英語四級評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及作文模板

1、第一節(jié) 四級作文的評分原則 （一）評分原則作文考查的是考生對詞語、句子的運用能力和語法結(jié)構(gòu)的理解能力，具體體現(xiàn)為綜合運用書面語言進(jìn)行交流的能力，同時體現(xiàn)著考生的語言能力和思維能力。因此，考生不僅要具備扎實的語法功底、充足的詞匯和精確的語句表達(dá)能力，同時還要善于觀察事物的變化規(guī)律，合理地分析問題，并能針對問題提出相應(yīng)的解決方案。也就是說，要在作文上取得好成績，考生不僅要做到用詞準(zhǔn)確，文字連貫，語言規(guī)范，同時還要兼顧表意清楚，銜接自然，做到主題鮮明，內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一，層次分明，邏輯合理。如果僅僅是語言文字功底很好，但是內(nèi)容不切題意，得分仍會很低；如果內(nèi)容切題，但是語句表達(dá)錯誤百出，缺乏條理，詞不達(dá)意，同樣

2、不能得高分。因此，四級作文評分實行的是總體評分的原則(Global Scoring)。閱卷人根據(jù)對考生作文的總體印象和總體表達(dá)效果給分，而不是按語法、詞匯、拼寫、標(biāo)點等錯誤累計數(shù)目的多少來扣分。也就是說，閱卷人就內(nèi)容和語言兩個方面結(jié)合起來給作文打分，作文的語言和內(nèi)容是一個有機的統(tǒng)一體。（二）評分要求在總體評分原則的指導(dǎo)下，具體評分強調(diào)五方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即內(nèi)容切題，表達(dá)清楚，文字連貫，句式有變化和語言規(guī)范。1卷面整潔閱卷教師翻開考生試卷時，首先映入眼簾的是：卷面是否整潔、字體是否工整、書寫是否清晰，這些在考生看來是“小節(jié)”而這些對閱卷教師主觀上的影響是可想而知的。2字?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)標(biāo)作文字?jǐn)?shù)的要求一般在120

3、詞左右，作文字?jǐn)?shù)如少于120詞，該篇作文即使寫得不錯也很難得高分。這也并不說明寫得越長越好，因為： 議論文要求結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、用詞正式、語言簡練，考生很難在有限的時間內(nèi)即要注意以上方面又要語言表達(dá)清楚。 在篇幅有限的情況下，考生如果開始時“洋洋灑灑”，不免會在結(jié)尾時“虎頭蛇尾”，文章的質(zhì)量就會大打折扣。閱卷教師在閱卷時即要“保質(zhì)”又要“保量”，如果考生的作文篇幅大大超過所規(guī)定字?jǐn)?shù)，不免會出現(xiàn)前兩種情況，與此同時影響了閱卷教師的閱卷速度，也波及了閱卷教師的情緒，考試“結(jié)果”可想而知。3文體統(tǒng)一正式文體的文章不宜用非正式的語句。常發(fā)現(xiàn)有的考生在一篇很正式的議論文中用以下的句子結(jié)束本文：OK, this

4、is what I want to say; Thats my opinion； Do you agree with me?; Thats all, thank you. 等等，使得文章“不倫不類?！?主題突出標(biāo)題如果是“Pollution from Cars”或“Air Pollution”，以下段落的闡述顯得有些贅述：“Part of this problem is the worlds exploding population. A growing population undoubtedly means more factories polluting the air. Besides

5、, land and water pollution has also increased. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our health, our happiness, and our civilization.”尤其是“Besides, land and water pollution has also increased.”一句，還有點“跑題”。5文字連貫一篇好文章要注重連貫性。連貫性主要體現(xiàn)在句子與句子、段落與段落的銜接上，這種銜接要通過過渡詞語來實現(xiàn)，以達(dá)到文章通順，語言流暢。例如：It is clear that television

