. Obviously, they were in conflict with nature, which was regarded as an inanimate object without any emotion

29、. They only thought of how they could exploit nature and make it serve their purposes. The forest thus became the raw material for meeting peoples demands for food, clothing and shelter. Thoreau believed that for those who only sought to occupy all the natural resources had been dehumanized and coul

30、d not enjoy the real scent of nature.At Walden Thoreau can be close to the nature, consider about the nature without disturbing of the city. He likes the way of life. More important he didnt want the prosperous city to destroy his beautiful nature in his heat.2. Life in the woodsIn autumn, Thoreau c

31、ultivates beans, observes Walden Pond. In winter, the Walden Pond freeze, lots of animals accompanies with him. As springs coming, the Walden and other ponds melt. Every thing in nature is awake and reborn including Thoreau. He lives alone in the woods, he is close to nature and

32、makes himself as a part of nature. He lives alone, but sometimes he also talks with his visitors who are honest, sincere, thinkable and loving their life. In the woods life is quite. When he lives in the woods, he can listen to animals sounds such as birds singing, owls hoot

33、ing, cockerels crowing etc. He lives with animals friendly. He also describes the Walden Pond. The water, blue and green, clear and pure, freezes in winter and melts in spring.By living at Walden, Thoreau holds close communion with nature, and experiences his simple life in nature. Meanwhi

34、le, he cultivates his lifelong interest: sauntering in nature, studying and writing about it. Thus we can gain this classic Walden, which records his natural life and reflects on how to maintain a balance between man and nature. While Thoreau was intoxicated by the beauty of Walden, Thoreau experien

35、ced his simple life, purified his mind and had a good harvest for works. During the 26 months he stayed at Walden, Thoreau led a life free of materialistic pursuits reduced his material requirements to the minimum and tried to be self-sufficient in everything. He spent about six weeks a year plantin

36、g beans etc., but writing and enjoying nature most of the time for the rest of the year.C. The influence on himself1. The love of natureAt Walden, Thoreau is in such a humorous relationship with animals. His exposure to nature and his sensuous contact with it gives him a sense of kinship as wide as

37、all outdoors. He declares that he does not consider the other animals brutes in the common sense. The muskrat is his brother, the skunk a lowly human being, the bream his contemporary and his neighbor, the plants of Concord his co-inhabitants; even the stars he calls his fellow-creatures. They are p

38、art of nature. Take mice for example, mice choose to be his neighbors without any wariness. He is sometimes like a little boy, playing games with the mouse that lives under his floor and watching it with great zest. In Thoreaus words: “when at last I held still a piece of cheese between my thumb and

39、 finger, it came and nibbled it, sitting in my hand, and afterward cleaned its face and paws, like a fly, and walked away.” Thoreau holds the view that people have the responsibility to live harmoniously with nature, to be part and parcel of nature. In natures embrace, man is healthy both physically

40、 and psychologically.” The most sweet and tender the most innocent and encouraging society may be found in any natural object, even for the poor misanthrope and most melancholy man.2. The pursuit of inner peace In the industrial civilization, human beings were estranged from life. They were indiffer

41、ent, numb and insensible to life, no matter what it wasman or nature. Thoreau saw peoples real life worn out in the pursuit of money and devastation of the ecology of nature. He felt heartache and anxiety for it. Therefore, he actively tried to awaken peoples life consciousness and proposed to rever

42、e, value and love all the life in the universe. Thoreau positively practiced his ideal in reality. First, he showed his great concern about nature. Since the enlightenment age, nature is perceived as neutral, disenchanted and essentially pure matter, structured according to laws and capable of being

43、 known through a mathematically formulated universal science. It has no intrinsic significance. It is, therefore, open to manipulation and alteration. In conclusion, I would like to quote from Lawrence Buell: “Thoreaus career in pursuit of nature thus became one of fitful, irregular, experimental, a

44、lthough increasingly purposeful, self-education in reading landscape and pondering the significance of what he found there. ConclusionThoreaus Walden is considered as a work of epochmaking significance in that it contains profound ecological and spiritual implications rather than describes the natur

45、al beauty of landscapes as the works of nature writing before. During the development of ecological movement since the beginning of 20th century, Walden has been highly praised, and now it has been respected as the green Bible. As a keen observer of nature, Thoreau discovered the inner close connection of nature and human race, opposed what people had done to nature and warned that peo