6、news can vividly bring into us dramatic events of importance, such as wars, games and so on, but it can not cover important stories in detail they may deserve because of its time limitation. On the contrary, print news excels in its ability to devote as much space to a story as it see fit, though it

7、 can not compete with television visually. Besides, television is essentially a passive medium.“such as, but, because of, on the contrary, though, besides”這些過渡詞把句子從語義上連接起來，形成一個有機的整體，讀起來猶如行云流水自然酣暢。6內(nèi)容一致要刪除多余的詞語，否則，一是破壞了文章的一致性，二是有“湊字?jǐn)?shù)”之嫌。如：“1) Scientists fear that nuclear energy will one day destroy u

8、s. 2) They say that the explosion of a nuclear bomb can kill millions of people and cause disease and deformity in later generation. 3) Because of limited energy resources, scientists are studying the possibilities of nuclear power. 4) And any failure from a nuclear plant can work enormous damage to

9、 the affected area 5) Whats more, up to now people have not discovered a safe way to dispose of radioactive wastes.”本段中的3) Because of limited energy resources, scientists are studying the possibilities of nuclear power.與主題不符，也與第二和第四句不連貫，應(yīng)刪除。7詞語多樣詞、句型使用的多樣化不僅給文章增加了色彩和可讀性，與此同時也可反映考生的詞匯量和語言掌握的程度等?？忌谂e例

10、說明的段落中尤其要注意詞語的多樣性。例如，在列舉五種污染源時下面的文字表達(dá)值得學(xué)習(xí)。“In a typical city there are five main sources of air pollution. Waste disposal is the least importantit causes only 3% of the total pollution. Heating accounts for 6%. The next most important source is power plantsthey account for 14%; and 17% of the pollut

11、ion in the air comes from industry. But by far the most serious cause of air pollution is cars: cars alone cause 60% of air pollution in most large cities.”8考點覆蓋無論是什么形式的作文都有寫作內(nèi)容上的要求，一般為三個方面?？忌趧庸P前定要看清寫作內(nèi)容上的要求，以確保文章覆蓋所有考點。9語言流暢評分要求已清楚告訴考生文章要：語言流暢、文章通順、表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確，這是得高分的基礎(chǔ)。Last year the British public spent

12、two hundred million pounds on pet food alone, to say nothing of animal care bills and furniture. (1) It is difficult not to feel resentful about this when one considers what the same amount could do for victims of starvation and poverty, (2) and it is not unusual for me to get hot under the collar w

13、hen I read about another old person who has left all his/her money to a dog or cat home.這兩句在表達(dá)意義上用詞十分到位，隨著兩個“when”引導(dǎo)的狀語從句內(nèi)容的遞進(jìn)，主句對表現(xiàn)“氣憤”程度的加強通過用詞的不同而表達(dá)的淋漓盡致；排比結(jié)構(gòu)的運用使觀點更加明確：在（1）中“It is difficult not”和“to feel resentful about this”與（2）中的“it is not unusual”和“to get hot under the collar”詞語表達(dá)極其準(zhǔn)確、語言非常流暢，

14、使讀者嘆為觀止。這要求考生在平時大量閱讀好文章時多注意積累。10首尾呼應(yīng)寫作時注意到上述幾項可以為文章增色添彩，用閱卷者的行話為“閃光點”，也就是說是加分的因素。除此而外，更重要的一點是要注意文章的完整性，即首尾要呼應(yīng)。如文章題目為“HEALTH”，其首尾的呼應(yīng)是：It is clear that health is the foundation of ones future success. As the proverb says, No one knows the value of health until he loses it.” In other words, nothing is

15、more valuable than health.In conclusion, if you want your wish to come true, health is the most important ingredient of your success.可以看出文章第一句和最后一句均說明健康的重要性，使首尾遙相呼應(yīng)，使文章表達(dá)主題準(zhǔn)確、完整。11檢查到位這個重要環(huán)節(jié)往往被考生忽略不計，而因為少了這個環(huán)節(jié)所造成的后果真可謂是“功虧一簣”。在閱卷過程中，時不時會發(fā)現(xiàn)本“不該發(fā)生的事情”，如：“ourself; thinked; the person who are ”，而這些會“釀成不

16、良后果”的錯誤完全可在一、兩分鐘的時間內(nèi)檢查、修改完成。所以，在寫完短文后，定要耐心地再讀一遍，即可避免這“不該發(fā)生的事情”?？忌跈z查修改時著重以下方面的內(nèi)容：1） 拼寫錯誤-看似小事，但事關(guān)重大。2）語法錯誤-如果把作文中常見的語法錯誤讓考生作為改錯題來修改，考生本人都會覺得不可思議，所以考生應(yīng)特別注意這些問題：時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、單復(fù)數(shù)、拼寫、大小寫、標(biāo)點符號等。3）句子完整與否，考生往往因為定語太長而忽略了主句的完整，通過檢查，這類錯誤便一目了然。因為有了動筆前的必不可少準(zhǔn)備活動，即審題等，文章一般不會跑題，所以文章不需大改動。五、閱卷人分析閱卷人的情況也在一定程度上影響著考生的最終成績

17、，如閱卷人的興趣，愛好，自身的寫作風(fēng)格，對待考卷的態(tài)度及時間限制等。閱卷人的這些情況成為客觀存在的影響考生作文成績的因素，這是任何人都不得不承認(rèn)的。這些情況包括：1高度的責(zé)任感四級作文成績關(guān)系重大，往往決定一個考生的命運，所以閱卷人的態(tài)度應(yīng)當(dāng)是嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真的。然而，在碩士四級考試這種選拔性的考試中，這種嚴(yán)肅態(tài)度不可避免地體現(xiàn)為“手太硬”，而絕非“心太軟”。因此，閱卷人對錯誤和不足是很敏感的。這種敏感性使考生作文中的各種失誤成為留在閱卷人第一印象中的最重要因素，因而也是扣分的最常見根據(jù)。2三遍瀏覽定成績可以說，沒有一個閱卷人是在一字一句地讀完一篇四級作文后考慮再三才給出最后成績的。實際上不可能也沒有

18、必要那樣做，最根本的原因是，作文評分是綜合評分，而不是按點給分。以此為依據(jù)，閱卷人不必看完全篇就可以得出關(guān)于該篇文章語言水平的結(jié)論。這也是實際閱卷工作例行的操作方法。通常，閱卷人只需對一篇文章瀏覽三遍就可以打出非?？陀^的成績。第一遍看文章的結(jié)構(gòu)層次以及內(nèi)容是否切題。只要文章字?jǐn)?shù)符合要求，各段有明確的主題，有充分有力的論據(jù)，安排得當(dāng)，就可以基本確定為第二檔的成績(11分左右)，這個階段大約只需10秒鐘。第二遍選擇最能體現(xiàn)考生語言能力的一段文字，觀察其語言水平。這一遍需要較為仔細(xì)地閱讀。這一階段可以基本確定該文的分?jǐn)?shù)上浮或下調(diào)的幅度，通常只需要20秒鐘。第三遍再次瀏覽全文，搜索亮點和不足之處，最后

19、確定對該文成績進(jìn)行微調(diào)的幅度，這個階段也只需10秒鐘。3高分作文特點只有充分地考慮到以上因素并加以正確的利用才能寫出一篇在閱卷人看來是優(yōu)秀的文章。這樣的優(yōu)秀四級作文一般具有如下特點：1）內(nèi)容切題。這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括結(jié)構(gòu)完整，內(nèi)容充實(包含提綱、圖表、圖畫和題目要求的所有信息)，主題突出，上下文內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一。內(nèi)容不切題或根本就文不對題會導(dǎo)致大幅度扣分。2）表達(dá)清楚。要求文章具有清晰的層次和充分有力的論證。中英文化差異造成思維方式和文字表述方式的截然不同：漢語中多出現(xiàn)概括描述，而英文表述更注重事實論證。所以，寫英語作文不要過多的進(jìn)行心理、環(huán)境描寫，而是要用理由和實例來說明問題。3）文字連貫。語言表達(dá)流暢，能

20、使用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞，使前后語句意思連貫、邏輯性強，不相互矛盾，不東拉西扯。4）句法多變。為避免文章平淡、呆板，可使用不同的句式：強調(diào)句、倒裝句、否定句等等。長短句使用合理相間，用短句表達(dá)有力的結(jié)論，用長句體現(xiàn)嚴(yán)密的邏輯關(guān)系。 5）語言規(guī)范。包括用詞準(zhǔn)確，并能表現(xiàn)出足夠大的詞匯量；所用語言符合英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣并且語法錯誤較少；不出現(xiàn)破句和不合理的斷句；正確使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)。閱卷人會按照總體的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)得出大致印象，再參照分檔計分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)募臃趾蜏p分。 第二節(jié): 十二句作文法寫作模板 十二句作文模板共分五類：觀點論證型模板、問題解決型模板、現(xiàn)象解釋型模板、對比選擇型模板與應(yīng)用文型模板。每種模板均采用三段式結(jié)

21、構(gòu)，整個模板由十二個句子組成。給出的部分基本上確定了主句的句型結(jié)構(gòu)，是一篇作文的表達(dá)形式，需要考生填充的部分是文章的核心內(nèi)容與主題思想。一、對比選擇型十二句作文模板這類題型是六級考試寫作中最為常見的，它的標(biāo)志也十分明顯，非常容易辨別。作文題目的目標(biāo)比較明確，富有針對性，即直接要求考生比較兩種觀點或兩種做法，進(jìn)而表明自己對問題或事物的態(tài)度（或觀點），也就是做出選擇。模板一：Different people have quite different views on _. It is held by some people that_. But it is also held by others

22、that _.Those who hold the first opinion think that _. In their view, _. In contrast, those who hold the opposite view think that _. They argued that _.As far as I am concerned, I agree with _. Admittedly, _. Furthermore, _. (11)Finally, _. (12)In conclusion, _.套用對比選擇型模板一后的范文：1對比選擇型四級真題（2000年6月）Direc

23、tions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic：Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 多人認(rèn)為有必要舉行英語口語考試，理由是；2 有人持不同意見；3 我的看法和打算Is a Test of Spoke

24、n English Necessary?Different people have quite different views on a test of spoken English. It is held by some people that it is absolutely necessary to adopt such a test in China But it is also held by others that it is unnecessary.Those who hold the first opinion think that fluent speaking abilit

25、y is badly needed in todays society but we have been told many times that a Chinese student who has been learning English for over ten years cannot even communicate with a native English speaker. In their view, a test of spoken English will bring the importance of oral English to the awareness of th

26、e college students, and thus help them with their communicating skills. In contrast, those who hold the opposite view think that many people do not use spoken English at all in their job, and good reading and writing skills would be enough for the English learners. They argue that college students a

27、re already under considerable pressure from their coursework, and fluent spoken English does not necessarily mean a better job. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the former opinion. Admittedly, the test can encourage college students to try every means to improve their spoken English. Furthermo

28、re, since China will continue its policy of opening and reform, the ability to speak fluent English is a must for anyone who wants to surpass others in a highly competitive society. Finally, I am determined to improve my spoken English, and I think the test will bring much good to me. (12)In conclus

29、ion, the test of spoken English is necessary.點出兩種觀點的焦點：a test of spoken English；同時還是整段文章的主題句。和是表明兩種不同的觀點，形成了鮮明的對比，為下文的展開做好了鋪墊，也是的擴展句，起到了補充說明的作用。和揭示第一種觀點的理由和英語口語考試的重要性。其中的learning English for over ten years與cannot even communicate with a native English speaker所表明的結(jié)果給讀者一種“觸目驚心”之感，以此證明主題的內(nèi)容。和兩句在語義上相互照應(yīng)

30、，從多方面方面揭示支持第二種觀點的理由。短語的點綴、句型的變化增加了文章的亮點，under considerable pressure的使用會引起有此經(jīng)歷的“共鳴”。個人的觀點鮮明，支持第一種觀點。、和(11)就以上的觀點進(jìn)一步說明，點出提綱中的第二方面的內(nèi)容。文中亮點多，效果好，如：encourage sb. to do sth.；try every means to do sth.；policy of opening and reform；surpass；in a highly competitive society等等。(12) 整篇文章的總結(jié)，照應(yīng)前文，既是結(jié)論，又是主旨。2對比選擇型

31、四級真題（1999年6月）Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Reading Selectively Or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 有人認(rèn)為讀書要有選擇；2. 有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)博覽群書；3. 我的看法Reading Selectivel

32、y Or Extensively?Different people have quite different views on reading. It is held by some people that students should read selectively. But it is also held by others that students should read extensively.Those who hold the first opinion think that selective reading is the best way for high efficie

33、ncy. In their view, students overspend time on non-professional book because their time is limited. In contrast, those who hold the opposite view think that students should absorb all kinds knowledge. They argued that students cannot get a general view about the world without extensive reading. As f

34、ar as I am concerned, I agree with the former opinion. Admittedly, reading selectively is not equal to reading with discrimination. Furthermore, students can devote his limited time and energy to reading relevant and beneficial books. (11)Finally, reading irrelevant books only wastes our time. (12)

35、In conclusion, reading selectively is the best way for study.reading點出兩種觀點的歸屬范圍。、兩個并列的從句（帶should的祈使句）表明兩種不同的觀點，形成了對比。the best way揭示支持第一種觀點的理由。overspend一詞與該句中的limited、irrelevant同時出現(xiàn)在一句中，語義和諧，邏輯合理，增強了文章的說服力。和兩句在語義上相互照應(yīng)，分別從正、反兩個方面揭示支持第二種觀點的理由。個人的觀點鮮明，支持第一種觀點。is not equal to指出兩種觀點爭論的關(guān)鍵所在。進(jìn)一步指明正確的做法。(11)

36、指出不這樣做的危害。(12)照應(yīng)前文，既是結(jié)論，又是主旨。3對比選擇型四級真題（1998年6月）Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic： Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1

37、有些人認(rèn)為某些數(shù)字會帶來好運；2也有些人認(rèn)為數(shù)字和運氣無關(guān)；3試說明你的看法Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck?Different people have quite different views on lucky numbers. It is held by some people that lucky numbers will bring luck. But it is also held by others that lucky numbers will never bring luck.Those who hold the first

38、opinion think that lucky numbers make one feel lucky and in turn ones lucky mind will inspire one to create lucky things. In their view, lucky numbers has nothing to do with luck. In contrast, those who hold the opposite view think that lucky numbers are actually numbers, which have nothing to do wi

39、th luck, and some people like lucky numbers just for fun. They argue that lucky numbers are superstitious. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion. Admittedly, lucky numbers make some people feel lucky, but a lucky mind will not work miracles. Furthermore, lucky numbers can never c

40、hange objective reality. (11) Finally, I should believe the truth instead of lucky numbers. (12) )In conclusion, it is you yourself who really bring good luck and success with your effort.點出兩種觀點的歸屬范圍；同時還是整段文章的主題句。和是表明兩種不同的觀點，形成了鮮明的對比，為下文的展開做好了鋪墊，也是的擴展句，起到了補充說明的作用。和揭示支持第一種觀點的理由。和兩句在語義上相互照應(yīng)，從多方面方面揭示支持

41、第二種觀點的理由。短語have nothing to do with的使用恰到好處，斬釘截鐵地說明numbers和luck沒有如何連帶關(guān)系。就以上的觀點的總結(jié)提出作者個人的觀點。和(11)進(jìn)一步指明作者的觀點。(12) 整篇文章的總結(jié)，照應(yīng)前文，既是結(jié)論，又是主旨。模板二：There is a pair of opposite ideas on _. Some people consider that _. However, others hold the opposite view that _.Some people would say that _. They hold this vie

42、w because _.In contrast, others believe that _.They argue that _.As to me, I am in favor of_. First(ly), _. Second(ly), _. (11) The most important of all, _. (12)In a word, _.套用對比選擇型模板二后的范文：1對比選擇型四級真題（2000年6月）Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the top

43、ic： Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 人認(rèn)為有必要舉行英語口語考試，理由是；2 有人持不同意見；3 我的看法和打算Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?There is a pair of opposite ideas on a test of spoken English. Som

44、e people consider that it is absolutely necessary to adopt such a test in China However, others hold the opposite view that it is unnecessary.Some people would say that fluent speaking ability is badly needed in todays society but we have been told many times that a Chinese student who has been lear

45、ning English for over ten years cannot even communicate with a native English speaker. They hold this view because a test of spoken English will bring the importance of oral English to the awareness of the college students, and thus help them with their communicating skills. In contrast, others beli

46、eve that many people do not use spoken English at all in their job, and good reading and writing skills would be enough for the English learners. They argue that college students are already under considerable pressure from their coursework, and fluent spoken English does not necessarily mean a bett

47、er job. As to me, I am in favor of the former opinion. First(ly), the test can encourage college students to try every means to improve their spoken English. Second(ly), since China will continue its policy of opening and reform, the ability to speak fluent English is a must for anyone who wants to

48、surpass others in a highly competitive society. (11) The most important of all, I am determined to improve my spoken English, and I think the test will bring much good to me. (12)In a word, the test of spoken English is necessary.2對比選擇型四級真題（1999年6月）Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty m

49、inutes to write a composition on the topic: Reading Selectively Or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 有人認(rèn)為讀書要有選擇；2. 有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)博覽群書；3. 我的看法Reading Selectively Or Extensively?There is a pair of opposite ideas on reading. S

50、ome people consider that students should read selectively. However, others hold the opposite view students should read extensively.Some people would say that selective reading is the best way for high efficiency. They hold this view students overspend time on non-professional book because their time

51、 is limited. In contrast, others believe that students should absorb all kinds knowledge. They argued that students cannot get a general view about the world without extensive reading. As to me, I am in favor of the former opinion. First(ly), reading selectively is not equal to reading with discrimi

52、nation. Second(ly), students can devote his limited time and energy to reading relevant and beneficial books. (11) The most important of all, reading irrelevant books only wastes our time. (12)In a word, reading selectively is the best way for study.模板三：When asked about _ , different people will off

53、er different opinions. Some people take it for granted that _. However, other people hold that _.Some people think that_. In their opinions, _. While others maintain that_. They believe that _. From my part, I prefer _. For one thing, _. For another, _. Therefore, _. It may be safe to say that _.Is

54、a Test of Spoken English Necessary?When asked about a test of spoken English, different people will offer different opinions. Some people take it for granted that it is absolutely necessary to adopt such a test in China However, other people hold that it is unnecessary.Some people think that fluent

55、speaking ability is badly needed in todays society but we have been told many times that a Chinese student who has been learning English for over ten years cannot even communicate with a native English speaker. In their opinions, a test of spoken English will bring the importance of oral English to

56、the awareness of the college students, and thus help them with their communicating skills. While others maintain that many people do not use spoken English at all in their job, and good reading and writing skills would be enough for the English learners. They believe that college students are already under considerable pressure from their coursework, and fluent spoken English does not necessarily mean a better job. From my part, I prefer the former opinion. For one thing, the test can encourage college students to try every means to improve their spoken English. For another, since C